This document discusses several types of phytopharmaceuticals, including carotenoids, limonoids, saponins, and flavonoids. It provides details on the occurrence, isolation, characteristics, chemical structures, uses, and health benefits of specific examples within each class, such as α-carotene, β-carotene, xanthophyll, d-limonene, α-terpineol, shatavarins, resveratrol, rutin, hesperidin, naringin, and quercetin. The document aims to comprehensively cover phytopharmaceuticals and their properties and applications in health.

1. Phytopharmaceuticals
Presented by,
Miss. Aishwarya U. Phutane
Department of Pharmacognosy
Marathwada Mitramandal’s College of Pharmacy Thergaon
Pune

2. A. Carotenoids:
1. α and β –carotene:
• Occurrence: Chromoplast of plant algae fungi & bacteria.
• Isolation of carotenoids:
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate(IPP)
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
Geranyl phosphate
Fernesyl phosphate
Geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate
Phytoene
Lycopene
α-Carotene β-Carotene

3. α-Carotene:
• Characteristic features:
- It has provide to be almost ten fold more anti-carcinogenic in comparison to
β-carotene.
- It distinictly increases the release of immunogenic IL-1** and TNF-α.***
• Chemical nature:
α-Carotene

4. β-Carotene:
• Characteristic features:
- It is weak antioxidant, but prove to be strong against singlet oxygen.
- The supplements may enrich LDL-cholesterol-β-carotene content without
affecting other carotene variants e.g.,α-carotene;𝛾 − 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒.
- It may significantly boost cause stimulation for the activity of Natural Killer
(NK) immune cells.
- It may appreciably cause stimulation for the DNA-repair enzymes.
- It definitely provides distinctly better cornea protection against the harmful
UV- radiation in comparison to lycopene.
• Chemical nature:
Β-Carotene

5. Uses of α-carotene:
-Cardiovascular diseases
-Cancer
-Diabetes
-Chronic lower respiratory disease
Uses of β-carotene:
-Breast cancer
-Preventing complication of lung disease
-Osteoarthritis
-Ovarian cancer
-Sunburn
-Psoriasis
-Schizophrenia
-Epilepsy

6. • Health benefits:
-Protection from free radicals.
-Decreases risk of cardiovascular disease.
-Prevents oral cavity and lung cancer.
-Increases sperm production.
-Maintenance of epithelial functions.

7. 2. Xanthophyll (Lutein):
•Occurrence:
- Xanthophyll is very widely distributed in nature and is found (either free or
as an ester) along with carotenes and chlorophyll in green parts of plants.
- Other important sources are red and yellow blossoms, xanthophyll
combined with protein is also found in some green insects.

8. Isolation:
Material is dried ground and extracted firstly with 80% methanol and then with ether.
Extract diluted with water saponified with methanolic potassium hydroxide.
Wash to remove excess of alkali.
Solvents removed by distillation and residue cooled when crystals of xanthophyll
separate out.
More quantity of xanthophyll is obtained from mother liquor by concentration and
extraction with petroleum ether.
The pigment is purified by chromatography using zinc carbonate as adsorbent and
benzene as solvent.

9. • Characteristic features:
-Xanthophylls are important by virtue of the fact that they seem to cause protection of
vitamin A, vitamin E and other carotenoids from undergoing oxidation in vivo.
-Substantial evidence is emerging gradually that xanthophyll are highly tissue specific.
-Lutein and Xanthophyll almost comprise of nearly 50% of all carotenoids present
strategically in the retina.
-It may also render protection against colon cancer.
-It impact ‘yellow colour’ to avocado, corn and yolk of an egg.
• Uses:
-Prevention of colon cancer, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
-supports overall eye health.
-Acts as a great antioxidant.
-It has been shown to boost immunity.
-Supports healthy skin, tissues and blood.

10. • Chemical nature:
Xanthophyll

11. • Health benefits:
- Acting as antioxidant.
- Boosting your blood.
- Boosting your eyes.
- Boosting your immune system.
- Boosting your reproductive health.
- Preventing arthritis.
- Preventing disorders.

12. B. Limonoids:
1. d-Limonene:
• Occurrence:
-The limonoids are particularly found in the peels of serval citrus fruits e.g. oranges,
mandarins, lemons, grape fruits etc.
• Isolation:
-Swietenia macrophylla king
- Seeds crude extract
-Antimicrobial screening
-Dissolved in 5%MeOH in water
-Successive fractionation ( on the basis of polarity)
Chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, aqueous fraction
-Antimicrobial activity
-Most active fraction
-Isolation and identification :HPLC, MS,FTIR, NMR
-Minimum inhibitory concentration

13. • Characteristic features:
- d-limonene is found to be 45 times more anticarcinogenic in comparison to
hesperidin.
- It specifically detoxifies the carcinogenic substances, and thereby promotes
the ensuing cancer cell apoptosis.
- Limonene distinctly helps to promote the ‘glutathione-s-transferase’ i.e.,refers
to detoxification by glutathione addition.
- d-limonene has a distinct orange like smell.
• Chemical nature:
d-limonene

14. • Uses:
- Used to make medicine.
- It is used to promote weight loss, prevent cancer, treat cancer, and treat bronchitis.
- Used as a flavouring.
• Health benefits:
-Boosts immunity
-Improves gallbladder health
-Provides indigestion relief
-Prevents and fights cancers
-Prevents atty livers and insulin resistance
-Kills pathogens/ infections
-Aids in weight loss
-Insomnia

15. 2. α-terpineol:
• Characteristic features:
- α-Terpineol gives rise to the peculiar carrot flavour to the fresh carrots.
- It causes critical arrest of the ‘cell –cycle’ in the neoplasmic cells.
• Chemical nature:
α- terpineol

16. • Uses:
- It is used in the mfg of cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, antiseptic agents.
• Health benefits:
-Antioxidant
-Anticancer
-Anticonvulsant
-Antiulcer
-Antihypertensive
-Anti-nociceptive compound.

17. C. Saponins:
1. Shatavarins:
• Occurrence:
-It consist of dried leaf and leaves of asparagus racemous belongs to family liliaceae.
Commonly known as shatawar, astmuli, etc.found in asia, Africa etc.
• Isolation:
-Collect tuberous root of asparagus rhamnose and produce powder.
-Extracted with hexane.
-Separate and dry extract by maceration with 90% methanol at room temp. for 24 hrs.
-Total methanolic extract was evaporate on water bath to obtained liquid syrup.
-Dissolved in 10% methanol.
-Done column chromatography in which s. phase- silica gel G m. phase – ethyl acetate: methanol:
water(8:1:1)
-Take small amount extract mixture and dry.
-Isolated compound found colour shiny powder.
-Characterization by hptlc, mass.

18. • Characteristics features:
- Used as galactagogue to promote the flow of milk.
- Also employed as tonic and diuretic
• Chemical nature:
Shatavarins

19. • Uses:
-It is used in ayurvedic medicine.
-It is also used to promote milk production in nursing mothers, and for gastric
ulcers and indigestion.
• Health benefits:
- Supports female reproductive system.
- Promotes fertility.
- Aids in digestion.
- Boosts the immune system.
- Boosts energy and strength.
- Stomach ulcer.
- Soothing insomnia.

20. D. Flavonoids:
1.Resveratrol:
• Occurrence:
Resveratrol which can be found in large amounts in the skin of grapes, tomatoes and in red wine.
• Isolation:
Powder of p.capsidatum
95% ethanol extract dried(filtration)
Residue Aq. Solution
liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tert butyl ether
Aq. Phase Organic phase
Aq.phase organic phase
Resveratrol

21. • Characteristic features:
- Grape skin contains polyphenol known for its high antioxidant activity.
- The purple colour of grape skin is of anthocyanin- family polyphenol.
- Resveratrol as a characteristic component of grape has caught people’s
attention.
• Chemical nature:

22. • Uses:
- Acne
- Mental function
- Seasonal allergy
- Cancer
- Diabetes
- Lung disease
- Metabollic syndrome
- Inflamatory bowel syndrome
• Health benefits:
-Increased energy
-Reduced aging
-Anti-inflammatory properties
-Lowers blood sugar
-Increases sperm production
-Cancer prevention
-Protects the cardiovascular system

23. 2.Rutin:
• Occurrence:
Powder of dried food grain of Fagopyrum family polygonaceae.
Constituents:12%protein, 2%pat & rutin.
• Isolation:
Take a leaves of Tridax Procumben L. collected and wash with tap water
Shade dry & formation of powder
25 gm of powder extract with Soxhlet apparatus add 250ml of 80% ethanol
10 ml mix +25 distilled water
Extract with petroleum ether
Again extract with chloroform
After extraction aq layer separate for solution
Left to stand for 22 hr
Yellow PPH formation & separate
PPT dissolved in ethanol
Analyse by HPLC

24. • Characteristic features:
- Rutins is usally found in buckwheat, asparagus, and a variety of citrus fruits
and grapes.
- It has been observed that there is practically very little loss in drying grapes to
raisins.
- Rutin is found to strengthen the capillary walls.
• Chemical nature:
Rutin

25. • Uses:
- Osteoartherities
- Swelling in arm after breast cancer
- Bleeding
- Heamorrhoides
- Blood vessel disease
- Prevention of mouth ulcer
- Varicose veins
• Health benefits:
-Helps blood circulation
-Reduces arthritis
-Strong blood clots
-Prevents blood clots
-Lowers cholesterol
-Antioxidant

26. 3. Hesperidin:
• Occurrence:
Peels of citrus aurantium family Rutaceae.
Constituents : flavonoids
• Isolation:
Extract the dried citrus peel successively with petroleum ether followed by
methanol.
The petroleum ether removes the essential oils in the peel and the methanol
will extract the glycoside.

27. • Characteristic features:
-Hesperidin represents the major flavonoid in oranges and other citrus fruits.
-It serves as an ‘antioxidant’ which helps to regenerated Vitamin C in vivo.
-It gradually slows down the proliferation of the neoplasm(cancer) cells.
-Hesperidin also specifically slows down the replication of various viruses e.g.
influenza, herpes and polio.
• Chemical natures:
Hesperidin

28. • Uses:
-Hypertension
-CVS disorder
-Hemorrhoids
- Varicose veins
• Health benefits:
-Important implication in treatment of cancer.
-Hesperidin in different citrus juices showed antiproliferative activity.
-Lemons showed relatively potent antiproliferative activites on HepG2 human
liver cancer cell growth.

29. 4.Naringin:
• Occurrence:
Naringin is the major flavonoid glycoside in grapefruit and gives grapefruit
juice its bitter taste.
• Isolation:
The typical method featured methanol extraction followed by crystallization in
water.
Methanol was employed to extraction of fresh and dry albedo at room
temperature and under heating.
Each experiment repeated was 3 times.

30. • Characteristic features:
-Naringin provides the grape fruit its inherent characteristic bitter tatse.
-It may also increase the ability to ‘taste’ by direct stimulation of the taste-buds.
-Naringin particularly reduces LDL cholesterol content in blood, but without
affecting the HDL cholesterol.
-Naringin protects against the radiation-induced damage in the body to a great
extent.
-It also possesses antiapoptotic properties.
• Chemical nature:
Naringin

31. • Uses:
-Neutraceutical
-Cosmetic
-Pharmaceutical
• Health benefits:
-Antioxidant
-Anti-carcinogenic
-Cholesterol lowering activity
-Anti-inflammatory

32. 5.Quercetin:
• Occurrence:
Beries of vaccinium macrocarpon family: ericaceae
• Isolation:
Ethyl acetate fraction
Sub-fraction hexane chloroform ethyl acetate methanol
quercetin sitosterol glycoside

33. • Characteristic features:
-Quercetin is a ‘flavonol’ and usually found in high concentration in apple skin,
red onion, red grapes, green tea and buckwheat.
-It is usually does not suffer any ‘loss of content’ in drying grapes to raisins.
-Quercetin found to act as a blood thiner, and as a vasodialator.
-Quercetin evidently possesses sirtunin-like deacetylase activity.
• Chemical nature:

34. • Uses:
-Reduction in urinaray track infection
-Athroscerosis
-CVS disorder
-Ovarian cancer
• Health benefits:
-To reduce inflammation
-Eliminate pain
-Protect against cardiovascular diseases
-Act as an anti-cancer
-Boost the immune system
-Reduce histamines
-Decrease irritation of skin