Biosynthesis of disaccharides (kailash)
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This document summarizes the biosynthesis of two disaccharides: sucrose and lactose. Sucrose is synthesized in the cytosol from triose phosphates generated in the Calvin cycle in chloroplasts. Triose phosphates are converted to sucrose through a series of enzymatic reactions involving fructose and glucose intermediates. Lactose is synthesized within the lumen of the Golgi apparatus in mammary gland cells. Glucose and galactose are converted to their nucleotide sugar forms and transported into the Golgi lumen where the lactose synthase enzyme complex catalyzes the formation of lactose from glucose and galactose.
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Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules on Earth. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are five major classifications of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and nucleotides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed through the joining of two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides allow for large storage of glucose and include starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber such as cellulose. Carbohydrates have many functions including energy storage, structure, and components of proteins.
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This document discusses carbohydrate digestion and metabolism in animals. It begins by defining carbohydrates and describing the different types. Carbohydrate digestion occurs through enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. In ruminants, microbes in the rumen digest carbs through fermentation. Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and can then be metabolized through glycolysis to produce energy, stored as glycogen through glycogenesis, or converted to fat. Blood glucose levels are regulated by the hormones insulin and glucagon.
Carbohydrate
There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides like glucose are the simplest form, while polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides joined together. Starch is a polysaccharide made of glucose units that provides structure and texture to foods. Other polysaccharides include cellulose and pectin. Carbohydrates undergo various chemical reactions when heated or combined with other substances, affecting properties like solubility, sweetness, and texture. They serve important functions in the body as an energy source and in digestion.
Carbohydrates-Structure of carbohydrates, Types of CBH, Properties, and Funct...
Carbohydrates are an essential biomolecule for living organisms. They serve many important functions including providing structure, energy storage, and participating in cellular processes. There are three main classifications of carbohydrates - monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest form and include glucose and fructose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharide units and examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Polysaccharides are high molecular weight carbohydrates formed from long chains of monosaccharide units, such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Carbohydrates provide structure to plants and serve as an energy reserve in plants and animals.
Gluconeogenesis
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Carbohydrates Lecture.pptx
Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates
Functions of Carbohydrates
Digestion, Absorption And Transport Of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate metabolism
Glucose Metabolism
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Pentose phosphate pathway
Fructose metabolism
Galactose metabolism
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Biosynthesis of disaccharides (kailash)
- 1. BIOSYNTHESIS OF DISACCHARIDES Submitted by : Kailash M.Sc Biotechnology (P) Submitted to: Dr. JS Duhan Deptt. Of Biotechnology CDLU (Sirsa)
- 2. SUCROSE ● Sucrose is a common, naturally occurring carbohydrate found in many plants and plant parts. Saccharose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose. ● Formula: C12H22O11 ● Density: 1.59 g/cm³ ● Melting point: 186 °C ● The molecule is a disaccharide combination of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose with the formula C12H22O11.
- 3. Biosynthesis Of Sucrose Location: The synthesis of sucrose is competing process that occurs in the Cytosol. ● Triose phosphate generated by the calvin cycle acts as precursor for the synthesis of Sucrose. ● When the cytosolic Pi is high, chloroplast triose phosphate (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate+ DHAP) is exported to the cytosol and sucrose is synthesized. ● The Phosphate Translocator catalyzes the movement of Triose phosphate in the cytosol.
- 4. CALVIN CYCLE Triose Phosphates Pi Translocator CHLOROPLAST Triose Phosphates (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + DHAP) Cytosol
- 5. Sucrose Synthesis 1. Triose phosphates formed by calvin cycle are now converted into Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate by enzyme Aldolase.
- 6. 2. Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate is converted into Fructose-6-Phosphate by enzyme Fructose-1,6-Biphosphatase.
- 7. 3. Fructose-6-Phosphate is converted into Glucose-6-Phosphate by enzyme Phospho Hexose Isomerase.
- 8. 4. Glucose-6-Phosphate is converted into Glucose-1-Phosphate by enzyme Phospho Glucomutase.
- 9. 5. Glucose-1-Phosphate combines with UTP in the presence of enzyme UDP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase to form UDP-Glucose.
- 10. 6. UDP-Glucose combines with Fructose-6-Phosphate in the presence of enzyme Sucrose-6-Phosphate Synthase to form Sucrose-6-phosphate.
- 11. 7. Phosphate group is cleaved by enzyme Sucrose Phosphatase and Sucrose is released.
- 14. Lactose ● Lactose is a disaccharide. It is a sugar composed of galactose and glucose subunits. Lactose makes up around 2–8% of milk (by weight). The name comes from lac (gen. lactis), the Latin word for milk, plus the suffix -ose used to name sugars. The compound is a white, water-soluble, non-hygroscopic solid with a mildly sweet taste. It is used in the food industry. ● Molecular formula: C12O11H12 ● Density: 1.52 g/cm³ ● Melting point: 202.8 °C
- 15. Biosynthesis of Lactose ● Location: Lactose is synthesized within the lumen of Golgi apparatus in secretory cells in lactating mammary glands. ● lumen of golgi complex contains enzyme Lactose Synthase responsible for the synthesis of lactose. ● Lactose synthatase is a complex of Galactoside Transferase (GT) + α- Lacto albumin. ● The synthesis of one molecule of lactose occurs through two molecules of glucose.
- 16. Lactose synthesis 1. Glucose-1-Phosphate is first converted into UDP-Glucose by enzyme UDP- Glucose Phosphorylase. UDP-Glucose Phosphorylase
- 17. 2. UDP-Glucose is converted to UDP-Galactose by enzyme UDP-Galactose-4- epimerase. UDP-Galactose-4-epimerase.
- 18. 3. UDP-Galactose is transported to Lumen of golgi complex by UDP- Galactose transporter (UGT), an antiporter which uses facilitated transport to move UDP galactose into the Golgi and exports UMP. 4. Glucose enters into Golgi by the help of GLUT-1 Transporter. 5. UDP-Galactose and Glucose become substrates for the lactose synthase enzyme complex, comprised of the enzymatic subunit, galactosyltransferase with its regulatory subunit, α-lacto albumin. 6. Lactose synthase creates Lactose through bonding galactose from UDP to glucose through a glycosidic bond. 7. Although GT is found in many tissues in the body, α-lacto albumin is only found on the inner surface of the Golgi in the mammary glands, limiting lactose production to the mammaries.
- 21. THANK YOU