This document discusses biorobots and nanotechnology. It describes how nanorobots could potentially be used in medicine to detect and treat diseases like cancer at the cellular level. The summary is: 1) Nanorobots are microscopic robots that could be constructed from DNA or other materials and used for medical applications in the body like detecting and destroying cancer cells. 2) They would have sensors to detect cells, molecular sorting rotors to selectively bind molecules, and fins for movement. Power sources could include using body heat or external tethers. 3) Challenges include overcoming viscosity, friction, and Brownian motion in the body. However, nanorobots show promise for more targeted drug

1. BIOROBOTS
Guided by,
Prof. Hashim.V
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Submitted by,
Jephin S John
M8A
Roll No. 8351

2. Robotics is the branch of mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering
and computer science that deals with
the design, construction, operation,
and application of robots, as well as
computer systems for their control,
sensory feedback, and information
processing.

3. “THE NEXT BIG THING
IS VERY SMALL”

4. NANOTECHNOLOGY
 It is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular
scale.
 It works with materials, devices and other structures with at least
one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.
 With a variety of potential applications, nanotechnology is a key
technology for the future.
 Other names: nanobots, nanoids, nanites, nano-machines ,
nanomites

5. NANOROBOTS

6. BASIC COMPONENTS
 SENSORS:
 A sensor (also called detector) is a transducer that measures
a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an (mostly electronic) instrument.
 By measuring changes in volume, concentration, displacement,
speed, velocity, gravitational, electrical and magnetic forces,
pressure, or temperature of cells in a body, nanosensors may be
able to distinguish between and recognize certain cells.
 MOLECULAR SORTING ROTOR:
A class of nanomechanical device capable of selectively binding
(or releasing) molecules from/ to solution, and of transporting
these bound molecules against significant concentration
gradients.

7. FINS:
A fin is a surface used for stability and/or to produce lift and
thrust or to steer while traveling in water, air, or other fluid media.
POWER SOURCES:
1. A nanorobot could use the patient's body heat to create power,
but there would need to be a gradient of temperatures to manage
it. Power generation would be a result of the See beck effect.
Capacitor which has a slightly better power-to-weight ratio can
also used.
2. External power sources include systems where the nanorobot is
either tethered to the outside world or is controlled without a
physical tether. Tethered systems would need a wire between the
nanorobot and the power source.
The wire would need to be strong, but it would also need to move
effortlessly through the human body without causing damage.

9. FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT OF
NANOBOTS:
 Viscosity : Viscosity is a measure of clingingness of molecules
with adjacent molecules and imparts resistance characteristic to
fluid against shear.
 Friction : In nano domain friction is governed by Amonton-
Coulomb’s laws states that sliding friction is propotional to
normal load and independent of apparent area of contact
between sliding bodies and sliding velocity. Human blood offers
minimum friction for nanoscale particles
 Non-rigidity : In Nano domains, low spring constants make
nano mechanisms highly sensitive to forces thus making it non
rigid in nano domains. Each impact displace particles

10.  PECLET NUMBER : It is the ratio of thermal energy convected
to the fluid to the thermal energy conducted within the fluid. So
low Peclet Number is prefered and thus the designer may need to
consider diffusion instead of convection.
 BROWNIAN MOTION : It is the random motion of particles in
a fluid resulting from their collision with the fast moving atoms or
molecules in the gas or liquid. Under normal conditions, in a
liquid, a Brownian particle will receive about 1028 collisions per
second and undergoes a kink in the motion with each collision

11. NANOROBOTICS IN MEDICINE -
BIOROBOTS

12. NUBOTS
 Nubot is an abbreviation for "nucleic acid
robot.”Nubots are organic molecular
machines at the nanoscale. DNA structure
can provide means to assemble 2D and 3D
nanomechanical devices. DNA based
machines can be activated using small
molecules, proteins and other molecules
of DNA. Biological circuit gates based on
DNA materials have been engineered as
molecular machines to allow in-vitro drug
delivery for targeted health problems.
 Our DNA has been successfully targeted by
nanobots "for drug therapy or
destruction."
Robot made from
DNA may help
deliver drugs

13. NANOBOTS IN CANCER TREATMENT
 A team at Chonnam National
University, South Korea, has developed
nanorobots that can detect and treat
cancer cells in a way that avoids the
harmful side-effects of modern drugs.
 According to a Reuters report, the
scientists have genetically modified
salmonella bacteria that are drawn to
tumors by chemicals secreted by cancer
cells. The bacteria carry microscopic
robots, about 3 micrometers in size,
that automatically release capsules
filled with drugs when the bacteria
reach the tumor.
Nanorobots killing cancer
cells

14. MICROBIVORE NANOBOTS
 These nanorobots would function
similarly to the white blood cells in
our bodies, but they are designed to
be much faster at destroying bacteria.
 Microbivore nanorobots are designed
so that antibodies attach to the
particular bacteria the robot is
seeking. After bacteria attaches to an
antibody, an arm grabs the bacteria
and moves it to the inside of the
nanorobot, where it’s destroyed.
Bacteria is then discharged into the
bloodstream as harmless fragments.

15. RISKS!

16. IN MEDICINE
• While the research is promising, this technology is not without
risks and it has the potential for abuse. Potential risks of
nanorobotic in medicine are unknown.
• What happens to the patient’s body if the surgeon loses control
of nanorobot?
• What are the side effects if the robotic is not completed
“flushed” from the patient’s system?
• Is it possible for the nanorobot to alter the molecular structure of
a body part like the brain after the robot completes the intended
medical procedure?
 As researchers identify risks, risk mitigation strategies can be
incorporated into nanorobotic procedures.

17. IN TECHNOLOGY
• Many thought leaders are indicating
their concerns about governments using
nanotechnology to create both lethal and
nonlethal weapons that can, for example,
monitor and control the population.
• A fear exists that nanomechanical
robots, if achieved, and if designed to
self-replicate using naturally occurring
materials (a difficult task), could
consume the entire planet in their
hunger for raw materials, or simply
crowd out natural life, out-competing it
for energy. Some commentators have
referred to this situation as the
"ecophagy" scenario.

18. REFERENCES
1. Nocks, Lisa (2007). The robot : the life story of a technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Publishing Group
2. Nanorobot “International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences”.
3. "What Nanobots Are Made Out Of." How Nanorobots Are Made.
4. (2011,April 12). H.Wang. "Basic Properties of Diamond." Diamond Blade Select.
5. (2012, February 22). J. Malone."Advanced Nanobots Deliver Targeted Drugs." COSMOS.
6. (2009, January 7). "Nanorobots to Fight Cancer, Diagnose Disease - Health - CBC
News." CBC.ca - Canadian News Sports Entertainment Kids Docs Radio TV.
7. S. Hede and N. Huilgol.(2006) ""Nano": The New Nemesis of Cancer ." Journal of Cancer
Research and Therapeutics: Free Full Text Articles from JCRT, India.

19. THANK YOU….

20. QUESTIONS????