Biorefinery concept
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This document discusses different types of biorefineries, facilities that integrate processes to convert biomass into fuels, power, and chemicals. It mentions lignocellulosic feedstock biorefineries that use plant biomass, two platform biorefineries that produce multiple products, and green biorefineries.
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Biorefinery
This document discusses different types of biorefineries. A biorefinery integrates processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. Key types discussed include whole crop biorefineries that process grains and straw, lignocellulosic biorefineries that process materials like straw, green biorefineries that process wet biomass, and marine biorefineries that process algae. The biorefinery concept aims to add value to biomass use and maximize conversion efficiency to produce a variety of biobased products in a more sustainable way than petrochemical approaches.
Biorefinery
This document provides an overview of biorefineries. It defines a biorefinery as a refinery that converts biomass into energy and other beneficial byproducts. The document then discusses the uses of biorefineries, how they function, and the types of biorefineries including classification based on platforms, products, feedstocks, and processes used. It also describes the major biorefinery platforms of thermochemical/syngas and biochemical/sugar, and important feedstocks like sugar, starch, and lignocellulosic materials. Gasification and types of gasifiers and fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstock are also summarized.
Biofuels, production and types
This document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats. Second generation biofuels use non-food feedstocks and different extraction technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, and fermentation. Third generation biofuels are derived from algae. The document also discusses pros and cons of biofuel production such as their renewability but also potential high costs and impacts on food supply.
Biohydrogen production
This document summarizes different methods of biological hydrogen production including dark fermentation, photo fermentation, and biophotolysis. Dark fermentation uses anaerobic bacteria like Enterobacter and Clostridium to break down organic materials into hydrogen gas. Photo fermentation uses photosynthetic bacteria to convert organic acids into hydrogen using light as an energy source. Biophotolysis uses algae or cyanobacteria to split water into hydrogen and oxygen directly or indirectly using solar energy. Integrated dark and photo fermentation can improve hydrogen yields. Ongoing research in India aims to develop these biological methods as renewable and clean alternatives to current hydrogen production methods that release greenhouse gases.
Biohydrogen production
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
biorefinery
This document discusses current technological barriers and advances in bioenergy and biorefinery technologies such as biohydrogen, biomethane, and bioethanol production. For biohydrogen, barriers include incomplete substrate conversion, inefficient pretreatment, and low production in dark fermentation and photofermentation. Advances include hybrid fermentation processes, strain improvement, and development of new metabolic pathways. For biomethane, barriers are low production rates and challenges with extraction and storage, while advances include co-digestion and membrane upgrading technologies. Barriers to bioethanol include low yields and high costs, while simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and consolidated bioprocessing aim to address these issues.
Biodiesel production process
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
Bio-refineries
General introduction of Biorefineries.
Some research papers to support my study on biorefineries.
Classification of biorefinery systems in four main features.
The economic viability of Biorefinery systems.
Environmental impacts of biorefinery systems.
Biorefinery prospects in India.
Merits and Demerits of these systems.
Applicability of biorefineries.
Figures show the process of biorefinery, Concept, conceptual biorefinery, a schematic diagram of classification, biorefinery model, etc.
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Biorefinery
This document discusses different types of biorefineries. A biorefinery integrates processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. Key types discussed include whole crop biorefineries that process grains and straw, lignocellulosic biorefineries that process materials like straw, green biorefineries that process wet biomass, and marine biorefineries that process algae. The biorefinery concept aims to add value to biomass use and maximize conversion efficiency to produce a variety of biobased products in a more sustainable way than petrochemical approaches.
Biorefinery
This document provides an overview of biorefineries. It defines a biorefinery as a refinery that converts biomass into energy and other beneficial byproducts. The document then discusses the uses of biorefineries, how they function, and the types of biorefineries including classification based on platforms, products, feedstocks, and processes used. It also describes the major biorefinery platforms of thermochemical/syngas and biochemical/sugar, and important feedstocks like sugar, starch, and lignocellulosic materials. Gasification and types of gasifiers and fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstock are also summarized.
Biofuels, production and types
This document discusses various types of biofuels including first, second, and third generation biofuels. First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oils or animal fats. Second generation biofuels use non-food feedstocks and different extraction technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, and fermentation. Third generation biofuels are derived from algae. The document also discusses pros and cons of biofuel production such as their renewability but also potential high costs and impacts on food supply.
Biohydrogen production
This document summarizes different methods of biological hydrogen production including dark fermentation, photo fermentation, and biophotolysis. Dark fermentation uses anaerobic bacteria like Enterobacter and Clostridium to break down organic materials into hydrogen gas. Photo fermentation uses photosynthetic bacteria to convert organic acids into hydrogen using light as an energy source. Biophotolysis uses algae or cyanobacteria to split water into hydrogen and oxygen directly or indirectly using solar energy. Integrated dark and photo fermentation can improve hydrogen yields. Ongoing research in India aims to develop these biological methods as renewable and clean alternatives to current hydrogen production methods that release greenhouse gases.
Biohydrogen production
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
biorefinery
This document discusses current technological barriers and advances in bioenergy and biorefinery technologies such as biohydrogen, biomethane, and bioethanol production. For biohydrogen, barriers include incomplete substrate conversion, inefficient pretreatment, and low production in dark fermentation and photofermentation. Advances include hybrid fermentation processes, strain improvement, and development of new metabolic pathways. For biomethane, barriers are low production rates and challenges with extraction and storage, while advances include co-digestion and membrane upgrading technologies. Barriers to bioethanol include low yields and high costs, while simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and consolidated bioprocessing aim to address these issues.
Biodiesel production process
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
Bio-refineries
General introduction of Biorefineries.
Some research papers to support my study on biorefineries.
Classification of biorefinery systems in four main features.
The economic viability of Biorefinery systems.
Environmental impacts of biorefinery systems.
Biorefinery prospects in India.
Merits and Demerits of these systems.
Applicability of biorefineries.
Figures show the process of biorefinery, Concept, conceptual biorefinery, a schematic diagram of classification, biorefinery model, etc.
Biofuels
A powerpoint presentation on biofuels . Application , manufacture , advantages and disadvantages of biofuels also included . Presentation based on sustainable devolopment . A useful powerpoint presentation for engineering students . GO GREEN . Thank you .
Bioethanol and its Production
Bioethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars from various agricultural sources like corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. It has benefits as a renewable fuel that can reduce dependence on crude oil and emissions. There are three main steps in production: fermentation of sugars into ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to purify the ethanol. Lignocellulosic materials like wood and crop residues can also be broken down enzymatically to produce fermentable sugars for ethanol production, but this process is more complex than using easily accessible starch sources. Bioethanol shows potential as a cleaner burning alternative fuel but still faces challenges in efficiency and infrastructure compatibility compared to gasoline.
Butanol production
The document discusses the production of butanol from biomass. Butanol can be used as a fuel in vehicles and has superior properties to ethanol. It can be produced through fermentation of biomass by Clostridium bacteria, yielding a mixture of acetone, butanol and ethanol. Lignocellulosic biomass is a suitable raw material that can be pretreated and hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars for biobutanol production. Batch fermentation of pretreated rice straw by C. acetobutylicum has shown potential for utilizing an economical and available substrate to produce biobutanol.
Bio hydrogen
This document discusses different methods of producing bio-hydrogen gas, including water electrolysis, thermo-chemical processes, and biological processes using microorganisms. It focuses on biological hydrogen production, describing processes like direct and indirect photolysis using cyanobacteria or algae, dark fermentation using bacteria like Clostridium and Enterobacter, and using thermophiles. Key environmental factors that affect biological hydrogen production are identified as inoculum, substrate, pH, temperature, and product inhibition.
Bioethanol
Bagasse, a waste product of sugarcane processing, can be used to produce bioethanol through fermentation. Bagasse contains cellulose that can be broken down through pretreatment and hydrolysis into glucose, then fermented by bacteria like Clostridium thermocellum into bioethanol. Producing bioethanol from bagasse provides an environmentally friendly alternative fuel and makes use of an agricultural waste product.
Biotechnological Routes to Biomass Conversion
The document provides an overview of biotechnological routes for biomass conversion. It discusses:
1) Two main platforms for biomass conversion - the sugar platform (including enzymatic, dilute acid, and concentrated acid processes) and the syngas platform.
2) Key details of the enzymatic process for ethanol production, including various options for pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation configurations.
3) Technical barriers to commercialization such as understanding feedstock recalcitrance, process integration challenges, and improving enzymatic hydrolysis rates.
biohydrogen.ppt
This document discusses biological hydrogen production. It introduces hydrogen as a clean, renewable energy carrier with high energy density. Several routes for biological hydrogen production are described, including direct and indirect biophotolysis, photo-fermentation, and dark fermentation. Dark fermentation involves using anaerobic bacteria to produce hydrogen from carbohydrates in the absence of light. Both mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria can be used, with different temperature ranges. The yields from fermenting different carbohydrates are discussed. Applications for biologically produced hydrogen include using it in fuel cells to generate electricity or injecting it into gas mains.
Biofuel
This document discusses biofuels and biodiesel production. It defines biofuels as transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass materials. The document outlines the process of biodiesel production, including using vegetable oils or animal fats and an alcohol like methanol through a transesterification process. It discusses important characteristics of biodiesel like viscosity, density, flash point and others. The advantages of biodiesel include being renewable, having lower emissions than diesel, and able to be used in conventional diesel engines. Disadvantages include slightly higher fuel consumption and issues with long term storage.
Biodiesel
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
Bioethanol production from fruits and vegetable wastes
This document discusses bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes. It defines bioethanol as ethyl alcohol derived from fermented plant carbohydrates. Fruit and vegetable wastes are promising feedstocks as 30-50% of inputs are discarded as waste, creating environmental issues. Composition analysis shows wastes contain carbohydrates for fermentation. Case studies demonstrate production through various pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation methods using yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Parameters like temperature, incubation time and inoculum concentration impact yields. Studies optimize these to maximize ethanol yields. Fruit and vegetable wastes are concluded to be potential candidates for bioethanol production to meet blending targets and reduce oil imports.
The future of lignocellulose processing
This paper was presented on the 8th November 2012 at an SCI conference on Processing Lignocellulosic Biomass. The conference was held at the UK's Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) at the Wilton Centre, Redcar, UK. The main focus of the event was on the UK role for biomass conversion, and the business and commericial implications of the technologies being developed.
Algae Biofuels
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Biofuel and its importance
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Biohydrogen production
Hydrogen production from Biological organisms as well as from electrochemical or thermal process which is helpful for transportation.Advantage: No emission of Green House effect
BIOBUTANOL- AN ADVANCED BIOFUEL
biobutanol is an advanced biofuel, it has better properties than ethanol and gasoline .it can be transported via existing pipelines and can be used in current engines. ethanol plants can be easily converted to biobutanol plants.
Biodiesel production
The document summarizes various processes for biodiesel production, with a focus on transesterification. It describes four main methods - pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, dilution, and transesterification. Transesterification, which is the reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of an acid or base catalyst, is identified as the most common industrial process. The key steps of transesterification including catalyst selection, reaction conditions, and separation of biodiesel and glycerol are outlined. Post-production processes like refining, washing, drying and additive treatment are also summarized to purify the biodiesel and meet fuel standards.
Biofuels
This document discusses different types of fuels, including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It focuses on biofuels, describing them as fuels derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include biodiesel, produced from vegetable oils through transesterification, biogas produced from organic waste through anaerobic digestion, and bioethanol. The document discusses the history and production of these biofuels, their advantages like being renewable and reducing emissions, and disadvantages like high production costs. It also outlines India's national biofuel policy and the drivers for biofuel production in the country.
Dark fermentation
The document related to the dark fermentation process, widely used for hydrogen production by using bacterial strains
Biodiesel production
The document summarizes the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils through transesterification. It discusses various feedstocks used, the transesterification process, and results from experiments conducted. Key points:
- Soybean, sunflower, and corn oils were most suitable feedstocks, meeting standard diesel properties. Soybean yielded the highest amount of biodiesel at 96% in 9 hours.
- The transesterification process involves reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin.
- Results found soybean, sunflower, and corn biodiesel met most standards but others like rice bran were less suitable due to higher viscosity and lower
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Bioethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars from various agricultural sources like corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. It has benefits as a renewable fuel that can reduce dependence on crude oil and emissions. There are three main steps in production: fermentation of sugars into ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to purify the ethanol. Lignocellulosic materials like wood and crop residues can also be broken down enzymatically to produce fermentable sugars for ethanol production, but this process is more complex than using easily accessible starch sources. Bioethanol shows potential as a cleaner burning alternative fuel but still faces challenges in efficiency and infrastructure compatibility compared to gasoline.
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This document discusses different methods of producing bio-hydrogen gas, including water electrolysis, thermo-chemical processes, and biological processes using microorganisms. It focuses on biological hydrogen production, describing processes like direct and indirect photolysis using cyanobacteria or algae, dark fermentation using bacteria like Clostridium and Enterobacter, and using thermophiles. Key environmental factors that affect biological hydrogen production are identified as inoculum, substrate, pH, temperature, and product inhibition.
Bioethanol
Bagasse, a waste product of sugarcane processing, can be used to produce bioethanol through fermentation. Bagasse contains cellulose that can be broken down through pretreatment and hydrolysis into glucose, then fermented by bacteria like Clostridium thermocellum into bioethanol. Producing bioethanol from bagasse provides an environmentally friendly alternative fuel and makes use of an agricultural waste product.
Biotechnological Routes to Biomass Conversion
The document provides an overview of biotechnological routes for biomass conversion. It discusses:
1) Two main platforms for biomass conversion - the sugar platform (including enzymatic, dilute acid, and concentrated acid processes) and the syngas platform.
2) Key details of the enzymatic process for ethanol production, including various options for pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation configurations.
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This document discusses biological hydrogen production. It introduces hydrogen as a clean, renewable energy carrier with high energy density. Several routes for biological hydrogen production are described, including direct and indirect biophotolysis, photo-fermentation, and dark fermentation. Dark fermentation involves using anaerobic bacteria to produce hydrogen from carbohydrates in the absence of light. Both mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria can be used, with different temperature ranges. The yields from fermenting different carbohydrates are discussed. Applications for biologically produced hydrogen include using it in fuel cells to generate electricity or injecting it into gas mains.
Biofuel
This document discusses biofuels and biodiesel production. It defines biofuels as transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass materials. The document outlines the process of biodiesel production, including using vegetable oils or animal fats and an alcohol like methanol through a transesterification process. It discusses important characteristics of biodiesel like viscosity, density, flash point and others. The advantages of biodiesel include being renewable, having lower emissions than diesel, and able to be used in conventional diesel engines. Disadvantages include slightly higher fuel consumption and issues with long term storage.
Biodiesel
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
Bioethanol production from fruits and vegetable wastes
This document discusses bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes. It defines bioethanol as ethyl alcohol derived from fermented plant carbohydrates. Fruit and vegetable wastes are promising feedstocks as 30-50% of inputs are discarded as waste, creating environmental issues. Composition analysis shows wastes contain carbohydrates for fermentation. Case studies demonstrate production through various pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation methods using yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Parameters like temperature, incubation time and inoculum concentration impact yields. Studies optimize these to maximize ethanol yields. Fruit and vegetable wastes are concluded to be potential candidates for bioethanol production to meet blending targets and reduce oil imports.
The future of lignocellulose processing
This paper was presented on the 8th November 2012 at an SCI conference on Processing Lignocellulosic Biomass. The conference was held at the UK's Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) at the Wilton Centre, Redcar, UK. The main focus of the event was on the UK role for biomass conversion, and the business and commericial implications of the technologies being developed.
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Biofuel and its importance
This presentation discusses biofuels as an alternative renewable energy source. It begins by outlining the global energy crisis and increasing demand for energy. The presentation then defines biofuels as fuels derived from biological resources like plant biomass. Biofuels are presented as a way to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. The main types of biofuels discussed are biodiesel, bioalcohol, vegetable oils, biogas, and syngas. Advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel production and use are also summarized.
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Biofuels
This document discusses different types of fuels, including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It focuses on biofuels, describing them as fuels derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include biodiesel, produced from vegetable oils through transesterification, biogas produced from organic waste through anaerobic digestion, and bioethanol. The document discusses the history and production of these biofuels, their advantages like being renewable and reducing emissions, and disadvantages like high production costs. It also outlines India's national biofuel policy and the drivers for biofuel production in the country.
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Biodiesel production
The document summarizes the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils through transesterification. It discusses various feedstocks used, the transesterification process, and results from experiments conducted. Key points:
- Soybean, sunflower, and corn oils were most suitable feedstocks, meeting standard diesel properties. Soybean yielded the highest amount of biodiesel at 96% in 9 hours.
- The transesterification process involves reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin.
- Results found soybean, sunflower, and corn biodiesel met most standards but others like rice bran were less suitable due to higher viscosity and lower
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This document summarizes a seminar on renewable energy sources. It defines renewable and non-renewable energy, and provides examples of each. The document then discusses several types of renewable energy sources in detail, including hydropower, wind, and solar energy. For each energy source, it describes how the energy is generated, the technology used, advantages and disadvantages, and statistics on current and potential usage.
BIOMASS as renewable energy resource
This document summarizes a presentation about the potential for biomass energy in Pakistan. It outlines that Pakistan faces an energy crisis and could benefit from developing renewable sources like biomass. The document discusses what biomass is and where it comes from. It notes that Pakistan generates a large amount of agricultural and animal waste biomass annually. It also examines existing small-scale biogas digesters in Pakistan and the potential for larger commercial plants, highlighting the Landhi cattle colony as a prime location. In conclusion, the document stresses that Pakistan should develop a national program to promote biomass energy to help address its energy needs and reduce environmental pollution.
renewable and non renewable resources
This document defines and provides examples of renewable and non-renewable natural resources. Renewable resources like oxygen, wood, and water can be replenished within human lifetimes through natural processes. Non-renewable resources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas take significantly longer to form and are finite in supply, being non-renewable on a human timescale. The document cautions that renewable resources are not endless, and provides context on misconceptions around resource renewability.
Biofuels Complete ppt
This document discusses various types of fuels and focuses on biofuels as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. It provides information on:
- Biofuels, which are made from organic matter, as a renewable option compared to finite fossil fuels. Common types include biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas.
- Jatropha and algae as feedstocks for biodiesel production, with details on jatropha cultivation and a biodiesel plant.
- Benefits of biodiesel such as reduced emissions, biodegradability, and energy security. India's initiatives to promote the use of biofuels are also mentioned.
- Biogas production through anaerobic digestion
Renewable Energy - Intro ppt
The document provides an introduction to renewable energy sources for power generation. It discusses various renewable energy technologies including wind and solar energy. For wind energy, it describes the technology behind wind turbines and key components. It also discusses solar photovoltaic and concentrating solar thermal plant technologies. The document then provides current installed capacities and scenarios for wind and solar energy in India.
Bio Energy Presentation
Bioenergy comes from living or recently living organisms and includes biomass, biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel, and biogas. Biomass exists in raw forms like crops and waste and secondary forms like paper. Liquid biofuels are made from plants through fermentation and distillation. Electricity can be generated from biomass. Biogas is made through anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Bioenergy provides benefits but also faces challenges around sustainability, food security, and competition for land and resources.
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
学校原版(unuk学位证书)英国牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(unuk学位证书)英国牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证硕士文凭》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
快速办理(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
Presentation made for the Webinar Series on Biomimicry for sustainability on 1st June 2024 organized by Green Building Council Sri Lanka
Environment Conservation Rules 2023 (ECR)-2023.pptx
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules 2023 (ECR-2023).
一比一原版西澳大学毕业证学历证书如何办理
原版定制【微信:741003700】《西澳大学毕业证学位证成绩单》【微信:741003700】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
原版制作(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Presented by James Reed at "9th Landscape Sustainability Science Forum" on 11 May 2024
REPORT-PRESENTATION BY CHIEF SECRETARY, ANDAMAN NICOBAR ADMINISTRATION IN OA ...
Green Tribunal Andaman
按照学校原版(UAL文凭证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证快速办理
挂科购买【(UAL毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证】【176555708微信号】留学假毕业证成绩单、外壳、offer、留信学历认证（永久存档真实可查）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路），我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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