UV spectroscopy is used to study the absorption of UV light by molecules. It can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Key applications include determining the structure of organic compounds by identifying functional groups and conjugation, estimating dissociation constants to determine acidity, and quantitative analysis of compounds and reaction kinetics through measurement of absorbance changes over time.
Introduction,Instrumentation, Classification of electronic transitions, Substituent and solvent effects, Classification of electronic transitions
Substituent and solvent effects
Applications of UV Spectroscopy
UV spectral study of alkenes
UV spectral study of poylenes
UV spectral study of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl
UV spectral study of Aromatic compounds
Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Applications of UV Spectroscopy, Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Introduction to Spectroscopy,
Introduction to UV, electronic transitions, terminology, chromophore, Auxochrome, Examples and Applications.
Introduction to IR, Fundamental vibrations, Types of Vibrations, Factors affecting the vibrational freaquencies, Group frequencies, examples and applications.
UV-Visible spectroscopy is considered as an important tool in the analytical chemistry.
Most powerful tool available for the study of atomic and molecular structure.
- Most commonly used techniques in clinical as well as chemical laboratories.
- Used for the qualitative analysis and identification of chemicals.
ain use is for quantitative determination of different organic and inorganic compounds in solution.
Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter.
As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules.
The absorption of visible or ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum.
UV-Visible light range- 200-800 nm
Visible range: 400-800 nm
UV range: 200-400 nm
details about uv-visible spectroscopy. intoduction to uv-visible spectroscopy with principle,
instrumentation, application, beers lamberts law , detectors. helps to know details about uv-visible spectroscopy. complete notes of uv-visible spectroscopy.
Introduction,Instrumentation, Classification of electronic transitions, Substituent and solvent effects, Classification of electronic transitions
Substituent and solvent effects
Applications of UV Spectroscopy
UV spectral study of alkenes
UV spectral study of poylenes
UV spectral study of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl
UV spectral study of Aromatic compounds
Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Applications of UV Spectroscopy, Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Introduction to Spectroscopy,
Introduction to UV, electronic transitions, terminology, chromophore, Auxochrome, Examples and Applications.
Introduction to IR, Fundamental vibrations, Types of Vibrations, Factors affecting the vibrational freaquencies, Group frequencies, examples and applications.
UV-Visible spectroscopy is considered as an important tool in the analytical chemistry.
Most powerful tool available for the study of atomic and molecular structure.
- Most commonly used techniques in clinical as well as chemical laboratories.
- Used for the qualitative analysis and identification of chemicals.
ain use is for quantitative determination of different organic and inorganic compounds in solution.
Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter.
As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules.
The absorption of visible or ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum.
UV-Visible light range- 200-800 nm
Visible range: 400-800 nm
UV range: 200-400 nm
details about uv-visible spectroscopy. intoduction to uv-visible spectroscopy with principle,
instrumentation, application, beers lamberts law , detectors. helps to know details about uv-visible spectroscopy. complete notes of uv-visible spectroscopy.
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The spectrophotometer technique is to measures light intensity as a function of wavelength.
• Measures the light that passes through a liquid sample
• Spectrophotometer gives readings in Percent Transmittance (%T) and in Absorbance (A)
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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2. What is spectroscopy?
Why UV spectroscopy?
Theory
Absorption laws
Chromophore
Instrumentation
Application
2
3. Spectrum + scopies
When a beam of light is allowed to pass through
a prism or grating, it will disperse into seven
colours from red to violet and the set of colours
produced is called spectrum.
Spectroscopy is the branch of science deals with
the study of interaction of EMR with matter.
Spectroscopy means examination of spectrum.
3
4. From the type of radiation which is absorbed,
we can get idea about the nature of the
compound.
From the amount of radiation absorbed the
concentration of the substance can be found
Hence spectroscopy is used for both
quantitative and qualitative analysis
4
5. “The study of interaction of EM radiation with
molecules or Atoms.”
Types:
1.Absorption spectroscopy:
The study of absorbed radiation by molecule, in
the form of spectra
e.g.: UV, IR, NMR, colorimetry, atomic absorption
spectroscopy
2.Emission spectroscopy:
The radiation emitted by molecules can also be
studied to reveal the structure of molecules.
e.g.: flame photometry, flourimetry
5
6. 3.Atomic spectroscopy
Interaction of EMR+ ATOMS
Changes in energy take place at atomic level
e.g.: atomic absorption spectroscopy
4. Molecular spectroscopy
Interaction of EMR + MOLECULES
Changes in energy take place at the
molecular level
e.g.: UV,IR
Results in transitions between vibrational &
rotational energy levels.
6
8. UV Visible spectrum can be ÷ into 3 regions
1. Far or vacuum UV region (10-200 nm)
2. Near or quartz UV region (200-380 nm)
3. Visible UV (380-780nm)
8
9. 1. Detection of functional groups
2. Detection of impurities
3. Qualitative analysis
4. Quantitative analysis
5. Single compound without chromophore
6. Drugs with chromophore reagent
7. It helps to show the relationship between
different groups, it is useful to detect the
conjugation of the compounds.
9
10. When a beam of light falls on a solution or
homogeneous media, a portion of light is
reflected from the surface of media, a
portion is absorbed within the medium and
remaining is transmitted through the
medium.
Thus if IO is the intensity of radiation falling on
the media
IO = IR + IA + IT
10
11. The absorption of UV radiation brings about the
promotion of an electron from bonding to anti
bonding orbital.
The wavelength of radiation is slowly changed from
min to max in the given region, and the absorbance
at every wavelength is recorded. Then a plot of
energy absorbed vs. wavelength is called
absorption spectrum.
The significant features are:
λ max (wavelength at max absorption)
E max (The intensity of maximum absorption)
The UV spectrum depends on
Solvents
Concentration of solution
11
12. UV and Visible light cause only two kinds of electronic
transitions
• Only organic compounds with p electrons can absorb
energy in the UV/Visible region
• A visible spectrum is obtained if visible light is absorbed
• A UV spectrum is obtained if UV light is absorbed
12
14. “The intensity of a beam of monochromatic
light decrease exponentially with the
increase in concentration of the absorbing
substance”.
14
15. light absorbed ∞ no: of absorbing molecules
(only true for dilute solutions)
A = log I0/I ∞ c
A - Absorbance or optical density
I0 - intensity of incident radiation
I - intensity of transmitted radiation
C - concentration of the absorbing species in
mol dm₃
15
16. The fraction of radiation absorbed is
independent of the intensity of the radiation
A = log I0/I ∞ l
l = Cell path length
16
17. A = e c l
A = log(I / I0)
c = concentration of
substance in solution
l = length of the cell in cm
e = molar absorptivity
17
18. UV visible spectroscopy measure the
response of a sample to ultra violet and
visible range of EM radiation.
molecules have either n,∏,σ electrons.
These electrons absorb UV radiation &
undergoes transitions from ground state to
excited state.
18
20. Defined as any isolated covalently bonded group
that shows a characteristic absorption in the UV
or Visible region.
Chromophore in Greek means “color bearing.”
only those molecules likely to absorb light in the
200 to 800 nm region which contain ∏-electrons
and may also have atoms with non bonding
electrons.
such groups that absorb light in the UV- VIS
region are referred to as chromophore.
20
21. INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
When a single
chromophore is
sufficient to impart
color
e.g.:- NO2, NO ,O
and P quinoid
groups
When more than one
chromophore is required
to impart color
e.g.:-
CH3 CO CH3 (colorless)
CH3 CO CO CO CH3
(orange)
21
22. SHIFTS IN UV VISIBLE SPECTRUM
BATHOCHROMIC SHIFT :
Red shift
A shift to lower energy
or longer wavelength.
HYPSOCHROMIC SHIFT :
Blue shift
A shift to higher energy
or shorter wavelength
HYPERCHROMIC SHIFT:
An increase in intensity.
HYPOCHROMIC SHIFT:
intensity of absorption
maximum decrease
22
24. Two sources are required to scan the entire
UV-VIS band:
Deuterium lamp- covers the uv-200-330
Tungsten lamp-covers 330-700
As with the dispersive IR, the lamps
illuminate the entire band of UV or visible
light; the monochromator ( grating/prism)
gradually changes the small bands of
radiation sent to the beam splitter
24
25. The beam splitter sends a separate band to a
cell containing the sample solution and a
reference solution.
The detector measures the difference
between the transmitted light through the
sample (I) vs. the incident (Io) and sends this
information to the recorder.
25
26. 1. Virtually all UV spectra are recorded
solution phase
2. Cells can be made of plastic, glass or
quartz
3. Only quartz is transparent in the full 200-
700 nm range; plastic and glass are only
suitable for visible spectra
4. Concentration can be empirically
determined
26
31. Measure the rates of a reaction
Determine the pKa of a compound
Estimate the nucleotide composition of
DNA
Determination of structure of organic
compounds
e.g. element, functional group
Determination of stereochemistry
e.g. cis or trans.
Strength of hydrogen bond
31
32. Detection of impurities
determination of impurities in organic
molecules. Additional peaks can be observed due
to impurities in the sample and it can be
compared with that of standard raw material.
Structure elucidation of organic compounds.
UV spectroscopy is useful in the structure
elucidation of organic molecules, the presence
of hetero atoms, and the presence of
unsaturated compounds. From the location of
peaks and combination of peaks, it can be
concluded that whether the compound is
saturated or unsaturated, hetero atoms are
present or not etc.
32
33. Quantitative analysis
UV absorption spectroscopy can be used for
the quantitative determination of compounds
that absorb UV radiation. This determination
is based on Beer’s law.
Qualitative analysis
UV absorption spectroscopy can characterize
those types of compounds which absorbs UV
radiation. Identification is done by
comparing the absorption spectrum with the
spectra of known compounds.
33
34. Dissociation constants of acids and bases.
PH =pKa + log [A-] / [HA]
From the above equation, the PKa value can
be calculated from the graph plotted
between absorbance and wavelength at
different PH values.
Quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical
substances
Many drugs are either in the form of raw
material form. They can be assayed by
making a suitable solution of the drug in a
solvent and measuring the absorbance at
specific wavelength
34
35. Molecular weight determination
Molecular weights of compounds can be
measured spectrophotometrically by preparing
the suitable derivatives of these compounds.
Chemical kinetics
Kinetics of reaction can also be studied using UV
spectroscopy. The UV radiation is passed through the
reaction cell and the absorbance changes can be
observed.
AS HPLC detector
A UV/Vis spectrophotometer may be used as a detector for
HPLC.
35