what is biomedical waste Source Identification Segregation Collection and storage Transport Treatment and disposal

1. Bio-Medical Waste Management
By- Dr. Mamta Sharma
Ph.D. Microbiology

2. According to Bio-medical Waste(Management and
Handling ) Rules, 1998 of India, Bio-medical
Waste means- “Any waste, which is generated
during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of
human beings or animals or in research activities
pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of
biological.,

3. Objectives
• To minimize the production/generation of infectious
waste.
• Recycle the waste after treating to the extent possible.
• Treat the waste by safe and environment-
friendly/acceptable methods.
• Adequate care in handling to prevent healthcare-
associated infections.
• Safety precautions during handling the BMW.

4. According to a WHO report-
• 85% of the hospital wastes are non-hazardous.
• 10% are infective (hence, hazardous), and
• 5% are non-infectious but hazardous (chemical,
pharmaceutical and radioactive).

5. GLOBALLY-
• The quantity of Bio-Medical Waste generated will vary
depending on the hospital policies and practices and the type
of care being provided.
• The data available from developed countries indicate a range
from 1-5 Kg/bed/day, with substantial inter-country and inter-
specialty differences.
• Meager data from developing countries but the figures are
lower. i.e. 1-2 Kg/bed/day.
INDIA - In a large tertiary care hospital such as AIIMS, the
Biomedical waste generated is about 1.5kg/bed/day as against
2.8kg/bed/day from a similar-sized hospital in the USA

6. CLASSIFICATION OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

7. 1.Infectious waste:- Waste suspected to
contain pathogens. e.g. laboratory
cultures; waste from isolation wards;
tissues (swabs), materials, or
equipment's that have been in contact
with infected patients .
2.Pathological waste:- Human tissues
or fluids e.g. body parts; blood and
other body fluids, foetuses.

8. 3. Sharps:- Sharp waste e.g. needles,
infusion sets, scalpels, knives,
blades, broken glass etc.
4. Pharmaceutical waste:- Waste
containing pharmaceuticals. E.g.
pharmaceuticals that are expired or
no longer needed, items
contaminated by or containing
pharmaceuticals (bottles. boxes)

9. 5. Genotoxic waste:- Waste
containing substances with
genotoxic properties e.g. waste
containing cytostatic drugs(often
used in cancer therapy), genotoxic
chemicals
6. Chemical waste:- Waste
containing chemical substances. e.g.
laboratory reagents, film developer,
disinfectants that are expired or no
longer needed, solvents

10. 7. Wastes with high content of heavy
metals:- e.g. Batteries, broken
thermometers, blood-pressure gauges
etc.
8. Pressurized containers:- e.g Gas
cylinders, gas cartridges, aerosol cans.
9. Radioactive waste:- Waste containing
radioactive substances e.g. unused
liquids from radiotherapy or laboratory
research, contaminated glassware and
packages.

11. Hazards of BMW
1. Infectious wastes and sharps cause transmission of infections like HIV
Hepatitis B and C.
2. Chemical and Pharma waste toxic, corrosive, flammable, reactive and
shock sensitive.
3. Genotoxic and Radioactive wastes are responsible for toxicity ranges
from the headache , nausea and vomiting to the skin reactions and
malignancies.
4. Public sensitivity for visual impact of anatomical wastes.

13. Principles of Waste Management
1. Identification of points of generation of waste.
2. Waste minimization & recycling of waste.
3. Waste segregation at source.
4. Waste treatment (disinfection etc.) at the site.
5. Waste collection and transportation, on-site and off-site.
6. Waste treatment , on-site & off the site
7. Final disposal of waste
8. Occupational safety
9. Continuous monitoring of the system
10. Training of the staff.

14. Biomedical Waste Management Process
1. Source Identification.
2. Segregation.
3. Collection and storage.
4. Transport.
5. Treatment and Disposal.

15. Source Identification
Identification of source is required both at - the macro level. (Institutes that
generates waste) - the micro level. (Points and activities within the institution).
Segregation -“Separation of different types of waste as per treatment and
disposal options.”
It is the key to the active process of scientific waste management
Collection and storage - Storage of waste refers to storage within wards or
collection points within the departments.
Collection centers are planned between 2-3 wards.
Central collection.
Common Treatment Facility (CTF)

16. Transport
-Transportation systems should be secured with special
containers and well-defined routes with minimum patient
influx.
-The containers should have non-washable and
prominently visible labels showing the type of waste it
contain – Cytotoxic or Biohazards.
Treatment and disposal
-The main objectives of treatment are - disinfecting and
decontaminating the waste and - volume reduction

17. Bio-Medical Waste (Management)Rules 2016
• The MoE, F&CC has notified the new BMW (M)
Rules, on 28TH March 2016.
• Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Replaced the earlier Rules (1998) and the
amendments thereof.
• 4 categories
Yellow,
Red,
Blue and
White

18. Bio-Medical Waste (Management)Rules 2016
• No occupier shall establish an on-site treatment and disposal
facility if a service of a common BMW treatment facility is
available at a distance of 75 km.
• Untreated waste shall not be stored beyond a period of forty-
eight hours.
• Household generated BMW.
• The onsite pretreatment of laboratory waste, microbiological
waste, blood samples, and blood bags as per the guidelines of
WHO or NACO.

19. Bio-Medical Waste (Management)Rules 2016
• Phase out the use of chlorinated plastic bags,
gloves, and blood bags within two years from the
date of notification of these rules
• All plastic bags shall be as per BIS standards
(Bureau of Indian Standards).
• Immunise with Hepatitis B and Tetanus
• Vaccination to be certified and documented
• Personal Protective Equipment

20. Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule 2016-
There are 4 schedules (or parts)-
Schedule 1: Categories of bio-medical waste in India.
Schedule 2: Standards for treatment and disposal of BMW (Color
coding and type of container for disposal)
Schedule 3: Label of containers, bags, and transportation of Bio-
Medical waste
Schedule 4: Prescribed Authority and duties

24. Safe Handling of Sharps
• Wear Gloves
• Needles should never be recapped
• Use needle hub cutter
• The syringe hub should be cut and disposed in red plastic bin
• Needle stick injuries to be reported, Documented, if needed
• Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) to be taken

31. SCHEDULE III
LABEL FOR BIO-MEDICAL WASTE CONTAINERS /BAGS