This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and categorizes it into 10 categories. It also classifies hospital wastes and discusses the proper procedures for segregating, packaging, transporting, and storing biomedical waste. Key steps in biomedical waste handling include proper segregation using color-coded containers, disinfection, and disposal in compliance with regulations. Improper practices can lead to injuries and spread of infection. Training of healthcare staff is important.

1. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
By-Ms. Priyanka Wandhe,
Department of Business Administration,
Dhanwate National College, Nagpur

2. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
Any solid, fluid and liquid or liquid waste, including
it's container and any intermediate product, which is
generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunisation of human being or animals, in research
pertaining thereto. Biomedical wastes are
hazardous.

3. CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
Category No. I
• Human Anatomical Waste
Category No.2
• Animal Waste
Category No 3
• Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Category No 4
• Waste sharps
Category No 5
• Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs

4. Contd…
Category No 6
• Solid Waste (Items contaminated with blood, and body
fluids including cotton, dressings)
Category No.7
• Solid Waste (wastes generated from disposable items other
than the waste sharps disinfection by chemical such as
tubing, catheters, intravenous sets etc)
Category No. 8
• Liquid Waste
Category No. 9
• Incineration Ash
Category No.10
• Chemical Waste

5. CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITAL
WASTES
What is hospital waste?
Hospital waste refers to all waste generated, discarded and not
intended for further use in the hospital.
Classification of hospital waste are as follows:
General waste:
• Largely composed of domestic or house hold type waste. It is non-
hazardous to human beings, e.g. kitchen waste, packaging material, paper,
wrappers, plastics.
Pathological waste:
• Consists of tissue, organ, body part, human foetuses, blood and body
fluid. It is hazardous waste.

6. Contd…
Infectious waste:
• The wastes which contain pathogens in sufficient concentration or quantity that could
cause diseases. It is hazardous e.g. culture and stocks of infectious agents from
laboratories, waste from surgery, waste originating from infectious patients.
Sharps:
• Waste materials which could cause the person handling it, a cut or puncture of skin e.g.
needles, broken glass, saws, nail, blades, scalpels.
Pharmaceutical waste:
• This includes pharmaceutical products, drugs, and chemicals that have been returned from
wards, have been spilled, are outdated, or contaminated.
Chemical waste:
• This comprises discarded solid, liquid and gaseous chemicals e.g. cleaning, house keeping,
and disinfecting product.
Radioactive waste:
• It includes solid, liquid, and gaseous waste that is contaminated with radionucleides
generated from in-vitro analysis of body tissues and fluid, in-vivo body organ imaging and
tumour localization and therapeutic procedures.

7. SEGREGATION, PACKAGING,
TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes.
Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags
at the point of generation prior to its storage, transportation,
treatment and disposal. The containers shall be labeled
properly. No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept
stored beyond a period of 48 hours.

8. Biomedical Waste Handling Process
Proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes are
important elements of health care office infection control programme.
Correct procedure will help protect health care workers, patients and the
local community.
Hospital waste management has been brought into focus in India
recently, particularly with the notification of the BMW (Management
and Handling) Rules, 1998. The rule makes it mandatory for the health
care establishments to segregate, disinfect and dispose their waste in an
eco-friendly manner.

9. Safety
Handle with Care
Protect Yourself and Protect Others.
Community Options for Safe Needle
Disposal .
Medical Waste Disposal Policy and
Procedure.
Practices to Protect Public Health.

10. SYMBOL OF BIO HAZARD

11. COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER
FOR DISPOSAL OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES
Colour
Coding
Type of Container -I Waste
Category
Yellow Cotton, Bandages, Human Organs,
Plasanta,Plasters etc.
Red Tubings, Blood & Urine Bags, Cathetars, I
V sets, Saline & Glass Bottles, Gloves etc.
Blue/White Syringes, Ampoules wiles etc. Sharpe
Items- in Puncture proof container
Black General Waste such as-food items, plastics,
dispo cups etc.

12. PROCEDURE FOR WASTE
COLLECTION
Specifically colored plastic bag should
be kept in its container. Bins and bags
should bear the biohazard symbol.
As soon as three fourth of the bag is full
of waste it should be removed from the
container, tied tight with a plastic string
and properly labeled.
Under no circumstances, an infectious
waste should be mixed with the non-
infectious waste.

13. Contd…
Collection of disposable items (syringes, I/V bottles,
catheters, rubber gloves etc) should be undertaken when they
have been mutilated (cut) chemically disinfected (by dipping
in 1% hypochlorite solution for 30min.)
Syringe barrel should always be separated from the plunger
before disinfection. Needles should be destroyed with needle
destroyer. Manual mutilation of sharps should never be tried
as it may cause injury. All other sharps must be strongly
disinfected (chemically) before they are shredded or finally
disposed. Sharps should be kept in puncture proof containers
and properly labeled.
Biomedical waste handlers should be trained in handling the
waste and made aware of proper way of handling waste to
avoid injury and accidents.

14. Rationale of
Hospital Waste Management
The reasons and rationale behind for spending so much resources in terms of
money, man, power, material and machine for management of hospital waste
are because:
Injuries from sharps leading to infection to all
categories of hospital personnel and waste handler.
Risk of infection outside hospital for waste
handlers and scavengers and at time general public
living in the vicinity of hospitals.
Risk associated with hazardous chemicals, drugs to
persons handling wastes at all levels.

15. Contd…
Disposable being repacked and sold by
unscrupulous elements without even being
washed.
Drugs which have been disposed of, being
repacked and sold off to unsuspecting buyers.
Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due
to waste, or due to defective incineration
emissions and ash.

16. Poor waste management practice
includes
Improper packing of biohazard wastes.
Improper segregation of
biohazard wastes.
Improper waste handling in the disposal
site.
Improper storage and transportation of
wastes.
Improper treatment, disposal and
poor monitoring of waste management.

17. IMPROPER PRACTICE

18. Training Programmes
Each and every hospital must have well planned
awareness and training programme for all category of
personnel including administrators (medical, paramedical
and administrative).
All the medical professionals must be made aware of
Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules
1998.
Training should be conducted to all categories of staff in
appropriate language/medium and in an acceptable
manner.

19. ANNUAL REPORT
Every occupier/operator shall submit an annual report
to the prescribed authority in Form 11 by 31 January
every year, to include information about the categories
and quantities of bio-medical wastes handled during
the preceding year.
The prescribed authority shall send this information in
a compiled form to the Central Pollution Control
Board by 31 March every year.