At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
• History of Occupational Diseases (O.D) Listing
• Definition of O.D and Work-Related Diseases (WRD)
• Criteria for identification of O.D
• International List of O.D
• Prescribed Occupational Diseases
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
• History of Occupational Diseases (O.D) Listing
• Definition of O.D and Work-Related Diseases (WRD)
• Criteria for identification of O.D
• International List of O.D
• Prescribed Occupational Diseases
solid waste is defined as “non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex & sometimes hazardous substances”
PREVENTION OF CORONA VIRUS INFECTION AMONG HEALTH WORKERS & PATIENTSSANJAY SIR
This presentation is for health care workers & patients to limit the transmission of corona virus infections. it also helps educator of medical, nursing & paramedics to teach their students about control & prevention strategies. it also create awareness among HCWs & common people.
solid waste is defined as “non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex & sometimes hazardous substances”
PREVENTION OF CORONA VIRUS INFECTION AMONG HEALTH WORKERS & PATIENTSSANJAY SIR
This presentation is for health care workers & patients to limit the transmission of corona virus infections. it also helps educator of medical, nursing & paramedics to teach their students about control & prevention strategies. it also create awareness among HCWs & common people.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Why Bio-Medical Waste needs Management?
• Needed due to health, Environmental, legal &
aesthetic reasons.
2
3. Purpose of waste management
• To protect people who handle waste items from
accidental injury &infection,
• avoid misusing of expiry dated & contaminated drugs
• To prevent spread of infection to local community
• To dispose the hazardous materials safely(toxic
chemicals and radioactive compounds).
3
4. What is Bio-Medical Waste?
• Any solid, liquid waste-generated
during diagnosis, treatment
immunization of human beings
or animal.
• includes all waste generated by
health care establishments,
research facilities& laboratories.
4
5. Quantity of Waste generation
• Depends up on hospital polices, practices,
hospital specialisation , proportion of usage of
disposable items/reusable items & number of
patients treated per day.
5
6. Transmission of infection from wastes
• Through cuts/puncture of skin
• Through mucous membranes-splashing into eyes.
• Inhalation of dust particles & germs
• By ingestion through contaminated fingers, water
food
6
7. Who are at more risk?
• Other patients ,Medical & paramedical persons
• Persons who handle the waste material
• Persons involved in cleaning- instruments, floor,
glassware &washing of linen.
7
8. Health hazards associated with poor
hospital waste management
• Injuries from sharps
• Nosocomial infection
• Risks of infection outside
hospitals for waste handlers,
scavengers & general public
• Risks associated with
hazardous chemicals
8
10. Hazardous Infectious waste
• Infectious waste contains pathogens (bacteria,
viruses, parasites, or fungi)
• Cultures of infectious agents from lab work
• Waste from surgery & autopsies on patients with
infectious diseases
• Waste from infected patients in wards
• Infected animals from laboratories
• Any other instruments or materials that have been
contaminated by infected persons or animals.
10
11. Hazardous non infectious waste
• Chemical and pharmaceutical residues (e.g., expired
drugs and vaccines, disinfectants )
• Cytotoxic waste (drugs used in cancer chemotherapy
• heavy metals waste-mercury - broken thermometer
• Non recyclable&discarded pressurized containers that
are hazardous if burned because they can explode
11
12. Non hazardous wastes
• Non contaminated waste include paper, trash,
boxes, bottles, plastic containers and food.
• They can be disposed of by the usual methods
or sent to the local landfill or dumpsite
12
13. Steps in the management of
hospital waste
• Generation,
• Segregation/separation,
• Collection,
• Storage,
• Transportation
• Treatment,
• Final disposal
13
15. Waste
Category
Waste class and
description
Treatment and
disposal systems
1 Human Anatomical
Wastes, Blood &
Body Fluid.
If infectious,
incineration; if not
infectious, then
burial
2 Animal and Slaughter
House Wastes
Disinfections and
burial for solid
treatment and
discharge for fluid
15
16. Category No.3 Microbiology &
Biotechnology
Waste
Autoclaving /
micro waving
and incineration
Category No.4 Waste Sharps Disinfection,
shredding and
disposal in
landfill/ recycling
Category No.5 Discarded
Medicines
Incineration and
disposal in
landfills
Category No.6 Soiled Wastes
with blood and
body fluids
If infectious,
incineration; if
non-infectious,
autoclaving/
microwaving/
16
17. Category
No.7
Solid waste
from
Disposables
Disinfections by chemical
treatment autoclaving / micro
waving and shredding and
disposal landfill/ recycling for
PVC / Plastic.
Category
No.8
Liquid Wastes
Disinfections by chemical
treatment and discharge into
drains.
Category
No.9
Incineration
ash
Disposal by landfill
Category
No.10
Chemical
Wastes
Chemical treatment and
discharge in drain for liquids and
incineration or land disposal for
solids 17
18. Segregation and safe storage
• Segregation should be done at the point of generation to
avoid mixing of general waste & infectious.
• The infectious waste, even if little is mixed with the other
hospital wastes, the entire waste should be treated as
infectious waste (more expensive and also dangerous)
usage of segregation
• Reduce total treatment cost
• Reduce the impacts of this wastes on the community
• Reduce the chances of infecting health care workers
18
20. Colour coding and containers for disposal of
biomedical wastes
Colour
code
container
Waste
category
Treatment
options
yellow
Plastic
bags
Cat 1,2,3,and
6
Incineration /
deep burial
red
Disinfected
container/
Plastic
bags
Cat 3,6 and 7
Autoclaving /
microwaving /
chemical
treatment
20
21. Colour
code
container
Waste
category
Treatment options
Blue / white
transparent
Plastic
bags
Cat 4
and 7
Autoclaving/
chemical
treatment,
destruction
&shredding
Black
Plastic
bags
Cat 5 ,9
and 10
Disposal in
secured landfills
Colour coding and containers for disposal of
biomedical wastes
21
22. 1.Disease transmission – GIT , Respiratory tract
& Skin infections
2.Toxic hazards by Chemical & Radioactive
wastes
3.Water & Air Pollution
4.Vector breeding and Rodents nuisance
5.Injuries , HIV , Hepatitis B & C by Sharps
6.Public sensitivity
Health hazards
22
23. Treatment and disposal technologies
• Incineration
• Chemical disinfection
• Wet and dry thermal treatment
• Microwave irradiation
• Land disposal
• Inertization
23
24. Incineration
• High temperature oxidation
process
• Reduces organic and
combustible waste into
inorganic and incombustible
• Reduces the volume of waste
• Method of choice for waste
that cannot be recycled and
reused
24
26. Chemical Treatment
• Chemicals are added to waste to kill the
pathogens, result in disinfection.
• liquid waste, such as blood, urine, stools etc
are treated by chemicals like hypochlorite.
26
27. Thermal Treatment
• Wet and Dry method.
• WET METHOD / STEAM DISINFECTION
1. Waste is exposed to high temperature and steam
2. Not for anatomical, chemical and pharmaceutical
waste.
• DRY METHOD/ Screw feed technology.
1. Heating in high temperature, without steam.
2. Not for cytotoxic and radioactive waste.
27
28. Micro wave
Irradiation
• Waste is treated with
microwave radiation
• Water within the waste is
heated and infectious
components destroyed by
heat conduction
• Frequency – 2450 HZ
• Wave length – 12.24 nm
28
29. Land fill
• A special burial pit -prepared
for health care waste only.
• After each waste load, it -
covered with soil layer.
• Access to this disposal area
should be restricted,
• supervision by landfill staff
•easier and thus prevent
scavenging. 29
30. Inertization
• Waste is mixed with other substances before disposal
• Minimise the risk of toxic substances in the waste
migrating to surface water and ground water
• Proportion :
• 65 % waste + 15% lime +15 % cement + 5 % water
• Homogenous mass is formed &cubes/pellets are
produced on site &transported to suitable site.
30
31. • Supreme Court, issued instructions regarding
management of Bio-Medical Waste.
• Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
India notified the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules on 27th July 1998; under the provision of
Environment Protection Act 1986.
• Accordingly all the hospitals (public& private)are bound to
follow these rules to avoid legal actions.
National legislation
31
32. In SRU - Red (Category 7) – Autoclaved& shredded –
disposal area
• IV cannulae, IV sets, IV plastic bottles, Syringes
• Gloves, Polythene aprons(disposable)
• ET Tubes
• Urine bags, Blood bags
• Breathing tubes, Feeding tubes
• Central venous catheters
• CAPD catheters and bags
• Microbiological waste in plastic ware
32
33. .
In SRU - Yellow (Categories – 1,2,3,6) – Incinerated
• Dressings, cotton
• Body parts, Placenta, Sanitary pads
• disposable Face masks, caps, shoe covers, surgical gowns
• Microbiological waste in glassware
• Outdated blood bags
Green -Paper, food, plastic water bottles, polythene bags
Sharps – needles-collected in non-penetrable plastic boxes
Blue colour bag – to collect empty drug containers – sent
for washing and reused in drug companies
33