The document discusses the anatomy and structure of the knee joint capsule. It describes how the capsule consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane. The synovial membrane folds and invaginates within the joint, surrounding structures like the cruciate ligaments. The fibrous layer provides passive support and is reinforced by capsular ligaments. The intricate structure of the capsule plays an important role in joint stability and function.
Femoral Head (Superiorly, Medially, Anteriorly).
Acetabulum (Inferiorly, Laterally, Anteriorly).
Horseshoe-shaped (Acetabular Notch).
The deepest portion (Acetabular Fossa).
Labrum Acetabular:
Is a wedged fibrocartilaginous ring inserted into the acetabular rim to increase the acetabular concavity.
Femoral Head (Superiorly, Medially, Anteriorly).
Acetabulum (Inferiorly, Laterally, Anteriorly).
Horseshoe-shaped (Acetabular Notch).
The deepest portion (Acetabular Fossa).
Labrum Acetabular:
Is a wedged fibrocartilaginous ring inserted into the acetabular rim to increase the acetabular concavity.
Elbow complex is designed to serve hand.
They provide MOBILITY for Hand in space by apparent shortening and Lengthening of upper extremity.
They provide Stability for skillful and forceful movements
Biomwchanics of wrist and hand
- Kinematics and Kinetics of joints including flexion and extension mechanism
-Pathomechanics
- Prehension
-Functional position of wrist
Elbow complex is designed to serve hand.
They provide MOBILITY for Hand in space by apparent shortening and Lengthening of upper extremity.
They provide Stability for skillful and forceful movements
Biomwchanics of wrist and hand
- Kinematics and Kinetics of joints including flexion and extension mechanism
-Pathomechanics
- Prehension
-Functional position of wrist
to download this presentation from this link.
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/joints-of-upper-limb.html
anatomy of the upper limb joints. shoulder, elbow, wrist hand
DEFINITION, ANATOMY, AND FUNCTIONS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT.
Joint between the head (condyle) of the mandible and the undersurface (articular fossa)of the squamous part of the temporal bone is the temporomandibular joint.
Type of joint : synovial joint (condylar variety).
Capable of providing-hinging (rotation) -gliding (translation) movement.
Sustains incredible forces of mastication.
articulating surfaces-articualar tubercle, mandibular fossa.
functions-Chewing
Sucking
Swallowing
Phonation
Facial expressions
Breathing Protrusion,
Retrusion,
Lateralization of the jaw
Opening the mouth
Maintain the correct pressure of the middle ear
Blood supply- Branches from superficial temporal and maxillary artery.
Veins follow the arteries.
Nerve supply-Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of mandibular nerve) and masseteric nerve (motar branch of anterior division of mandibular nerve).
movemnets of tmj- protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, side to side grinding.
examination of tmj- preauricular method and intraauricular method.
The tibiofibular joints are a set of articulations that unite the tibia and fibula. These two bones of the leg are connected via three junctions; The superior (proximal) tibiofibular joint - between the superior ends of tibia and fibula. The inferior (distal) tibiofibular joint - between their inferior ends.
knee joint
Functionally, the knee joint is a condylar & modified hinge joint.
Transverse axis of movement is not fixed, & moves forward during extension & translates backward in flexion;
Along with extension & flexion, there is a conjunct rotation of femur on tibia(or vice versa) around a more or less vertical axis.
1. Capsular ligament
2. Synovial membrane
3. Ligamentum patellae
4. Tibial collateral ligament
5. Fibular collateral ligament
6. Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Medial & lateral menisci
TIBIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
The ligament consist of superficial & deep part . Both part are attached above to the medial epicondyle of femur. The superficial part extends downward & forward as a flattened band & is attached to the medial condyle & upper part of medial border of shaft of tibia along a rough strip of bone.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. Biomechanics
of the
Knee Complex : 3
DR. DIBYENDUNARAYAN BID [PT]
THE SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY,
RAMPURA, SURAT
2. Joint Capsule
Given the incongruence of the knee joint, even with
the improvements provided by the menisci, joint
stability is heavily dependent on the surrounding
joint structures.
The delicate balance between stability and mobility
varies as the knee is flexed from full extension
toward increased flexion.
Bony congruence and overall ligament tautness are
maximal in full extension, representing the close-
packed position of the knee joint.
3. In knee flexion, the periarticular passive structures tend
to be lax, and the relative bony incongruence of the joint
permits greater anterior and posterior translations, as
well as rotation of the tibia beneath the femur.
The joint capsule that encloses the tibiofemoral and
patellofemoral joints is large and lax.
It is grossly composed of an exterior or superficial fibrous
layer and a thinner internal synovial membrane that is
even more complex than the already complex fibrous
portion.
4. In general, the outer or fibrous portion of the capsule
is firmly attached to the inferior aspect of the femur
and the superior portion of the tibia.
Posteriorly, the capsule is attached proximally to the
posterior margins of the femoral condyles and
intercondylar notch and distally to the posterior
tibial condyle.
5. The patella, the tendon of the quadriceps muscles
superiorly, and the patellar tendon inferiorly
complete the anterior portion of the joint capsule.
The anteromedial and anterolateral portions of the
capsule, as we shall see, are often separately
identified as the medial and lateral patellar
retinaculae or together as the extensor retinaculum.
The joint capsule is reinforced medially, laterally,
and posteriorly by capsular ligaments.
6. The knee joint capsule and its associated ligaments
are critical in restricting excessive joint motions to
maintain joint integrity and normal function.
Although muscles clearly play a dominant role in
stabilization,
it is difficult to stabilize the knee with active
muscular forces alone in the presence of substantial
disruption of passive restraining mechanisms of the
capsule and ligaments.
7. The joint capsule plays a role beyond that of a simple
passive structure, however.
The joint capsule is strongly innervated by both
nociceptors as well as pacinian and Ruffini corpuscles.
These mechanoreceptors may contribute to muscular
stabilization of the knee joint by initiating reflex-
mediated muscular responses. In addition, the joint
capsule is responsible for providing a tight seal for
keeping the lubricating synovial fluid within the joint
space.
8. Synovial Layer of the Joint Capsule
The synovial membrane forms the inner lining in
much of the knee joint capsule.
The roles of the synovial tissue are to secrete and
absorb synovial fluid into the joint for lubrication
and to provide nutrition to avascular structures, such
as the menisci.
The synovial lining of the joint capsule is quite
complex and is among the most extensive and
involved in the body (Fig. 11-12).
9.
10. Posteriorly, the synovium breaks away from the
inner wall of the fibrous joint capsule and
invaginates anteriorly between the femoral condyles.
The invaginated synovium adheres to the anterior
aspect and sides of the ACL and the PCL.
Therefore, both the ACL and the PCL are contained
within the fibrous capsule (intracapsular) but lie
outside of the synovial sheath (extrasynovial).
11. Posterolaterally, the synovial lining delves between
the popliteus muscle and lateral femoral condyle,
whereas posteromedially it may invaginate between
the semimembranosus tendon, the medial head of
the gastrocnemius muscle, and the medial femoral
condyle.
12. The intricate folds of the synovium exclude several
fat pads that lie within the fibrous capsule, making
them intracapsular but extrasynovial, like the
cruciate ligaments.
The anterior and posterior supra-patellar fat pads lie
posterior to the quadriceps tendon and anterior to
the distal femoral epiphysis, respectively.
The infra-patellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad lies deep to the
patellar tendon (see Fig. 11-9).
13. Patellar Plicae
Formation of the knee joint’s synovial membrane
occurs in early embryonic development.
Initially, the synovial membrane may separate the
medial and lateral articular surfaces into separate
joint cavities.
By 12 weeks of gestation, the synovial septae are
resorbed to some degree, which results in a single
joint cavity but with retention of the posterior
invagination of the synovium that forms some
separation of the condyles.
14. The failure of the synovial membrane to become fully
resorbed results in persistent folds in specific regions
of the membrane.
These folds are called patellar plicae.
15. There are four potential locations where patellar
plicae may be found.
Because size, shape, and frequency of these plicae
vary among individuals, descriptions also vary
among authors.
16. The most frequent locations for the plicae, in
descending order of incidence, are:
inferior (infrapatellar plica),
superior (suprapatellar plica), and
medial (mediopatellar plica) (Fig. 11-13).
There is also the potential for a lateral plica,
although finding this lateral plica is relatively rare.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. Synovial plicae, when they exist, are generally
composed of loose, pliant, and elastic fibrous
connective tissue that easily passes back and forth
over the femoral condyles as the knee flexes and ex-
tends.
On occasion, a plica may become irritated and
inflamed, which leads to pain, effusion, and changes
in joint structure and function,
called plica syndrome.
25. Fibrous Layer of the Joint Capsule
Superficial to the synovial lining of the knee joint lies
the fibrous joint capsule, which provides passive sup-
port for the joint.
The fibrous joint capsule itself is composed of two or
three layers, depending on location.
Additional structural support to the incongruent
knee joint is provided by several capsular
thickenings (or capsular ligaments),
as well as both intracapsular and extracapsular
ligaments.
26. The anterior portion of the knee joint capsule is
called the extensor retinaculum.
A fascial layer covers the distal quadriceps muscles
and extends inferiorly.
Deep to this layer, the medial and lateral retinacula
are composed of a series of transverse and
longitudinal fibrous bands connecting the patella to
the surrounding structures (Fig. 11-14).
27.
28. Medially, the thickest and clinically most important
band within the medial retinaculum is the medial
patellofemoral ligament (MPFL).
29. Its fibers, oriented in a transverse manner, course
anteriorly from the adductor tubercle of the femur to
blend with the distal fibers of the vastus medialis and
eventually insert onto the superomedial border of the
patella.
The transversely oriented fibers within the lateral
retinaculum, called the lateral patellofemoral
ligament, travel from the iliotibial (IT) band to the
lateral border of the patella.
30. The remainder of the retinacular bands include the
obliquely oriented medial patellomeniscal ligament and
the longitudinally positioned medial and lateral
patellotibial ligaments (see Fig. 11-14).
The medial portion of the joint capsule is com-posed of
the deep and superficial portions of the MCL.
The most superficial layer of the joint capsule on the
medial side of the knee joint is a fascial layer that covers
the vastus medialis muscle anteriorly and the sartorius
muscle posteriorly.
31. Laterally, the joint capsule is composed superficially
of the IT band and its thick fascia lata.
The capsule is reinforced posterolaterally by the
arcuate ligament and posteromedially by the
posterior oblique ligament (POL).