The knee joint is made up of bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages, and a joint capsule. It contains two joints - the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. The bones that make up the knee are the femur, tibia, and patella. Ligaments such as the ACL and PCL provide stability while tendons like the quadriceps and patellar tendon connect muscles to bones. Cartilage cushions the bones and allows for smooth movement. Common knee injuries and conditions include ACL/PCL tears, meniscus tears, osteoarthritis, and bursitis.

6. The main parts of the knee joint are
bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages
and a joint capsule, all of which are
made of collagen. Collagen is a fibrous
tissue present throughout our body.

7. The bones give strength, stability and flexibility in
the knee. three bones make up the knee:
The bones are Femur, Tibia and Patella while the
joints are tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints.
The tibiofemoral joint is a complex hinge joint
between tibia and femur. The patellofemoral joint
between femur and patella is a gliding synovial
joint.
These two joints work together to form a modified
hinge joint that allows the knee to bend and
straighten, but also to rotate
slightly and from side to side.

9. knee joint is formed by:
1.The condyles of the femur.
2.The patella.
3.The condyles of the tibia. The femoral condyle
articulate with the tibia condyle below and
behind, and with the patella in front.

10. Tendons are elastic tissues that technical part of
the muscle and connect muscles to bones. Many of
the tendons serve to stabilize the knee.
There are two major tendons in the knee:
•The quadriceps
• Patellar

12. It is a thin, elastic tissue that protects the bone
and makes certain that the joint surfaces can
slide easily over each other. Cartilage ensures
supply knee movement.
There are two types of joint cartilage in the
knees:
•Fibrous cartilage (the meniscus)
•Hyaline cartilage.

14. The knee works similarly to a rounded surface
sitting atop a flat surface. The function of
ligaments is to attach bones to bones and give
strength and stability to the knee as the knee
has very little stability. Ligaments are strong,
tough bands that are not particularly flexible.
Once stretched, they tend to stay stretched and
if stretched too far, they snap.

15. The ligaments surrounding the
knee joint offer stability by
limiting movements and, together
with several menisci and bursae,
protect the articular capsule.

16. Knee joint is supported by the following
ligaments:
•Fibrous capsule.
•Ligamentum patellae
•Tibial collateral ligament
•Fibular collateral ligament
•Oblique popliteal ligament
•Arcuate popliteal ligament
•Anterior cruciate ligament
•Posterior cruciate ligament
•Medial meniscus ligament
•Lateral meniscus ligament
•Transverse ligament

17. The fibrous capsule is
very thin,it is attached
about half to one
centimeter beyond the
ariticular margins.
Fibrous capsule is
attached to the
periphery of the menisci.
The part of the capsule
between the menisci and
the tibia is sometimes
called coronary
ligament.

18. The ligamentum
patellae is about 7.5cm
long and 2.5cm broad.
Above It is attached to
the margins and rough
posterior surface of the
apex of the patella, and
below to the smooth,
upper part of the tibial
tuberosity. It realated
to the superficial and
deep infrapatellar
bursae.

19. It is attached to the medial epicondyle of the femur
just below the adductor tubercle inferiorly, it
divides into anterior and posterior part.
The anterior or superficial part is about 10cm long
and 1.25cm broad. It is attached below the medial
border and posterior part of the medial surface of
the shaft of the tibia.
The posterior or deep part of the ligament is short
and blends with the capsule and with the medial
menisci. It is attached to the medial condyle of the
tibia above the groove for the
semimembranosus.

20. It is 5cm long. Superiorly attached to the
lateral epicondyle of the femur just above the
popliteal groove. Inferiorly, it is attached to
the head of the fibula in front of its apex.

21. This is an expansion from the tendon of the
semimebranosus. It runs upwards and
laterally, blends with posterior surface of the
capsule, and is attached to the intercondylar
line and lateral condyle of the femur.

22. It is the posterior expansion from the short
lateral ligament. It extends backward from
the head of the fibula, over the tendon of the
popliteus, and s attached to the posterior
border of the intercondylar area of the tibia.

23. Cruciate ligament are
thick and strong fibrous
band. They are act as
direct bonds of union
between tibia and femur,
to maintain
anteroposterior stability
of knee joint.
Two cruciate ligament:
1.Anterior cruciate
ligament
2.Posterior cruciate
ligament

24. The menisci are 2 fibrocartilaginous disc. They
divied the joint cavity in upper and lower
compartment.
Flexion and extention take place in the upper
compartment. And rotation take place in the
lower compartment.
2 ends: anterior and posterior
2 borders : inner and outer.
2 surface : upper and lower
The peripheral thick part is vacular. The inner
part is avascular and is nourished by synovial
fluid.
Because of their nerve supply, they also have a
sensory function. They give rise to
proprioceptive impulses.

25. It connects the anterior ends of the medial
and lateral menisci

28. There are 13 bursa arount the knee:
•Four anterior
•Four lateral
•Five medial

29. 1.Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa.
2.Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa.
3.Deep infrapatellar bursa.
4.Suprapatellar bursa.

30. 1. Bursa deep to the lateral head of the
gastrocnemius.
2. Bursa between the fibular collateral ligament
and the biceps femoris.
3. Bursa between the fibular collateral ligament
and the tendon of the popliteus.
4. Bursa between the tendon of the popliteal and
the lateral condyle of the tibia.

31. 1. A bursa deep to the medial head of the
gastrocnemius.
2. Anserine bursa
3. A bursa deep to the tibial collateral
ligament.
4. A bursa deep to the semimembranosus.

32. •Flexion
•Extension
•Medial rotation
•Lateral rotation

33. •Flexion:
Mainly by:
Biceps femoris,
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Assisted by:
Sartorius
Gracilis
Popliteus
It consist:120-150 degree

34. Extension:
Mainly by:
Quadriceps femories
Assisted by:
Tensor facia lata
Itconsist: 5-10 degree

35. Medial rotation:
Mainly by:
Popliteus
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Assisted by:
Gracilis
It consist:
30-40 degree

36. Lateral rotation:
Biceps femoris
It consist: 10 degree

37. The knee joint is supplied by the
anastomosis arund it.
1. Five genicular branches of the popliteal
artery.
2. The descending genicular branch
3. The descending branch of the lateral
circumflex femoral artery
4. Two recurrent branches of the anterior
tibial artery
5. The circumflex fibular branch of the
posterior tibial artery.

39. 1. Femoral nerve
2. Sciatic nerve
3. Obturator nerve

40. 1 : BURSITIS AROUND THE KNEE JOINT:
I :Prepatellar bursitis : It is the result of friction
between the skin and the patella or may be
due to compressive force resulting from a
direct blow or from falling on the flexed knee
or who work on their knees without using
kneepads.
It is also known as beat knee, carpet layer's
knee,
coal miner's knee, rug cutter's knee, or nun's
knee
II : Housemaid’s knee : If the prepatellar
bursitis become chronic
the bursa become filled with fluid and distended
in front of the knee.

42.  2 :Baker’s cyst: When synovial fluid from the
synovial effusion of the knee joint or bursa
around the knee collects in the popliteal fossa -
causing stiffness and knee pain.
The pain typically worsens if the patient fully
flexes or extends the knee, or when he/she is
moving about.
This was described by Dr. William Morrant Baker
(1838-1896) and so named as baker’s cyst.

43.  3 : TEARING OF THE MENISCI : It is caused by the
twisting force in flexed knee where sudden
movement between the condyles of tibia and
femur but menisci does not move result is due to
serve grinding force the menisci crushed, torn or
splits along its length.
 TYPES OF MENISCAL TEARS
1) HORIZONTAL TEARS
2) VERTICAL TEARS
3) RADIAL TEARS
4) BUCKET HANDLE TEAR
5) PARROT BEAK TEAR
6) FLAP TEAR

47.  4: DEFORMITIES OF THE KNEE JOINT :
 The direct injury or ostroarthritis which
cause degeneration tear of the menisci,so
menisci does not act.
. As a result two deformities occur.
 I : Genu valgum or knock knee
 II: Genu varum or bowleg

48.  It is a degenerative condition of large weight
bearing joints.
 The articular cartilage wears out, degenerates
and there is formation of peripheral
osteophytes .
 The patients feels lots of pain due to rubbing
of the bones during movements of the joints.
 The degenerative changes or spondylitis may
occur in the cervical spine, leading to
narrowed intervertibral foramen, causing
pressure on the spinal nerve.

49. 5) OSTEOARTHRITIS:

50.  Knee replacement is also known as
arthroplasty.
 It is surgical procedure to resurface the knee
damaged by arthritis.
 Metal and plastic parts are used to cap the
ends of the bones that form the knee joint
along with the knee cap.
 This surgery may be considered for some one
who has severe arthritis or a severe knee
injury.

51. 6) KNEE REPLACEMENT:

52. 7) KNEE ARTHROSCOPY:
Knee arthroscopy is a technique
used to diagnose and treat
problems in the knee joint.
During the procedure, your
surgeon will make a very small
incision and insert a tiny
camera—called an arthroscope—
into your knee. This allows him
or her to view the inside of the
joint on a screen. The surgeon
can then investigate a problem
with the knee and, if necessary,
correct the issue using small
instruments within the
arthroscope.

53. 1)RUPTURE OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT:
 It may be injured in violent hypertension of the
knee or in anterior dislocation of tibia.
 It is more commonly damaged than the
posterior cruciate ligament.

55.  2)RUPTURE OF POSTERIOR CRUCIATE
LIGAMENT:
 It may be injured in posterior dislocation of
tibia.
 This injury may vary from simple sprain to
complete tear.
 Tear of this ligament leads to abnormal
anteroposterior mobility.

57.  These are less common and may be
produced by severe abduction and adduction
strains.