1. Biology Unit 4
Cell Division
EXAM
Everything
You Need to
Know

2. (1)
The Cell Cycle:
a. What is the Cell Cycle?  Cell Phases in which the cell grows/copies itself and divides.
b. The Phases  G1 Phase, G1 Checkpoint, S Phase, G2 Phase, G2 Checkpoint, M Phase
c. You should be able to identify the phases in the above diagram.
i. Which chunk is the G1 Phase?
ii. Which chunk is the S Phase?
iii. Which chunk is the G2 Phase?
iv. Which chunk is the M Phase?
v. Which chunks make up Interphase?
vi. Where would the G1 Checkpoint be at?
vii. Where would the G2 Checkpoint be at?
d. What Happens During the Phases? 
i. G1 Phase = Cell grows and copies its organelles.
ii. G1 Checkpoint = The cell checks to make sure it is growing and copying things
correctly.
iii. S Phase = Cell copies its DNA.
iv. G2 Phase = Cell continues growing and copying its organelles.
v. G2 Checkpoint = The cell checks to makesure the DNA was copied correctly.

3. vi. M Phase = Cell Divides (via Mitosis or Meiosis)
vii. *INTERPHASE = G1 Phase + S Phase + G2 Phase
(2)
Mitosis:
a. Type of Cell = Non Sex = Somatic
b. What Happens With The Genetic Information?
i. Diploid  Diploid
ii. 2n  2n
iii. Exact Copy is Made (New Cells are the same as the Original Cell)
iv. In Humans: Start with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs  End with 46 chromosomes or 23
pairs
c. The Phases  Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
d. You should be able to identify the phases in the above diagram.
i. Which phase is Prophase?
ii. Which phase is Metaphase?
iii. Which phase is Anaphase?
iv. Which phase is Telophase?
v. What order would the pictures go in?
e. What Happens During The Phases? 
i. Prophase = Nucleus dissolves, chromosomes form

4. ii. Metaphase = Pairs of sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate
iii. Anaphase = Sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell
iv. Telophase = Nuclei reform, chromosomes unwind
v. Cytokinesis = Cytoplasm splits, cell membrane reforms, end up with 2 cells
(3)
Meiosis:
a. Type of Cell = Sex Cell = Gamete
b. What Happens With The Genetic Information?
i. Diploid  Haploid
ii. 2n  1n
iii. Genetic information is cut in ½
iv. The new cells are genetically diverse
v. In Humans: Start 46 chromosomes  End 23 chromosomes
c. The Phases  Prophase-1, Metaphase-1, Anaphase-1, Telophase-1, Cytokinesis-1
d. The Phases  Prophase-2, Metaphase-2, Anaphase-2, Telophase-2, Cytokinesis-2

5. e. You should be able to identify the phases in the above diagram.
i. Which phases contain homologous pairs of chromosomes?
ii. Which phases contain sister chromatids?
iii. Which phase would involve crossing over?
iv. Which phase would involve the Law of Segregation?
v. Which phase would involve the Law of Independent Assortment?
vi. Which pictures/cells could represent gametes or sperm/egg cells?
vii. Do you notice anything odd / unique about the sex cells produced at the end of this
process of meiosis?
f. What Happens During The Phases? 
i. Prophase-1 = Nucleus dissolves and chromosomes form
ii. Metaphase-1 = Crossing Over & Homologous Pairs of Chromosomes line up at
metaphase plate
iii. Anaphase-1 = Homologous Pairs of Chromosomes separate
iv. Telophase-1 = Homologous Pairs of Chromosomes are fully separated
v. Cytokinesis-1 = Cytoplasm splits & End with 2 cells
vi. Metaphase-2 = Pairs of Sister Chromatids line up at metaphase plate
vii. Anaphase-2 = Law of Segregation & Law of Independent Assortment & Sister
Chromatids separate
viii. Telophase-2 = Nuclei reform and Chromosomes unwind
ix. Cytokinesis-2 = Cytoplasm splits & End with 4 Haploid Cells
g. Special Meiosis Stuff 
i. Crossing Over:
1. When nearby chunks of chromosomes swap chunks of DNA/genes.
2. Increases genetic variation.
ii. Law of Segregation:
1. Chromosomes separate so that the different variations of genes split up into
different cells.
iii. Law of Independent Assortment:
1. Chromosomes separate completely randomly, and independently of all other
chromosomes and their movement.

6. (4)
Types of Reproduction:
a. Sexual Reproduction 
i. 2 Parents
ii. Offspring are genetically diverse and unique
iii. Takes a lot of time and effort to produce offspring
b. Asexual Reproduction 
i. 1 Parent
ii. Offspring are genetically identical to parent and each other
iii. Very efficient
iv. Types = Budding and Binary Fission
1. Binary Fission = Cell makes a copy of itself and divides in two.
2. Bacterial Conjugation = When bacteria exchange extra chunks of DNA
(plasmids), which can increase antibiotic resistance.
(5)
Cancer:
a. The uncontrolled growth of malfunctioning cells.
b. Caused by cells making it past the check points with errors.

7. (4)
Types of Reproduction:
a. Sexual Reproduction 
i. 2 Parents
ii. Offspring are genetically diverse and unique
iii. Takes a lot of time and effort to produce offspring
b. Asexual Reproduction 
i. 1 Parent
ii. Offspring are genetically identical to parent and each other
iii. Very efficient
iv. Types = Budding and Binary Fission
1. Binary Fission = Cell makes a copy of itself and divides in two.
2. Bacterial Conjugation = When bacteria exchange extra chunks of DNA
(plasmids), which can increase antibiotic resistance.
(5)
Cancer:
a. The uncontrolled growth of malfunctioning cells.
b. Caused by cells making it past the check points with errors.