Biology 2
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Gnathostomulids are small wormlike animals found in marine sediments worldwide. They have distinctive forceps-like jaws in their pharynx. With transparent bodies up to 1mm long, they have a head, trunk, and sometimes a small tail. As acoelomate bilateral animals, they have a mouth but no anus. Gnathostomulids live in intertidal and deep sea sediments, feeding by scraping bacteria and fungi from the substrate with their pharyngeal jaws. They are hermaphrodites that reproduce through mutual cross-fertilization.
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Geared toward 6th-9th grader students who must write a persuasive or argumentative essay for the new Common Core State Standards. Rigor incorporated. This is a nice overview of how to write and argumentative essay. It is ready to use in the classroom and has an academic vocabulary companion powerpoint. Find the full curriculum here: http://www.amazon.com/ARGUMENTATIVE-ESSAY-INSTRUCTIONAL-CURRICULUM-SIMULTANEOUSLY-ebook/dp/B00FKOTHWS/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1382463755&sr=8-2&keywords=argumentative+essay+curriculum
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Writing objective test items
Chapter 6: Writing Objective Test Items
1) What is an objective test items?
2) Examples of an objective test items
a) True or False
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Suggestions for writing true or false test items
b) Matching Type
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Suggestions for writing matching type test items
c) Multiple Choice
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Suggestions for writing multiple choice test items
d) Completion Test
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Suggestions for writing completion test items
3) Guidelines for writing test items
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Phylum Echinodermata Clear Concept
- The document describes the key characteristics of echinoderms including their pentamerous radial symmetry, calcareous endoskeleton, and water vascular system.
- Echinoderms are exclusively marine animals with bodies that are triploblastic, coelomate, and lack definite heads. Their skin contains spines, tubular tube feet, and other structures.
- They possess a unique water vascular system consisting of stone canals, a ring canal, and radial canals that transport seawater and aid in functions like respiration, locomotion, and osmoregulation.
Ch # 28 amphibians
There are 3 main orders of amphibians:
1. Cauda (salamanders) - Have tails throughout their lives, lay eggs on land that hatch as mini-adults, and mostly live in forests.
2. Gymniophiona (caecilians) - Are worm-like and burrow underground in tropical regions, have nearly blind skin-covered eyes.
3. Anura (frogs and toads) - Mostly live in moist environments except at high altitudes and islands, undergo a drastic metamorphosis from aquatic tadpoles to terrestrial adults.
Ch # 28 amphibians
There are 3 main orders of amphibians:
1. Cauda (salamanders) - Have tails throughout their lives, lay eggs on land that hatch as mini-adults, and mostly live in forests.
2. Gymniophiona (caecilians) - Are worm-like and burrow underground in tropical regions, have nearly blind skin-covered eyes.
3. Anura (frogs and toads) - Mostly live in moist environments except at high altitudes and islands, undergo a drastic metamorphosis from aquatic tadpoles to terrestrial adults.
Phylum Mollusca.pptx
The phylum Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum. They are soft-bodied organisms that often have an external shell or plates. Their bodies generally have a head, muscular foot, and visceral hump or mass. They have a mantle that secretes the shell and covers the body. Molluscs live in nearly every habitat and have diverse feeding adaptations like the radula. Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, and polyplacophorans.
Classification of animals
There are about 50 million animal species living on earth today. Animals are classified as either non-chordates or chordates based on key distinguishing characteristics. Non-chordates lack a notochord and have other anatomical differences from chordates, which do possess a notochord at some stage of development as well as other features. The document then describes the characteristics of 10 non-chordate phyla and the subphyla and classes within the chordates.
Mollusks
Mollusks are a large phylum of invertebrate animals that first appeared during the Cambrian period. They have soft bodies that are usually protected by an external calcium carbonate shell. Their bodies have three main zones - a head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle. There are several major classes of mollusks including bivalves like clams and mussels, cephalopods like squid and octopuses, gastropods like snails, and others. Mollusks play important roles in ecosystems as prey for other animals or by filtering water. They also have commercial and medical significance for humans.
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The document provides information about classification and characteristics of different orders and examples of amphibians. It discusses 3 orders of class Amphibia - Gymnophiona (limbless burrowing forms like Ichthyophis), Urodele (tailed amphibians like salamanders and newts such as Amblystoma), and Anura (frogs and toads lacking tails as adults such as Bufo, Nasikabatrachus and Rhacophorus). Examples described include physical features, habitat, reproduction and other details.
Phylum Chaetognatha.pptx
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Chordata ppt.ppt
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The document discusses chordates, a phylum of animals that possess a notochord. It describes the key characteristics of chordates including the presence of a notochord, pharyngeal slits, a post-anal tail, and a closed circulatory system. Chordates are divided into four subphyla: protochordates, urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates.Reptiles class
1. Reptiles originated from primitive labyrinthodont amphibians during the Carboniferous period and underwent two major periods of adaptive radiation - in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
2. During the Mesozoic era, reptiles dominated land, sea and air, represented by 16 orders, including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, marine reptiles and the ancestors of modern crocodiles and birds.
3. Transitional fossils like Archaeopteryx provide evidence that birds evolved from reptiles with feathers and wishbones evolving among traits shared with modern avians.
Amphibians
This lesson is all about amphibians. This lesson also covers how amphibians are classified into 3 groups: Anura, Caudata, & Gymnophiona. Also, this lesson concludes with the roles amphibians play in our ecosystems, ways we can help, population declination, with a summary to wrap it up.
Biology Project.pptx
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Morphology of ostracods
Ostracods are bivalved crustaceans that are commonly used in micropaleontology and paleoecology research. They have a complex morphology and are found in both marine and freshwater environments around the world. Key aspects of ostracod anatomy include their carapace, hinge patterns, and ornamentation, which are important for classifying and interpreting species. Ostracods first appeared in the late Cambrian and have adapted to occupy nearly all aquatic habitats, with over 2000 known living species today. Their fossil record allows them to be used for biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction.
Presentation1.pptx diveristy in fishes
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Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Reptiles
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Water kingdom
Aquatic animals live either fully or partially in water and breathe through gills or directly through their skin. They can be found in both freshwater and saltwater environments. Aquatic animals, especially those in freshwater, are of special concern to conservationists due to the fragility of their habitats and pressures from threats like overfishing, pollution, and climate change. Some examples of aquatic animals discussed are seahorses, which live in shallow tropical and temperate waters; octopuses, which are intelligent molluscs with eight arms and no shell; and whales, the largest creatures ever, which are fully adapted to life in the ocean.
Mollusca of India and need for conservation
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
phylum Chordata
This document provides an overview of the phylum Chordata, which includes animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharynx with gill slits, and postanal tail at some point in their lifecycle. It describes the three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (jawless and jawed fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Key characteristics and examples are given for each class within these groups.
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Biology 2
- 1. By: Emelyn S. BaribarBy: Emelyn S. Baribar
- 2. GNATHOSTOMULIDGNATHOSTOMULID AA•Comes from two Greek root word: Gnathos- Jaw and Stoma-Mouth. Which means the reference is jaw like structure in the pharynx. •Common name is "jaw worm" or sometimes, "sand worm,"
- 3. GENERAL DESCRIPTIONGENERAL DESCRIPTION Wormlike animals Measure 0.5 to 1 millimeters in length They are slender to thread like worms, with a transparent body Some have a distinct head, trunk and tail phylum characterized by distinctive forceps-like jaws. Acoelomate Bilateral Animals They have mouth but no anus
- 4. The gnathostomulid body can be divided into a head and a trunk, and in some cases a small offset tail.They can endure low oxygen
- 5. Examples of GnathostomulidaExamples of Gnathostomulida Haplognathia gubbarnorum
- 9. HABITATHABITAT Jaw worms are found worldwide but the best studied areas are Western Europe, Mediterranean sea and the Pacific Ocean. They live in interstitial spaces of very fine coastal sediment and silt from intertidal to depths of several hundred meters They are found in medium or fined grained sand or from sea grass beds.
- 10. REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION They are Hermaphrodites engaging in mutual cross-fertilization. Each individual possess a single ovary and one or two testes.
- 12. LOCOMOTIONLOCOMOTION They can glide,, swim in loops and spirals and bend the head from side to side.
- 13. MODE OF NUTRITIONMODE OF NUTRITION Feed by scraping bacteria and fungi from the substratum with a pair of jaw on the pharynx.
- 14. Classification: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Gnathostomulida Class: Gnathostomulida Higher Classification: Platyzoa Rank: phylum Order: Filospermoidea Bursovaginoidea
- 15. The EndThe End Thank youThank you