Miller Harley Zoology Amphibians chapter 28

1. [AMPHIBIANS]
BIN PAKZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT | 3 ORDERS OF AMPHIBIANS
# ORDER CAUDATA ORDER GYMNIOPHIONA ORDER ANURA
1 Etymology:
Cauda : Tail
Ata : Bear
Etymology:
Gymnos = naked
Ophineos = like a snake
Etymology:
A = WITHOUT
OURA = TAIL
2 General
Also known as
Salamenders.
Possess a tail (through Life)
Approximately 115 of 350
species live in North America.
Live in moist forest-soil litter
and have aquatic larvae.
Number of species live in
caves.
Members of family
Salamenderidae are
commonly called newts.
General characteristics
Also known as caecilians.
Approximately 160 species
confined to tropical regions.
General Characteristics:
Include about 3500 species of
Frogs and toads.
Mostly live in most moist
environments, except in high
altitudes and on oceanic islands.
3 Special Characters:
Two pairs of Limbs (when
present, Unspecialized)
Spend most of their
lives in water ( retain Caudal
Fins)
Japanese = fewcms – 1.5
m.
North American = 65cm.
Plethodontidae are
mostly the terrestrial
salamanders in that their
eggs are laid on land,
and the young hatch as
miniatures (small
photocopy) of adults.
Special Characteristics
They are wormlike burrowers
that feed on worms and other
invertebrates in soil.
Appear segmented because of
folds in the skin that overlie
separation between muscle
bundles.
A retractile tentacle between
their eyes and nostrils may
transport chemicals from
environment to olfactory cells in
the roof of the mouth.
Skin covers the eyes (nearly
blind).
Special Characteristics:
Adults lack tail and caudal
vertebrae fuse into a rod like
structure called the urostyle.
Hind limbs are long and
muscular (end in webbed feet)
Have diverse life histories.
4 Fertilization:
Fertilization= Internal (mostly)
Male produce a pyramidal
(gelatinous Spermatophore) that
have is cappedwith sperm,
depositedon substrate.
Female picks up sperm capwith
the cloaca andstorespermin
special pouch, the spermatheca.
Eggs are fertilizedwhen theypass
through the cloaca andare usually
depositedsingly, in clumps orin
strings.
Larvae are similar as adults but
smaller.
They often possess external gills,
a tail fin, larval dentition anda
rudimentarytongue.
Aquatic larval stage usually
metamorphosis intoa terrestrial
adult.
Many undergo incomplete
metamorphosis called
paedomorphic.
Fertilization:
Fertilization = Internal
Larval stages are often passed
within the Oviducts.
They scrap inner lining of the
oviducts with the fetalteeth to
feed.
The young emerge from the
female as miniature adults.
Lay eggs that develop into
either aquatic larvae or their
embryos that develop on land.
Fertilization:
Fertilization = External
Eggs and larvae are typically
aquatic.
Larval stage,is called tadpoles
(have well developed tails)
Their plump )‫ہوئی‬ ‫(پھولی‬ bodies
lack limbs until end of the larval
stage)
The larvae are herbivorous and
had a pertinacious beak like
structure in feeding.
Larvae undergo drastic and rapid
metamorphosis form larval to
adult body form.

2. [AMPHIBIANS]
BIN PAKZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT | 3 ORDERS OF AMPHIBIANS