Biological treatment of Waste water
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Biological treatments rely on bacteria, nematodes, or other small organisms to break down organic wastes using normal cellular processes. Wastewater typically contains a buffet of organic matter, such as garbage, wastes, and partially digested foods. It also may contain pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, and toxins.
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Actually when my teacher told me about our assignment I was felling nervous because I've never done this type of thing. when she asked one of my classmate to upload his PPT in class common email-ID, then I felt very bad !!!! not on their success but because I COULDN'T. At that time i promised to myself and with the co-ordination of my group member MR. AYUSH GOVIL, MISS. VERSHA DABAS, MISS KRITI SINGHAL and myself RISHAW KUMAR (TIWARI). And finally i got not only me, we winzzzzz.
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Dr. TANNU ALLEN (our prof.)
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This document discusses advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) methods. AWT is used after conventional treatment to further reduce pollutants. It removes soluble and suspended pollutants not removed by primary and secondary treatment. Methods discussed include microscreening, ultrafiltration, chemical coagulation, activated carbon, biological oxidation, precipitation, air stripping, nitrification, denitrification, chlorination, ozonation and UV radiation. These advanced processes are used to remove nutrients, solids, dissolved solids and toxins from wastewater, producing an effluent that can be safely returned to the environment. However, AWT is more expensive than conventional secondary treatment.
Water Treatment Method- Sedimentation
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process that uses gravity to remove suspended solids from water. Contact beds, intermittent sand filters, trickling filters, and miscellaneous filters are types of biological wastewater treatment processes that use microorganisms to break down organic matter. Contact beds have fallen out of use due to inefficiencies when the tank is full, while intermittent sand filters and trickling filters remain common.
trickling filters.pptx
There are 3 major biological wastewater treatment techniques: attached growth process, suspended growth process, and combined processes. The attached growth process uses microorganisms attached to a solid media to break down organic matter, while the suspended growth process keeps microorganisms in suspension. The combined process uses both attached and suspended growth. Some common attached growth processes are trickling filters and contact beds, while activated sludge is a widely used suspended growth process. All of these biological processes rely on microorganisms to break down organic pollutants in wastewater in an aerobic environment.
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BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIA WASTE
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIA WASTE
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Rhizobium
Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia
Processors
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.
Aeroallergen
This document discusses various aeroallergens that can trigger allergic reactions, including pollen, dust mites, molds, pet dander, smoke, and volatile organic compounds. It describes how different allergens are released into the air and notes common symptoms they can cause like sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. The document also provides examples of specific tree pollens and molds that are common causes of allergies. It concludes with some methods for removing allergen sources or reducing their impact like cleaning regularly, using air filters and essential oils.
Starter Culture
This document discusses starter cultures used in the production of fermented dairy and non-dairy products. It defines starter cultures as microorganisms deliberately added to milk to initiate and carry out desired fermentation. The key microorganisms used include various species of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus. The document discusses the classification, functions, and production of different starter cultures as well as their role in popular fermented foods like dahi, yogurt, and cheese.
Malaria vaccine
A malaria vaccine is a vaccine that is used to prevent malaria. The only approved vaccine as of 2015 is RTS,S, known by the trade name Mosquirix. It requires four injections and has a relatively low efficacy.
Biotechnology for Solid waste Management
Biotechnology in solid waste management is the process of application of science and technology to the living and non-living materials for the treatment and disposal of solid waste and wastewater in controlled conditions without disturbing the ecosystem.
Ozone layer Depletion and its implications
Ozone depletion, gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities. The thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially over Antarctica.
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a process where bodies of water become over-enriched with minerals and nutrients which induces excessive growth of algae. This disrupts water quality and the balance of aquatic life. Humans exacerbate eutrophication through activities like sewage discharge, agricultural runoff, and atmospheric deposition which introduce fertilizers and other nutrients into bodies of water. Eutrophication follows stages including growth of plants due to nutrient addition, then algal blooms, followed by lack of oxygen as decomposers use up oxygen and plants die off.
Biotic interactions
Biotic factors also regulate the size of populations more intensely. Finally, the influence of biotic interactions can occur at two different levels. Interspecific effects are direct interactions between species, and the intraspecific effects represent interactions of individuals within a single species.
Atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that hover above our planet's surface. The atmosphere provides us with oxygen to breathe, shelters us from solar UV radiation, and warms Earth's surface via the greenhouse effect.
Vitamin
This document provides information on vitamins and minerals, including their functions, sources, and effects of deficiencies. It discusses that vitamins are micronutrients needed in small amounts that are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Major minerals like calcium and phosphorus and trace minerals like iron and iodine are also outlined. The roles of specific vitamins A, D, E, K, B1-3, B9, C and minerals iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, zinc, and iodine are summarized. Fortification of foods is described as an effective public health strategy to prevent deficiencies.
Metagenomics
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. Metagenomics is a molecular tool used to analyse DNA acquired from environmental samples, in order to study the community of microorganisms present, without the necessity of obtaining pure cultures.
Superbugs
Superbugs are strains of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that are resistant to most of the antibiotics and other medications commonly used to treat the infections they cause. A few examples of superbugs include resistant bacteria that can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections and skin infections.
SINGLE CELL PROTEINS
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CONTENTS-
Introduction
• History
• SCP production in India
• Raw materials
• SCP production
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Applications
• Conclusion
• References
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With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
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Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
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CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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Biological treatment of Waste water
- 2. Biological treatment process Aerobic Anaerobic Suspended Fixed Film Hybrid Completely mixed Plug-flow Continuous Batch 2JUNIOR
- 3. Biological reactors Suspended Completely mixed Plug flow Continuous Batch SBRCSTR ASP Fixed Film (Plug flow) Baffled Reactors • Granular-UASB • Biofilm-FFB, PBR, RBC • Immobilized-Enz • Membrane bioreactors 3JUNIOR
- 5. Trickling filter Fixed bed biological filter. Filter bed - uniform rocks gravels, crushed PVC bottle( 1-3 m deep). Wastewater is sprayed over the ‘trickled’ or byfilter rotating sprinkler. Wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of biofilm to grow. A perforated slab -the effluent and excess sludge to be collected supports the bottom of the filter. Maintenance • Should periodically clogging. be washed to prevent • High hydraulic loading rate can be used to wash the filter 5JUNIOR
- 6. Advantages Operated at various hydraulic loading rate. organic and Disadvantages High operation and maintenance cost. Need expert design and construction. Odor and insects. 6JUNIOR
- 7. Fluidized Bed Reactor (Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor) Combination of attached growth and suspended growth. Reactor is cylindrical with perforated distribution plates and conical entry sections. Biological slime film is developed and maintained on a solid support medium. Support media-maintained in suspension by upward flow of influent. Fabricated media developed to support biomass growth within porous internal structure . 7JUNIOR
- 8. Types of Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) 1. Captor •Biomass is grown inside polyester foam pads •Padscan be periodically removed and biomass can be squeezed •Simple sparger is used 2. Oxitron: Sand particles overflow/clean recycled. High purity oxygen is used. 8JUNIOR
- 9. Advantages Low biomass sludge production. High biomass concentration. High strength waste water treatment. Low Sludge transport and disposal. High exposed liquid/biofilm surface area. Low operation cost. Application Aerobic FBR used for nitrate removal in petroleum industry , coke plant , explosive factory, nuclear plant. Anoxic FBR used for de-nitrification . 9JUNIOR
- 10. Inverse Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor Reactor bed is consistin of biofilm attached to lo density polypropylen particles It expands downward during fluidization Allows the control o biomass loading an provides the high oxyge concentration in th reacting liquid media . Fluidization can b conducted by an upwar co-current flow of ga and liquid through bed. g w e s f d n e e d s 10JUNIOR
- 11. Advantages Large specific support surface area Fast biofilm formation Effective and simple control of biofilm thickness 11JUNIOR
- 12. Expanded bed reactor It consists of cylindrical structure packed with inert support particle to about 10% of its volume. Sand ,Gravel, PVC ,Resinare used as support medium The biofilm grows attached to the particle. The particles are expanded by upward velocity of the liquid. Upward velocity is increased by recirculation of the effluent. 12JUNIOR
- 13. Advantages High COD removal Velocity biofilm Separation, to maintain delicate attached Retardation and Bio- coagulation of fine suspended solids Achievement of high conc. Biomass Application It is efficient concentration of in treating very low sewage (150-600 mg / L COD) in low hydraulic retention time (30-60 min) 13JUNIOR
- 14. Rotating biological contractor Used to consume organic matter (BOD) from wastewater. Disks - covered with a biofilm(2-4 m diameter). As rotates the biofilm is exposed to the part wastewater only of the time. The rotation (1-2 rpm) 14JUNIOR
- 16. Packed bed/ Column Reactor Treate d effluen t Gas Media bed Raw waste water Treated effluent recycled Advantage Easy construction/Easy O & M/Organisms do not form slime on packing. Application Column packed with anthracite ,coal particle are used for de nitrification of uranium recovery waste water. 16JUNIOR
- 17. Contact digestor . Gas Settl ing tank Raw waste water Recycled sludge Stabilized sludge Advantages Not affected by suspended solids High COD removal Long sludge retention time Application Wastes from sugar processing, distilleries, farm slurries are treated by contact digestor. 17JUNIOR
- 18. Upflow Anerobic Sludge Blacket Reactor Granular sludge bed. Fluidized Zone. Gas-solid separator 18JUNIOR
- 20. Disadvantages Low pathogen removal. Low nutrient removal Need post treatment of effluent. 20JUNIOR