It is the descriptive approach on Applicational aspects of Organometallic Compounds with a higly Interactive e-Content with appropriate links, references....
Oxidative addition is a process where a metal complex increases its oxidation state and coordination number by addition of two ligands. It is the reverse of reductive elimination. It requires the metal to have available orbitals and be in a lower oxidation state. There are four mechanisms for oxidative addition: concerted, SN2, radical, and ionic. Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are important steps in many catalytic cycles in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.
1. Carbenes are neutral molecules containing a divalent carbon atom with two unshared valence electrons. They exist in both singlet and triplet states depending on the electronic spin.
2. Carbenes undergo insertion reactions into X-H and C-C bonds. They also add across double bonds, with singlet carbenes preserving alkene stereochemistry and triplet carbenes losing it.
3. Carbenes are generated by reactions such as α-elimination of halogenated compounds with base or decomposition of diazo compounds. They can rearrange through migrations such as the Wolff or Arndt-Eistert reactions.
This document discusses the stereochemistry of allenes, spiranes, and biphenyls. It explains that allenes with different substituents on the terminal carbons can exhibit chirality and enantiomers. Spiranes can also show chirality and optical isomerism if they have different substituents. Biphenyls become chiral when large substituents in the ortho position prevent free rotation of the phenyl rings, leading to atropisomerism with a chiral axis and restricted rotation.
This document discusses ligand substitution reactions in octahedral complexes. It describes the main mechanisms of ligand substitution including dissociative (SN1), associative (SN2), and concerted (interchange) pathways. It also discusses hydrolysis reactions and anation reactions as types of ligand substitutions. Specific examples are provided of acid and base hydrolysis in octahedral cobalt complexes, and factors that influence the reaction mechanisms and rates are outlined.
This document discusses organometallic compounds and their uses as catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. It provides examples of homogeneous catalysis using organometallic compounds like cobalt carbonyl and rhodium complexes. The mechanisms involve steps like oxidative addition, CO insertion, 1,2-insertion, and reductive elimination. Examples of heterogeneous catalysis on titanium surfaces are also provided. Finally, the document lists references used.
This document discusses applications of frontier molecular orbital theory, including cycloaddition reactions, sigma-tropic reactions, and electrocyclic reactions. Cycloaddition reactions like the Diels-Alder reaction can be predicted by Woodward-Hoffmann rules and frontier molecular orbital theory. Sigma-tropic reactions involve breaking a sigma bond and forming a new sigma bond with pi electron rearrangement. Electrocyclic reactions involve opening or closing a ring through conversion of sigma to pi bonds or vice versa. Frontier molecular orbital theory can be used to understand the orbital interactions in these pericyclic reactions. However, the theory has limitations and may not accurately predict reactivity in all cases.
Oxidative addition is a process where a metal complex increases its oxidation state and coordination number by addition of two ligands. It is the reverse of reductive elimination. It requires the metal to have available orbitals and be in a lower oxidation state. There are four mechanisms for oxidative addition: concerted, SN2, radical, and ionic. Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are important steps in many catalytic cycles in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.
1. Carbenes are neutral molecules containing a divalent carbon atom with two unshared valence electrons. They exist in both singlet and triplet states depending on the electronic spin.
2. Carbenes undergo insertion reactions into X-H and C-C bonds. They also add across double bonds, with singlet carbenes preserving alkene stereochemistry and triplet carbenes losing it.
3. Carbenes are generated by reactions such as α-elimination of halogenated compounds with base or decomposition of diazo compounds. They can rearrange through migrations such as the Wolff or Arndt-Eistert reactions.
This document discusses the stereochemistry of allenes, spiranes, and biphenyls. It explains that allenes with different substituents on the terminal carbons can exhibit chirality and enantiomers. Spiranes can also show chirality and optical isomerism if they have different substituents. Biphenyls become chiral when large substituents in the ortho position prevent free rotation of the phenyl rings, leading to atropisomerism with a chiral axis and restricted rotation.
This document discusses ligand substitution reactions in octahedral complexes. It describes the main mechanisms of ligand substitution including dissociative (SN1), associative (SN2), and concerted (interchange) pathways. It also discusses hydrolysis reactions and anation reactions as types of ligand substitutions. Specific examples are provided of acid and base hydrolysis in octahedral cobalt complexes, and factors that influence the reaction mechanisms and rates are outlined.
This document discusses organometallic compounds and their uses as catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. It provides examples of homogeneous catalysis using organometallic compounds like cobalt carbonyl and rhodium complexes. The mechanisms involve steps like oxidative addition, CO insertion, 1,2-insertion, and reductive elimination. Examples of heterogeneous catalysis on titanium surfaces are also provided. Finally, the document lists references used.
This document discusses applications of frontier molecular orbital theory, including cycloaddition reactions, sigma-tropic reactions, and electrocyclic reactions. Cycloaddition reactions like the Diels-Alder reaction can be predicted by Woodward-Hoffmann rules and frontier molecular orbital theory. Sigma-tropic reactions involve breaking a sigma bond and forming a new sigma bond with pi electron rearrangement. Electrocyclic reactions involve opening or closing a ring through conversion of sigma to pi bonds or vice versa. Frontier molecular orbital theory can be used to understand the orbital interactions in these pericyclic reactions. However, the theory has limitations and may not accurately predict reactivity in all cases.
Dioxygen complexes, dioxygen as ligand Geeta Tewari
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dinitrogen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular nitrogen.
The document discusses various photooxidation and photoreduction reactions in organic synthesis. It begins by introducing photochemistry and defining related terms. It then provides examples of photoreduction of ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples of photooxidation reactions include the conversion of trans-stilbene to phenanthrene and the synthesis of benzoic acids via aerobic photooxidation. The document also describes the mechanism and advantages of using a CdIn2S4 photocatalyst for selective photosynthesis of organic aromatic compounds under visible light.
Phosphine as ligand by Dr Geeta TewariGeeta Tewari
This presentation describes about the nature of phosphine ligands, bonding and reactions of metal phosphine containing complexes. Also explains the similarity and differences of phosphine ligand with NH3 and CO ligands.
Zeigler Natta catalyst is an important class of chemical compounds remarfot their ability to effect the polymerization of olefin to polymers of high molecular weights and streoregular structures.
It was developed by German SCientist Karl Zeigler and Itanlian scientist Giulio Natta and they received the 1963 Nobel prize in chemistry.
It's a combination of organimetallics which consists of a complex Triethyl aluminum an transition metal halide(Titanium tetrachloride ) which analysis polymerization.
Other transition metal such as Vanadium,Zirconium,Chromium, have also proven effective.
The document discusses charge transfer complexes and the different types of charge transfer that can cause color in transition metal complexes. It explains that ligand to metal charge transfer and metal to ligand charge transfer can produce color when pi donor or accepting ligands are present with metals lacking or having low oxidation state d-electrons, respectively. As an example, it describes the metal to ligand charge transfer observed in the spectra of the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride complex.
The document discusses the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, which is an important class of chemical compounds that can polymerize olefins like ethylene and propylene into high molecular weight polymers with stereoregular structures. It describes how Karl Zeigler developed catalysts in 1953 that produced polyethylene with high molecular weight and Natta further developed the methodology in 1954. Zeigler and Natta were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963. The mechanism of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst involves the formation of a complex between titanium and aluminum that allows for the insertion of monomer units between titanium and an ethyl group to stereospecifically form isotactic polymers.
1. The document discusses the conformations of decalin, a fused bicyclic hydrocarbon. Decalin can exist in two conformations - cis and trans.
2. The trans conformation is more stable than the cis conformation by 2.7 kcal/mol. This is because the cis conformation contains unfavorable nonbonded interactions and three gauche interactions between hydrogen atoms.
3. The trans conformation is locked in its structure and cannot undergo ring flipping, unlike the cis conformation which can interconvert between two chair-chair conformations.
The homolytic cleavage of covalent bonds in carbonyl compound under photochemical conditions known as Norrish Type Reactions
They are divided into two types
Norrish Type I
Norrish Type II reaction
The document discusses various factors that affect the stability of metal complexes. It explains that complexes formed with ligands having higher charge and smaller size are generally more stable. It also discusses the Irving-Williams order of stability and the factors of charge to radius ratio, electronegativity, and basicity of ligands. The chelate effect is described as an important ligand effect where multidentate ligands form more stable complexes due to entropy gains. Kinetic and thermodynamic stability are distinguished from reactivity concepts of labile and inert complexes.
Coupling reactions involve joining two molecules together using a metal catalyst. There are two main types of coupling reactions: cross-coupling reactions where two different molecules react to form a new molecule, and homocoupling where two similar molecules couple together. Common metal catalysts include palladium, zinc, nickel, copper, boron, and tin. Important coupling reactions include Kumada, Heck, Sonogashira, Negishi, Stille, Suzuki, Hiyama, Buchwald-Hartwig, and Fukuyama reactions.
[DOCUMENT] discusses inorganic chains, rings, cages, and clusters. It provides examples of:
- Silicate chains including different types of silicates based on their structure.
- Borazine and phosphazenes which are cyclic like benzene.
- Cages including white phosphorus, boranes, and carboranes.
- Polymeric sulfur nitride ((SN)x) which is a superconductor.
- Cluster valence electron theory and Wade's rule for classifying boranes and carboranes.
Polyphosphazenes... preparation and properties by Dr. Salma Amirsalmaamir2
This document discusses inorganic polymers called polyphosphazenes. It describes their general molecular structure as having an alternating phosphorus and nitrogen backbone with two organic side groups attached to each phosphorus atom. Over 700 types of polyphosphazenes have been synthesized with a wide range of physical and chemical properties. They are synthesized via ring opening polymerization or condensation polymerization of monomers. Polyphosphazenes have properties including flexibility, solubility, elasticity, and degradation rates that depend on the specific organic side groups. They can be modified and crosslinked for different applications.
A carbene is any neutral carbon species which contains a non-bonding valance pair of electrons.
Contributed by Alison Brown & Nathan Buehler, Undergraduates, University of Utah
Phase-transfer catalysts facilitate the transfer of reactants between immiscible liquid phases, allowing reactions to occur. They are commonly used quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts. The catalyst transports one reactant from the aqueous phase to the organic phase where it can undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction. This allows reactions to be carried out using cheaper and more environmentally friendly reagents like NaOH instead of organic solvents. Phase-transfer catalysis finds applications in industries like pharmaceuticals, perfumes, polymers, and pesticides by enabling mild reaction conditions.
Non-heme oxygen carrier proteins, Hemocyanin, Copper containing metalloprotein, Active site of deoxyhemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin, Oxidative addition of dioxygen, peroxide bridging, antiferromagnetic, Hemerythrin, Active site structure of deoxyhemerythrin and oxyhemerythrin, Comparison between hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin
Metal carbonyls are coordination complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands. They were first synthesized in 1868 by passing carbon monoxide over platinum. Metal carbonyls typically obey the 18 electron rule and are often diamagnetic. They have applications as catalysts in organic synthesis and in producing pure metals like nickel. Precautions must be taken when using metal carbonyls due to their toxicity.
The document summarizes the Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement reaction. It was discovered in the early 1900s by French chemist Marc Émile Pierre Adolphe Tiffeneau and Russian chemist Nikolay Yakovlevich Demyanov. The reaction involves treating 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone through a 1,2-carbon migration. This ring expansion reaction is useful for increasing the size of amino-substituted cyclic compounds from four to eight-membered rings. The mechanism involves diazotization of the amine to form a diazonium ion that undergoes 1,2-alkyl shift accompanied by nitrogen loss to form
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
1. The trans effect refers to the observation that certain ligands increase the rate of ligand substitution when positioned trans to the departing ligand.
2. This effect was first discovered in 1926 when studying platinum complexes, where it was found that ammonia preferentially substituted the chloride ligand cis rather than trans to the nitrite ligand in Pt(NO2)Cl3 complexes.
3. Two main theories have been proposed to explain the trans effect - the polarization theory involving electrostatic weakening of the trans metal-ligand bond, and the pi-bonding theory involving back-donation of electron density from the metal into the pi* orbitals of ligands like NO2 weakening the trans bond.
This document provides an introduction to heterocyclic compounds and their importance in drug discovery and development. It discusses various classes of heterocyclic compounds including azoles, and their use in biologically active molecules and pharmaceuticals. The document also reviews natural and synthetic antioxidants, their mechanisms of action, sources, and advantages/disadvantages. A literature review section focuses on the synthesis and biological activities of pyrazoline, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound.
1. The document discusses primary and secondary metabolites in plants. Primary metabolites are directly involved in growth and development, while secondary metabolites are not essential for growth but play important roles in plant defense.
2. Carotenoids are secondary metabolites that serve as pigments in plants and protect against free radicals. They are involved in photosynthesis and attracting animals to disperse seeds.
3. Phenolic compounds form a diverse family of secondary metabolites that perform various functions for plants, including defense against herbivores and pathogens. They are produced through the shikimic acid and malonic acid pathways.
Dioxygen complexes, dioxygen as ligand Geeta Tewari
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dinitrogen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular nitrogen.
The document discusses various photooxidation and photoreduction reactions in organic synthesis. It begins by introducing photochemistry and defining related terms. It then provides examples of photoreduction of ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples of photooxidation reactions include the conversion of trans-stilbene to phenanthrene and the synthesis of benzoic acids via aerobic photooxidation. The document also describes the mechanism and advantages of using a CdIn2S4 photocatalyst for selective photosynthesis of organic aromatic compounds under visible light.
Phosphine as ligand by Dr Geeta TewariGeeta Tewari
This presentation describes about the nature of phosphine ligands, bonding and reactions of metal phosphine containing complexes. Also explains the similarity and differences of phosphine ligand with NH3 and CO ligands.
Zeigler Natta catalyst is an important class of chemical compounds remarfot their ability to effect the polymerization of olefin to polymers of high molecular weights and streoregular structures.
It was developed by German SCientist Karl Zeigler and Itanlian scientist Giulio Natta and they received the 1963 Nobel prize in chemistry.
It's a combination of organimetallics which consists of a complex Triethyl aluminum an transition metal halide(Titanium tetrachloride ) which analysis polymerization.
Other transition metal such as Vanadium,Zirconium,Chromium, have also proven effective.
The document discusses charge transfer complexes and the different types of charge transfer that can cause color in transition metal complexes. It explains that ligand to metal charge transfer and metal to ligand charge transfer can produce color when pi donor or accepting ligands are present with metals lacking or having low oxidation state d-electrons, respectively. As an example, it describes the metal to ligand charge transfer observed in the spectra of the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride complex.
The document discusses the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, which is an important class of chemical compounds that can polymerize olefins like ethylene and propylene into high molecular weight polymers with stereoregular structures. It describes how Karl Zeigler developed catalysts in 1953 that produced polyethylene with high molecular weight and Natta further developed the methodology in 1954. Zeigler and Natta were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963. The mechanism of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst involves the formation of a complex between titanium and aluminum that allows for the insertion of monomer units between titanium and an ethyl group to stereospecifically form isotactic polymers.
1. The document discusses the conformations of decalin, a fused bicyclic hydrocarbon. Decalin can exist in two conformations - cis and trans.
2. The trans conformation is more stable than the cis conformation by 2.7 kcal/mol. This is because the cis conformation contains unfavorable nonbonded interactions and three gauche interactions between hydrogen atoms.
3. The trans conformation is locked in its structure and cannot undergo ring flipping, unlike the cis conformation which can interconvert between two chair-chair conformations.
The homolytic cleavage of covalent bonds in carbonyl compound under photochemical conditions known as Norrish Type Reactions
They are divided into two types
Norrish Type I
Norrish Type II reaction
The document discusses various factors that affect the stability of metal complexes. It explains that complexes formed with ligands having higher charge and smaller size are generally more stable. It also discusses the Irving-Williams order of stability and the factors of charge to radius ratio, electronegativity, and basicity of ligands. The chelate effect is described as an important ligand effect where multidentate ligands form more stable complexes due to entropy gains. Kinetic and thermodynamic stability are distinguished from reactivity concepts of labile and inert complexes.
Coupling reactions involve joining two molecules together using a metal catalyst. There are two main types of coupling reactions: cross-coupling reactions where two different molecules react to form a new molecule, and homocoupling where two similar molecules couple together. Common metal catalysts include palladium, zinc, nickel, copper, boron, and tin. Important coupling reactions include Kumada, Heck, Sonogashira, Negishi, Stille, Suzuki, Hiyama, Buchwald-Hartwig, and Fukuyama reactions.
[DOCUMENT] discusses inorganic chains, rings, cages, and clusters. It provides examples of:
- Silicate chains including different types of silicates based on their structure.
- Borazine and phosphazenes which are cyclic like benzene.
- Cages including white phosphorus, boranes, and carboranes.
- Polymeric sulfur nitride ((SN)x) which is a superconductor.
- Cluster valence electron theory and Wade's rule for classifying boranes and carboranes.
Polyphosphazenes... preparation and properties by Dr. Salma Amirsalmaamir2
This document discusses inorganic polymers called polyphosphazenes. It describes their general molecular structure as having an alternating phosphorus and nitrogen backbone with two organic side groups attached to each phosphorus atom. Over 700 types of polyphosphazenes have been synthesized with a wide range of physical and chemical properties. They are synthesized via ring opening polymerization or condensation polymerization of monomers. Polyphosphazenes have properties including flexibility, solubility, elasticity, and degradation rates that depend on the specific organic side groups. They can be modified and crosslinked for different applications.
A carbene is any neutral carbon species which contains a non-bonding valance pair of electrons.
Contributed by Alison Brown & Nathan Buehler, Undergraduates, University of Utah
Phase-transfer catalysts facilitate the transfer of reactants between immiscible liquid phases, allowing reactions to occur. They are commonly used quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts. The catalyst transports one reactant from the aqueous phase to the organic phase where it can undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction. This allows reactions to be carried out using cheaper and more environmentally friendly reagents like NaOH instead of organic solvents. Phase-transfer catalysis finds applications in industries like pharmaceuticals, perfumes, polymers, and pesticides by enabling mild reaction conditions.
Non-heme oxygen carrier proteins, Hemocyanin, Copper containing metalloprotein, Active site of deoxyhemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin, Oxidative addition of dioxygen, peroxide bridging, antiferromagnetic, Hemerythrin, Active site structure of deoxyhemerythrin and oxyhemerythrin, Comparison between hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin
Metal carbonyls are coordination complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands. They were first synthesized in 1868 by passing carbon monoxide over platinum. Metal carbonyls typically obey the 18 electron rule and are often diamagnetic. They have applications as catalysts in organic synthesis and in producing pure metals like nickel. Precautions must be taken when using metal carbonyls due to their toxicity.
The document summarizes the Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement reaction. It was discovered in the early 1900s by French chemist Marc Émile Pierre Adolphe Tiffeneau and Russian chemist Nikolay Yakovlevich Demyanov. The reaction involves treating 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone through a 1,2-carbon migration. This ring expansion reaction is useful for increasing the size of amino-substituted cyclic compounds from four to eight-membered rings. The mechanism involves diazotization of the amine to form a diazonium ion that undergoes 1,2-alkyl shift accompanied by nitrogen loss to form
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
1. The trans effect refers to the observation that certain ligands increase the rate of ligand substitution when positioned trans to the departing ligand.
2. This effect was first discovered in 1926 when studying platinum complexes, where it was found that ammonia preferentially substituted the chloride ligand cis rather than trans to the nitrite ligand in Pt(NO2)Cl3 complexes.
3. Two main theories have been proposed to explain the trans effect - the polarization theory involving electrostatic weakening of the trans metal-ligand bond, and the pi-bonding theory involving back-donation of electron density from the metal into the pi* orbitals of ligands like NO2 weakening the trans bond.
This document provides an introduction to heterocyclic compounds and their importance in drug discovery and development. It discusses various classes of heterocyclic compounds including azoles, and their use in biologically active molecules and pharmaceuticals. The document also reviews natural and synthetic antioxidants, their mechanisms of action, sources, and advantages/disadvantages. A literature review section focuses on the synthesis and biological activities of pyrazoline, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound.
1. The document discusses primary and secondary metabolites in plants. Primary metabolites are directly involved in growth and development, while secondary metabolites are not essential for growth but play important roles in plant defense.
2. Carotenoids are secondary metabolites that serve as pigments in plants and protect against free radicals. They are involved in photosynthesis and attracting animals to disperse seeds.
3. Phenolic compounds form a diverse family of secondary metabolites that perform various functions for plants, including defense against herbivores and pathogens. They are produced through the shikimic acid and malonic acid pathways.
Green chemistry aims to reduce the use and generation of hazardous substances in chemical processes. It was initiated in the US after the 1990 Pollution Prevention Act and focuses on preventing pollution by devising greener synthesis and replacing toxic solvents. The document provides examples of environmental problems caused by chemicals like pesticides and CFCs and the need to develop safer and more sustainable alternatives through green chemistry approaches.
This document provides an overview of ecopharmacology, which is the study of the effects of pharmaceuticals and personal care products on the environment. It discusses how drugs enter the environment through various routes like excretion, disposal down drains, and agricultural runoff. Once in the environment, drugs can biodegrade, form metabolites, or persist unmodified. Persistent pharmaceutical pollutants can accumulate and have effects on aquatic organisms and microbial communities. The document also outlines some of the ways drugs can impact ecosystems and human health, such as endocrine disruption, autoimmune diseases, epigenetic effects, and toxicity of heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic.
This document discusses control of microorganisms using chemical agents such as phenol and phenolic compounds. It first defines important terms like sterilization, disinfectants, and bactericides. It then discusses phenol and its use as an antimicrobial agent in the 1880s. Phenol and phenolic compounds are effective disinfectants, with phenol solutions killing vegetative cells and some phenol derivatives like hexachlorophene and hexylresorcinol being used in commercial antiseptics. The document outlines factors to consider when selecting chemical agents and their major groups, focusing on the antimicrobial properties and uses of phenol and its derivatives.
have reported the synthesis of a range of fluoroquinolone derivatives with 4-(carbopiperazin-1-yl)piperazinyl moieties at the C-7 position and the results indicated that a 7-[4-(4-(benzoyl)carbopiperazin-1-yl)]piperazinyl derivatives and two 7-[4-(4-(benzenesulfonyl)carbopiperazin-1-yl)]piperazinyl derivatives are showed more have synthesize novel 1,7-disubstituted-6-nitroquinolones. The new derivatives were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) as well as against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Some derivatives were also found more potent
This document discusses current trends in natural health products and research on natural products from garlic and perilla. It provides background on the history of using natural products for medicine beginning with Hippocrates prescribing garlic. Developments are discussed such as the discovery of antibiotics from microorganisms in the 1970s and shift to laboratory drug discovery in the 1980s. The presentation will cover organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and synthetic analogs related to natural product research and development. Studies on garlic are summarized showing that consuming garlic may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
Polyphenols in fruits and vegetables and its effect on human healthRene Arnoux
This document summarizes research on polyphenols, which are natural antioxidants found in many fruits and vegetables. The document discusses how polyphenols may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases by eliminating free radicals and reactive oxygen species. It provides an overview of the different classes of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, and their potential health benefits. These include reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other conditions related to oxidative stress. The document also discusses methods for determining polyphenol content in foods and the absorption of polyphenols in the intestine.
This document classifies and describes different types of insecticides. It discusses how insecticides can be inorganic or organic, and then further divided into natural or synthetic. The four major classes of insecticides are then described in more detail: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. Each class is characterized by its chemical structure and examples are provided of commonly used insecticides that fall into each class.
The document discusses different branches of chemistry. It defines organic chemistry as dealing with carbon-based compounds, inorganic chemistry as studying elements and compounds not containing carbon, physical chemistry as examining the theoretical basis of chemical behavior, biochemistry as concerning the composition and changes in living organisms, and analytical chemistry as focusing on the composition of substances. The branches are interrelated and work together to advance scientific understanding.
This document provides a review of literature on the adsorption behavior of antibiotics in soil environments. It discusses how antibiotics from various sources enter soil systems and the importance of sorption processes in determining their environmental fate. The review examines how the physicochemical properties of different classes of antibiotics, as well as soil properties like pH and organic matter content, can impact antibiotic adsorption behaviors. It aims to provide insight into antibiotic-soil interactions and discusses literature on adsorption mechanisms and the effects of environmental factors on antibiotic adsorption in soil.
BIO 2203 Lecture 1 Introduction, Scope and Cells, tissues (NXPowerLite Copy)...AmatiRonald
This document provides an overview of plant physiology. It begins by defining what constitutes a plant and discussing plant classification. It then discusses key topics in plant physiology including plant functions, the importance of studying plant physiology, and how to become a plant physiologist. The document also discusses plant life principles, the scope of plant physiology, and an overview of plant structure. It focuses on plant cells being surrounded by rigid cell walls which impacts plant development.
Phytochemical Investigation of Drugs PDF.pdfDivya Kanojiya
This document discusses phytochemical investigation of drugs. It begins with an introduction to phytochemistry, which is the study of chemicals produced by plants. It describes how plants produce complex chemicals through photosynthesis and how this led to the field of phytochemistry. It then discusses the classification, sources, and functions of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial effects. The document outlines the process of phytochemical screening of herbal drugs which involves extraction, analysis, and identification of bioactive plant compounds.
Synthetic Utility of Aza Heterocyclics: A Short Reviewinventionjournals
This document provides a short review of synthetic utility of aza heterocyclic compounds. It discusses how aza heterocycles are important structures found in many natural products and drugs. Over two-thirds of top small molecule drugs contain at least one aza heterocyclic fragment. Aza heterocycles also have applications in areas like catalysis, metabolism, dyes, agrochemicals, photo sensitizers, supramolecular chemistry, polymer chemistry, and electrochemistry. Advanced synthetic techniques like combinatorial chemistry, microwave irradiation, and ultrasonication allow for more efficient synthesis of aza heterocyclic compounds. Important five and six-membered aza heterocycles like indoles, pyrimidines, and triazoles are widely
This document discusses chemotaxonomy of medicinal plants. It defines chemotaxonomy as the approach of using chemical characteristics of plants to develop plant classifications or solve taxonomic problems. Primary metabolites like carbohydrates and secondary metabolites like alkaloids, glycosides, and terpenoids are important for chemotaxonomy. The distribution and types of these compounds provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships between plant taxa. Chemotaxonomic studies analyze qualitative and quantitative chemical variation within and between plant parts to better understand plant relationships.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
Classification of secondary metabolites and their applications.Saurabh Kumar
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by living organisms that are not essential for growth. They are classified into five major groups: polyketides and fatty acids, terpenes and steroids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and specialized amino acids and peptides. Many secondary metabolites have medical applications as antibiotics, analgesics, stimulants, or insecticides. They also serve important ecological roles for organisms such as defense against pathogens or signaling in interactions.
Secondary metabolites of cephalotaxus and their clinical importanceJyotiVerma170
This document summarizes the secondary metabolites found in the plant genus Cephalotaxus. It discusses three main types of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Key points include that homoharringtonine has been approved as a drug for treating chronic myeloid leukemia and that compounds like α-pinene and ferruginol show antimicrobial properties. The extraction process for secondary metabolites from Cephalotaxus involves crushing, solvent extractions, and evaporation to yield crude extracts for further study.
The document outlines the schedule for a toxicology course, which includes topics such as the introduction to toxicology, classes of toxicants like metals, and tests involving plants and animals. It also provides key dates for quizzes, exams, and toxicology tests using the plant Sinapis alba.
1 UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY SONALI PAWAR
Medicinal chemistry is a multidisciplinary field that combines organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and other sciences to study the design, synthesis and actions of pharmaceutical drugs. The document provides a brief history of medicinal chemistry, noting early examples of medicinal substances used in ancient civilizations. It then discusses several important physicochemical properties that influence a drug's biological effects, including solubility, partition coefficient, hydrogen bonding, ionization and others. The relationships between these properties and drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion are also summarized.
Similar to Biological Applications & Environmental aspects of Organometallic Compounds (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Biological Applications & Environmental aspects of Organometallic Compounds
1. Biological Applications &
Environmental Aspects of Organometallic
Compounds
Rudresh
M.Sc.
Department of Studies &
Research in Chemistry
Tumkur University,
Tumakuru.
1
2. Introduction
• Organometallic Chemistry an interdisciplinary science ,
has grown at a phenomenal pace during the last three
decades.
• In earlier , Organometallic chemistry & Biology are
consider as a incompatible disciplines .
• Continued efforts of researchers have led to realisation
that this two disciplines are made compatible has
resulted in a new field called Bioorganometallic
Chemistry.
2
3. 3
Continued.....
• The pronounced biological effects of Organometallic
compounds led to their wide applications viz.
Organometallic
Compounds
As Drugs
As
Pesticides
As Anti -
knock agents
As Catalytic
Agents
As
Environmental
Concern
4. 4
Organometallic Compounds in Medicine
• Systematic investigation on the chemotherapeutic
applications of Organometallic began with the classical work
of Paul Ehrlich .
•Paul Ehrlich (1854—1915) a Nobel prize
winning German Physician and Scientist who
in the fields of Haematology and Immunology
and Antimicrobial chemotherapy.
•Among his foremost achievements were
finding a cure for Syphilis in 1909 and
inventing the precursor technique to Gram
staining bacteria.
•In 1908 he honoured with Nobel prize in
Physiology or Medicine.
5. 5
• Organomercurials(i.e. Organo-Mercury compounds)are the
first Organometallic to be used in chemotherapy of Syphilis
has been superseded by modern antibiotics, many of these
are widely used as antiseptics and diuretics.
Organo-Mercuric Compounds in Medicine
Thiomersal Merbromin
dibromohydroxymercurifluorescein
Phenylmercuric acetate
6. 6
Organo-Silicon compounds in Medicine
•The Applications of organo silicon derivatives have been increasing
at fast rate.
•From the point of their medicinal applications of organosilicon
derivatives can be devided into three major groups
(i) Organosilicon compounds having no carbon analogues or having
biologically inert analogues
eg:--Silatranes
• Silatranes are have extensive interest due
to their Biological activities as well as
medicinal uses like healing of wounds ,
Stimulate hair growth(pilotropic
activity),pharmacological properties viz,
antitumor, anticancer, anti-bacterial,
anti-inflammatory, fungicidal activity,
stimulating effects in animal production and
seed germination effects in plants.
7. 7
Continued.....
(ii) Silylated derivatives of Bioactive organic compounds:--the
presence of SiMe3 group , for example Testosterone renders in non
polar solvents , the hydrolysability of O-Si bonds which makes it
behave as an effective prodrug.
(iii)Sila-pharmaca :--the replacement of carbon atom(s) in
organic drugs by silicon has a aroused considerable interest
OSiMe3
8. 8
Organo-Arsenic comounds in Medicine
•The Significant investigations of Paul Ehrlich were
expounded the Chemotherapeutic aspects of Organo-
Arsenic compounds.
•Majority of Arsenic(v) compounds are anti parasitic agents .
•Are used in the treatment of Trypanosomiasis were
derivatives of Atoxyl
Atoxyl
(Mono-sodium p-aminophenylarsonate)
9. 9
In 1907 Ehrlich was prepared a new organo arsenic derivative
with different substituents on the aromatic ring as well as on
arsenic atom and was named as “Salvarsan”
Continued...
•Salvarsan was widely used as
pharmaceutical tratment of
infections for the treatment of
infections by Spirochetes or
trypanosomes, especially Syphilis.
Salvarsan
10. 10
Organometallic compounds as Anti-Tumour Drugs
• E.Krause had been noticed the activity of organo-Lead
compounds such as Pr3PbF, (C 6H11)6Pb2 , and Ph4Pb are shows
Anti-tumour activity towards mouse cancers.
• The Discovery of Significant anti-cancer activity of Cisplatin led
to an extensive investigation on the biological properties of
compounds .
Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)
Similar compounds of Cisplatin
11. 11
Organometallic Compounds in Agriculture
and Horticulture
•A wide variety of Organometallic compounds are finding increasing
uses as pesticides.
•Triphenyltin hydroxide and acetate both are
preferably used in numerous formulations for
the control of a variety of fungal growths
especially Potato blight.
• Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide is very effective
Acaricide for controlling fruit tree red spider
mite on apples pears.
12. 12
Continued......
• Organo tin compounds are also used as Anti-fouling agents, i.e.
Protecting various surface like that of wood from the growth of
mould.
• Ethephon(2-chloroethylphosphonic acid)
used as a plant growth regulators and as fruit
ripening agents
ClCH2CH2CH3PO3H2 + H2O C2H4 + HCl + H3PO4
2-chloroethyl Ethene
phosphonic acid
Organometallic Compounds in Agriculture and
Horticulture
13. 13
Organometallic Compounds in Agriculture and
Horticulture
•A Boron analogue ClCH2CH2B(OR)2 has also been proposed as a
plant growth regulator.
• Silicone oils have been applied to the
surface of the plant leaves to the control the
rate of transpiration thus aiding Agriculture in
arid zones.
•Some of the Organometallics are also
having applications of Herbicidal control
activity. For eg.,
Phosphorous derivatives like
N-Phosphomethylglycine
14. 14
Organometallic Compounds in Agriculture and
Horticulture
• Methyl arsenic compounds like
Monosodium salt of Methyl arsenic acid
is widely used as Herbicide (under the
name of Doconate)
Tri-n butyltin flouride was show to be
selective in controlling weeds without
damage to the Corn (or) Rice
15. 15
Non-Available
Inorganic Substances
Available Inorganic
Substances
Inorganic Coordination
compounds, Organometallic
compounds, Organometallodical
compounds
Inorganic
Compound-Biota
Association
Environmental Aspects of Organometallic Compounds
Cycle of Inorganic and Organometallic Materials in the
Environment
Mobilization
Chemical reactions
Incorporation
Removal
16. 16
•For being able to perform their life function, such as
Maintenance, self Growth & reproduction. biota appear to
depend essentially on certain elements and preferably avoid some
other elements in the view of their toxicity.
•They are 27 essential and 11 toxic elements With 4 Common
members between the two groups form a large variety of
compounds.
•Majority of the elements in the periodic table are metallic in
character.
•These are bounded up in the nature in the form a Insoluble
Inorganic compounds in Rocks and Sediments.
•These have to be mobilized by weathering Process involving
abiotic chemical reactions and biologically mediated interactions.
17. 17
•This type of Interaction, Generally Converts insoluble
substances into soluble ones, which are then converted into
coordination, Organometallic and organometalloidal
compounds.
•These undergo interactions with biota either on the Surface of
cells (or) through the membranes i.e in to the Cellular portion
•The ensuing biochemical reactions produce new chemical
Species which may be released into the environment and thus
become available to other biota.
•Alternatively these Organometallic moieties associated with
cellular material may be deposited upon the death of the
organism in Sediments and thus rejoin the pool of non-available
Substances awaiting mobilization.
Continued….
18. 18
References
1. ‘Organometallic Chemistry—A Unified Approach’—R C Mehrotra, A
Singh; second edition, New Age International Publishers ,2015.
2. ‘Environmental Aspects of Organometallic Chemistry ‘ by Peter Craig,
Wiley Publications.
3. An Article Entitled ‘Concerning Organometallic compounds in
Environment : Occurane, Fate and Impact’ by Kovacs Melinda Haydee and
Kovacs Emoke Dalma; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Faculty,
Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.