The document discusses biofuels, including their need, benefits, and analysis. It provides an introduction to biofuels and their role in reducing carbon emissions. It then discusses the need for biofuels in terms of their ease of use in vehicles, ability to provide energy security, potential for economic development, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, biofuels also face objections regarding their economic viability and environmental impacts. The document concludes by discussing life cycle analysis of biofuels and perspectives on biodiesel.

1. BIOFUELS and Analysis
Dr. Y. Patil,
AISSMS Institute of Information
Technology,
Pune - 411001

2. Outline
• Introduction to Biofuels
• Need for Biofuels
• Pollution associated with biofuel combustion
• Analysis

3. BIOFUELS
• Biofuels are a renewable energy source, made
from organic matter or wastes, that can play a
valuable role in reducing carbon dioxide
emissions.

4. NEED for Biofuels
• Easy to Use
• One of the main reasons why we need biofuel is that it can
be used in today’s engines, infrastructures and vehicles
without the need to make changes. Biofuel can be stored,
burned and pumped the same way as petroleum diesel
fuel. It can also be used in blended or pure forms safely.
The fuel economy will benefit from using biofuel as it is
nearly identical to petroleum fuel and can be utilised all
year round.
• While older vehicles that are over fifteen years old will
require fuel line replacements, biofuel can cause the lines
to crack. Biofuel can release fuel tank deposits. The user
will be able to switch between biofuel and petroleum
whenever needed without complications.

5. • Biofuel provides energy security
• Energy security is the most constant supply that is available and affordable
for consumers as well as the industry. Some of the many risks to energy
security are disrupting the supply of fossil fuels, energy price hikes and
limited sources of fuel.
• Many countries are currently attracted to the idea of using biofuels from
local sources to be used as fuel alternatives. This primarily included the
UK, who is now depending on fossil fuel.
• Builds economic development
• Increasing the investment in biofuels will result in a boost of growth in the
economy. This means that there will be more jobs and new sources of
income for farmers in the industry. Developing countries will benefit from
the economic growth in the demand for world energy.
• The demand is expected to increase by 84% as new sources of energy such
as biofuel will be expected to meet this requirement.

6. • Greenhouse Gas and Emission Reduction
• In the United Kingdom, transportation carries more than a
fifth of the total greenhouse gas emissions. With the
appropriate method of production, biofuel will produce a
significant amount of greenhouse gas emission than is
currently produced from fossil fuel. This leads to the
potential of addressing the important challenges we face
today regarding fuel quality and emission.
• Biodiesel is also claimed to be the most successful
alternative fuel to complete the rigorous emissions and
health study under EPA’s Clean Air Act. Biofuel will reduce
emissions of carcinogenic compounds as high as 85%.

7. • Energy Balance
• The energy balance of fuel is the ratio of how much energy is
required to produce, manufacture and distribute to compare to the
amount of energy that is released when fuel is burned.
• As energy security continues to grow as a topic in both society and
government around the world, biofuel has a high energy balance
compared to other fuel alternatives. Without a steady supply of
affordable energy, the economy of the country will come to a halt
with no energy to run power plants, transportation, and heat
homes.
• Biofuel can help to improve energy security can help to improve
energy balance through domestic energy crops. The plants are used
to produce biofuel in replacement of imported crude oil. Biofuel
will also add to the overall national capacity to reduce the need for
import oil.

8. • Recyclable and Biodegradable
• Biofuel is proven to be less toxic that diesel as its attributes
makes it less likely to harm the environment and cost less
damage. Biofuel is found to be less toxic that table salt as it
is a natural, non-toxic vegetable oil. Biofuel is also fifteen
less toxic than common species of fish.
• Biofuel is proven to be safer to handle than petroleum fuel
due to its low volatility. The high amount of energy does
make it a danger of accidental ignition as the fuel will
create enough vapour to ignite. It can be done with
different fats and oils, including waste cooking oil. Recycled
oils will increase their value and make them more cost
effective.

9. Conclusion from previous sessions
• Blending of biodiesel (ethanol) in diesel (petrol) offers great
opportunities for environment protection and rural
economy development.
• Genetic aspects. improvement of particular species should
be taken as future
• Stricter environmental regulations and emission norms
have led to improvement in fuel quality and introduction of
clean fuels like biodiesel.
• Above all precedence or elimination of toxic gases from
atmosphere which otherwise are emanating from use of
existing fuels.
• Identification and mass production of high yielding biofuel
plants like lower plants (microalgae).

10. Objections
• Not economical
• Increase food prices
• Increases transportation cost
• Produce green house gases

11. L.C.A. OF BIOFUELS
• LCA is often used to compare energy and
carbon balances for production and use of
different fuels. As such, LCA is a key tool used
in assessing sustainability of biofuels. For
example, U.S. policy provides tax credits for
companies that blend renewable fuels with
petroleum-based fuels.
• Cradle To Grave …. Comprising everything

12. Myths?
• Misleading conclusions
• Misinterpretation
• Biased analysis
• Influential International Politics TREATIES
• Development Policies of a country
• Dependability international relations and
treaties

13. Biofuel Life Cycle Analysis accounts for inputs and outputs
associated with feedstock production through to biofuel end
use. Setting appropriate system boundaries can be challenging.
PC: U.S. Dept. of Energy Biomass Program

14. BIODIESEL My Perspectives
• Inorganic Polymer formulation for PV Solar Cell
Applications (M.N.E.S.)
• Nilamboor
• Noida
• Recycling of cooking oil
• Convenient and user friendly process
• Can farmers produce biodiesel for their own use
and requirement?

15. T.E.S.L.A.
Technical education through social
learning abilities
• BIOCHAR Technical Requirement
• BIOGAS Technical shortfalls

16. P O L L U T I O N
• Pollution:
• Sink:
• Pollutant:

17. Conventional fuels and biofuels,
a comparison:
Properties Ethanol Gasoline Diesel
Density (g cm3) 0.785 0.737 0.856
Normal boiling point (ºC) 78.00 38-204 125-400
Lower heating value, LHV (kJ
cm-3)
21.09 32.05 35.66
LHV (kJ g-1) 26.87 43.47 41.66
Energy (MJ l-1) 23.10 32.84 33.32
Energy (MJ kg-1) 29.40 47.46 46.94
Carbon content (%) 52.20 85.50 87.00
Sulfur content (ppm) 0.00 ~200 ~250

18. Orsat gas analyser
• ORSAT analyzer
• An Orsat gas analyser is a piece of laboratory
equipment used to analyse a gas sample
(typically fossil fuel flue gases) for its O2, CO and
CO2 content. Although largely replaced by
instrumental techniques, the Orsat remains a
reliable method of measurement and is relatively
simple to use.
• It was patented before 1873 by Mr. H Orsat as the
Ellison Orsat Apparatus.

19. Courtesy: By Babcock & Wilcox Co. - Obtained from ebook at Project Gutenberg, which is an
electronic copy of the book "Steam Generation and its use" by Babcock & Wilcox co., 1919.,
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8741080

20. Gas Chromatography
• Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of
chromatography used in analytical chemistry for
separating and analyzing compounds that can be
vaporized without decomposition.
• Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a
particular substance, or separating the different
components of a mixture (the relative amounts of
such components can also be determined). In some
situations, GC may help in identifying a compound.

21. • In gas chromatography, the mobile phase (or "moving
phase") is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as
Helium or an unreactive gas such as Nitrogen. Helium
remains the most commonly used carrier gas in about
90% of instruments although hydrogen is preferred for
improved separations.
• The stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid or
polymer on an inert solid support, inside a piece of
glass or metal tubing called a column (a homage to the
fractionating column used in distillation). The
instrument used to perform gas chromatography is
called a gas chromatograph (or "aerograph", "gas
separator").

22. • The gaseous compounds being analyzed
interact with the walls of the column, which is
coated with a stationary phase. This causes
each compound to elute at a different time,
known as the retention time of the compound.
The comparison of retention times is what
gives GC its analytical usefulness.

23. • Gas chromatography principle: the process of separating
the compounds in a mixture is carried out between a liquid
stationary phase and a gas mobile phase. The column
through which the gas phase passes is located in an oven
where the temperature of the gas can be controlled. Finally,
the concentration of a compound in the gas phase is solely
a function of the vapor pressure of the gas.
• Gas chromatography is also sometimes known as vapor-
phase chromatography (VPC), or gas–liquid partition
chromatography (GLPC). These alternative names, as well
as their respective abbreviations, are frequently used in
scientific literature. Strictly speaking, GLPC is the most
correct terminology, and is thus preferred by many authors.

24. Instrumentation

25. Instrumentation
• GC analysis
• A gas chromatograph is a chemical analysis instrument for
separating chemicals in a complex sample. A gas chromatograph
uses a flow-through narrow tube known as the column, through
which different chemical constituents of a sample pass in a gas
stream (carrier gas, mobile phase) at different rates depending on
their various chemical and physical properties and their interaction
with a specific column filling, called the stationary phase. As the
chemicals exit the end of the column, they are detected and
identified electronically. The function of the stationary phase in the
column is to separate different components, causing each one to
exit the column at a different time (retention time). Other
parameters that can be used to alter the order or time of retention
are the carrier gas flow rate, column length and the temperature.

26. • In a GC analysis, a known volume of gaseous or liquid analyte is injected
into the "entrance" (head) of the column, usually using a microsyringe (or,
solid phase microextraction fibers, or a gas source switching system). As
the carrier gas sweeps the analyte molecules through the column, this
motion is inhibited by the adsorption of the analyte molecules either onto
the column walls or onto packing materials in the column. The rate at
which the molecules progress along the column depends on the strength
of adsorption, which in turn depends on the type of molecule and on the
stationary phase materials. Since each type of molecule has a different
rate of progression, the various components of the analyte mixture are
separated as they progress along the column and reach the end of the
column at different times (retention time). A detector is used to monitor
the outlet stream from the column; thus, the time at which each
component reaches the outlet and the amount of that component can be
determined. Generally, substances are identified (qualitatively) by the
order in which they emerge (elute) from the column and by the retention
time of the analyte in the column.

27. To summarize:

28. Project funding fetched
• M.N.R.E.S. (formerly MNES) for development
of inorganic polymer formulation for PV Solar
Cell Technology
• I.E.E.E. for legume cutter
• S.P.P.U. for antibacterial melamine crockery
• I.E.E.E. for UVC Based disinfection machine
• Government of India Unnat Bharat Abhiyan

29. DEVICE DEVELOPPED UNDER T.E.S.L.A.

30. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• Management for maintaining competitive
work atmosphere at AISSMS IOIT
• Principal Dr. P.B. Mane for his constant
support and encouragement
• My students Aaditya Sariya, Tanvi Patil,
Gaurav Sonawane, Arpit Ghate, Gargee Autee,
Akshay Upadhyay, Yash Gawade