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Sonochemical synthesis-of-ketone-aldehyde-oximes
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Sonochemical synthesis-of-ketone-aldehyde-oximes
1.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9178 1 IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org International Journal of Advance Research, IJOAR .org Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2014, Online: ISSN 2320-9178 SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF KETONE - ALDEHYDE OXIMES *Jitendra Kadu, *Sagar Patil, Sachin Pawar, Kavita Darvekar and Yogesh Patil¥, *Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Pune-411007 All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society’s Institute of information Technology, Pune-411001 Abstract In recent days the various techniques have been used in synthesis of organic, inorganic compounds which are harmless to environment under the name Green chemistry. Ultrasound irradiation is one of these widely used techniques in chemistry and elsewhere. This short communication reports the comparative study of synthesis of oxime using ultrasonic irradiation and traditional chemical method. Oximes are used as intermediates in the organic synthesis of anilide, also selective protection and de-protection of carbonyl group during synthesis to prefer conversion of desired functional group in to targeted product. Yield and kinetics of oxime preparation by routine chemical method and ultrasonic irradiation method are compared in this report. Yields by ultrasound technique are found to be higher as compared to the yield by routine synthetic method. Even the time required for completion of reactions by ultrasonic irradiation method was found to be less than that of by traditional chemical method. Moreover the exclusion of organic solvent as reaction medium was achieved. Keyword: Oxime, Ultrasound technique, Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¥ Author for correspondence E-Mail: ypp@rediffmail.com
2.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9178 2 IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org INTRODUCTION In this short report, we try to communicate effective use of ultrasound technique to synthesise oximes. Oximes are normally in use as intermediate compound during anilide synthesis, protection and de-protection of carbonyl group for selective synthesis, to check the purity of carbonyl compounds; it also can be used as insecticide and pesticide. Ultrasound irradiation enables many chemical reactions to proceed, because ultrasound can produce temperature as high as that on the surface of the Sun; and pressure as great as that at the bottom of the ocean by the acoustic cavitation mechanism. Cavitation means the formation, the growth, and the impulsive collapse of bubble. During cavitation bubble collapse gives intense local heat (of the order of »50000 C), and pressures (of about 1000 atmospheres) and heating and cooling rates above 1010 K/s (1, 2). The reaction carried under ultrasonic irradiations has higher rate of reaction as it provides activation energy in a short time also the selectivity of reactions pertaining to the functional groups can be altered (3-5). Many organic reactions are done in a short time by ultrasonic irradiation. As reported by Srinivasan et al, the heck reaction is completed in a very short time (1.5-3 h) at ambient temperature (30°C) using ultrasonic technique (6). Apart from this organic synthesis related application, the ultrasound technique is in use in various fields like homogenisation of fluids and cell disruption in biochemistry, to assist in mechanical operations like drilling, grinding, cutting, welding along with the mechanical testing of a hard material, and also for cleaning and drilling in dentistry (7, 8). An Oxime is an organic compound containing the >C=NOH functional group. Oximes are the derivatives of aldehyde and ketone (Scheme 1) and are highly crystalline. Therefore trasformation of an organic compound into oxime is a very efficient method for characterisation and purification of carbonyl compound. Oximes are not only useful for protection, purification, and characterization of carbonyl compound but also they can serve as intermediate for conversion of carbonyl compounds into nitro compounds, nitriles and amides (9, 10). ULTRASOUND IN OXIME SYNTHESIS: A number of criteria like toxicity, cost of starting material, reagent and solvent usage, energy requirement, yield and time required for the completion of reaction are to be considered to set reaction conditions for a chemical transformation. In green chemistry, during organic synthesis it is aimed to form product in short time, with high yield, minimum possible utilization of energy and without use of toxic chemicals.
3.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9178 3 IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org Organic synthesis by routine method requires more time for the completion of the reaction and vigorous reaction conditions like high pressure, temperature, use of catalyst, toxic organic solvent still yield are comparatively low, which ultimately increases the cost of reaction and leaves adverse effect on environment. As alternative routes of synthesis, Mostafa Karimkoshteh reports use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as catalyst during solvent free synthesis of oximes from carbonyl compounds (12). It is reported that the magnetic nanoparticles can be used effectively for synthesis of oxime in short period under clean reaction conditions, easy work-up procedure, along with suppression of any side product. Another unconventional approach for synthesis of oximes is put by Lakhinath Saikia and the co-authors in terms of grindstone chemistry. They have proved the effective use of Bi2O3 as catalyst to run the reaction in churned form of the reactants in order to follow ecofriendly synthesis (13). Use of ultrasonic irradiation in organic synthesis gives product of the reaction in very short time with higher yield compare to routine synthetic method, also it do not require high temperature, pressure and can be carried out even without using catalyst and using less toxic solvent too (14). Hence these are green method of preparation of organic compounds. Experimental Materials: All the chemicals used in the oxime preparations are procured from Merck Chemicals India Ltd Purity: 99.9% AR Grade. The synthesis was carried out pertaining to the following conditions: Molar Ratio: Basis: 1 gm of Benzophenone Benzophenone (5.4mM), Acetophenone (8.3 mM), 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde (7.3mM) Temperature: i) for chemical method 580 C ii) for ultrasonic method 250 C Synthesis of Oxime: In traditional way, preparation of oximes is carried out by refluxing carbonyl compounds with hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution and ethyl alcohol as solvent (Scheme 1), it takes around 50-60 minutes for the completion of reaction, the yield of product ranges around 70-75%. Scheme 1: Proposed reaction: Preparation of same oximes was attempted using ultrasonic irradiation. For this no reaction medium was required; hence ethanol was absent and the reaction was carried out using sonicator (Scheme 2). The proposed reactions for synthesis of oxime with starting material Benzophenone (1), Acetophenone (2), 4-Chloro benzaldehyde (3) by ultrasonic irradiation are as follows,
4.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9178 4 IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org Scheme 2: Proposed reactions RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It is found that the product by ultrasound technique was formed in less time (10-20 min), with yield ranging from 75 to 85 % which were high as compared to traditional one. The reduction in time required is obvious as the cavitation increases the local temperature and pressure enormously. The conversion takes place rapidly; the elevated temperature further favours the conversion of aldehyde and ketones to oximes at high pressures. Though the rate of conversion is increasing the yield is not found to be increasing considerably. This might be due to the limited reactivity of carbonyl groups. As shown in the table -1, in benzophenone, presence of two phenyl groups increases the electron density considerably at carbonyl group to affect the conversion adversely. That is why the %yield for benzophenone as starting material is the least amongst three of the reactants under study. The -CH3 group in Acetophenone neither support nor interferes the conversion rate as its electron donating capacity is less as compare to phenyl group. In 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, due to electron withdrawing effect of chlorine, reactivity of carbonyl group is greater as compare to the group in other two reactants under study. Time required for the completion of the reactions by ultrasonic irradiation was less as compared to chemical method. Yield were also compared, it was found that yields of oxime prepared by ultrasonic irradiation method were high as those of the chemical method.
5.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9178 5 IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org Table 1:- Comparative Results for Oxime preparation by Chemical and Ultrasonic Method. Sr. No. Name of Compound Results Chemical method Ultrasound method Melting / Boiling point o C Yield % Rf Value Time in min. Melting / Boiling point o C Yield % Rf Value Time in min. 1 Benzophenone oxime 141 76.40 0.85 45 142 85 0.85 25 2 Acetophenone oxime 60 78 0.70 40 60 89 0.70 20 3 4-Chloro benzaldehyde oxime 107 79 0.59 45 108 82.60 0.58 20 TLC: TLC (Thin layer chromatographic) plates were run using suitable mobile phase and same chromatographic conditions for the identification of the product formed by routine chemical synthetic method and ultrasonic method. Products formed by both the methods are found to appear at same Rf value. Hence Oximes formed by both the method are identical is confirmed. Fig a: TLC plates showing Benzophenone (1), oximes A (prepared by chemical method) and A- 1 (prepared by ultrasonic method)
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9178 6 IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org Fig b: TLC plates showing Acetophenone (2), oximes B (prepared by chemical method) and B-1 (prepared by ultrasonic method) Fig c: TLC plates showing 4-chlorobezaldehyde (3), oximes C (prepared by chemical method) and C-1 (prepared by ultrasonic method) Infrared Data: To confirm the formation of oximes by both the methods of preparation, the products obtained were subjected for Infrared spectral analysis. The instrument used for the analysis was Bruker FTIR with ATR in the region 4000-200 cm-1 . The IR spectral values obtained for oximes prepared using three different starting materials are tabulated as follow. Table 2: C=N stretching frequencies of oximes (cm-1 ) formed by chemical and ultrasonic method Sr. No. Name of Compound Results Chemical method Ultrasound method Standard 1 Benzophenone oxime 1676 1660 1690 – 1620 cm-1 2 Acetophenone oxime 1644 1629 For oximes, the C=N stretching band occurs in the region 1690-1620 cm-1 . [16]. 3 4-Chloro benzaldehyde oxime 1627 1639 Oximes have three characteristic bands in the infrared spectrum, at wavenumbers 3600 (O-H), 1665 (C=N) and 945 (N-O) (15). Oxime of benzophenone formed by chemical method (A) shows C=N stretching frequencies at 1676.33 cm-1 and that of formed by ultrasonic irradiation (A-1) shows C=N starching frequency at 1660.10 cm-1 which are within the standard range of 1650 – 1700 cm-1 . The IR spectra for all the three oximes prepared by both chemical method and ultrasonic irradiation method are given below,
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9178 7 IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org Fig d : IR Spectra for Oxime of Benzophenone(A) formed by chemical method Fig e : IR Spectra for Oxime of Benzophenone(A-1) formed by ultrasonic method Fig f : IR Spectra for Oxime of Acetophenone (B) formed by chemical method Fig g : IR Spectra for Oxime of Acetophenone(B-1) formed by ultrasonic method
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9178 8 IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org Fig h : IR Spectra for Oxime of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (C) formed by chemical method Fig i : IR Spectra for Oxime of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (C) formed by ultrasonic method CONCLUSION The oximes can be synthesied by using ultrasound technique. The ultrasonic irradiation method for the synthesis of organic compound is more efficient method as compare to routine organic synthesis as it limits the use of toxic, volatile and carcinogenic organic solvent. Reaction can be carried out at ambient temperature, which ultimately saves energy and achieves economy. Chemical method is time consuming with low rate of reaction however the ultrasonic irradiation method is having high rate of reaction. Hence it can be stated that ultrasound technique is in favour of green synthesis of oximes starting with benzophenone, acetophenone and 4- chlorobenzaldehyde. However the substituent at carbonyl group of starting material has pronounced effect on its conversion rate to the oxime.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9178 9 IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org REFERENCES:- 1. Suslick KS, Crum LA. In Encyclopedia of Acoustics, ed. MJ Crocker, 1: 271–82. (New York: Wiley-Interscience) 1997. 2. Leighton TG. 1994, The Acoustic Bubble. London: Academic 3. Takashi Ando and Takahide Kimura, Perspectives in Sonochemistry Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42 (2003) pp. 2897-2900 4. Shibata K., Katsuyama I., Matsui M., Muramatsu H., Synthesis of Ferrocenylsubstituted 3-cyano-2- methylpyridines, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 63 (1990) 3710. 5. Nandurkar, N. S. Synthetic Organic Sonochemistry; (Plenum Press: New York) 1998. 6. Ravindra R. Deshmukh, R. Rajagopal and K. V. Srinivasan, Ultrasound promoted C–C bond formation: Heck reaction at ambient conditions in room temperature ionic liquids, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1544-1545 7. Vasundhara Singh, Kanwal Preet Kaur, Anupam Khurana and G.L. Kad Ultrasound: A boon in the synthesis of organic compounds (Resonance) September 1998, Volume 3, Issue 9, pp 56-60 8. T J Mason and J P Lorimer. Sonochemistry: Theory, Applications and Uses of Ultrasound in Chemistry. Ellis Horwood Ltd., 1988 9. Bagheri, M, Karimkoshteh, M: Nano SiO2/H2SO4 as catalyst for the Beckman rearrangement and deoximation of aldoximes.IJC3(1),2732(2013) 10. Hegedüs, A, Cwik, A, Hell, Z, Horváth, Z, Esek, A, Uzsoki, M: Microwave, assisted conversion of oximes into nitriles in the presence of a zeolite.Green Che4, 618–620 (2002) 11. Muthupandian Ashokkumar, Franz Grieser, Ultrasound assisted chemical processes, in Reviews in Chemical Engineering. Edited by : Luss, Dan, Brauner, Neima, Volume 15, Issue 1, Pages 41–83, ISSN (Online) 2191-0235, ISSN (Print) 0167-8299, March 2011 12. Behzad Zeynizadeh and Mostafa Karimkoshteh, Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as recovery catalyst for preparation of oximes under solvent-free condition, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 2013, 3:57 13. Lakhinath Saikia, Jejiron Maheswari Baruah and Ashim Jyoti Thakur, A rapid, convenient, solventless green approach for the synthesis of oximes using grindstone chemistry, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2011, 1:12 14. Ji-Tai Li, Xiao- Liang Li and Tong-Shuang Li, Synthesis of oximes under ultrasound irradiation, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Volume 13, Issue 3, April 2006, Pages 200–202 15. W. Reusch. "Infrared Spectroscopy". Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry. Michigan State University 16. George Socrates Infrared and Raman characteristic group frequencies tables & charts Third Edition John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (2001)
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