The document discusses the history and development of chemistry from ancient times to the modern era. It describes how early alchemists studied chemistry under the goals of discovering the philosopher's stone and divine solution. Several important 18th century scientists are highlighted for their contributions, including Cavendish who discovered the mass of the Earth, Lavoisier who established the modern system of chemical nomenclature, and Faraday who invented the electric motor. The development of technology during the Industrial Revolution and advances in fields like physics, medicine, and computers in the 20th century are also summarized.

1. Dr. Y. Patil,
Department of Chemistry,
Institute of Information Technology,
Pune - 411001

2. Chemistry Around you
y Plastic
y Fiber
y Glass
y Cement
y Paints and pigments
y Medicines
y Sugar
y Alcohol
y Turpentine
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

3. Alchemists and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
y Since 13th century Chemistry was studied and was
developing under the name of Philosopher stone and
Devine Solution
y Different workers were attempting variety of
experiments including separation of metals, extraction
of metals, that involved heating, boiling, condensation
like unit processes.
y Phosphorus was prepared first in 1750 by Henning
Brand while attempting gold from human urine
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

4. Contribution by different Scientists
in 18th Century
y Cavendish ---> Earthǯs Mass
y Lavoisier ---> The Nomenclature system, various
equipments for unit operations
y Count Rumford ---> Heat and Specific Heat of the
sunstances
y Humfre Davie ---> Laughing Gas N2O, K, Na, Mg, Ca,
Ba, HCl (H + Cl)
y Volta ---> Cell / Battery
y Kekule ---> Benzene Ring
y Micale Faradye ---> Electric Motor, Electric Generator
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

5. AL (Arabic) Chemia (Greek)
y The chemistry initiated functioning 1700 BC when the
metals like gold, iron, copper were discovered by the
humanoid
y Democritus put forward the concept of ATOM in 430 Ȃ
300 BC
y Aristotle and the group classified material as FIRE,
AIR, WATER, and LAND, with reference to properties
as HOT, COLD, WET, and DRY.
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

6. y Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the
Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological
discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, metallurgy and transport, driven
by the discovery of steam power. Technology later took
another step with the harnessing of electricity to create
such innovations as the electric motor, light bulb and
countless others. Scientific advancement and the discovery
of new concepts later allowed for powered flight powered
flight, and advancements in medicine, chemistry, physics
and engineering. The rise in technology has led to the
construction of skyscrapers and large cities whose
inhabitants rely on automobiles or other powered transit
for transportation. Communication was also improved with
the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio and
television.
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

7. y The second half of the 20th century brought a host of new
innovations. In physics, the discovery of nuclear fission has
led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear energy.
Computers were also invented and later miniaturized
utilizing transistors and integrated circuits. These
advancements subsequently led to the creation of the
Internet. Humans have also been able to explore space with
satellites (later used for telecommunication) and in
manned missions going all the way to the moon. In
medicine, this era brought innovations such as open-heart
surgery and later stem cell therapy along with new
medications and treatments.
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

8. y Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and
organizations are needed to construct and maintain these
new technologies, and entire industries have arisen to
support and develop succeeding generations of
increasingly more complex tools. Modern technology
increasingly relies on training and education Ȅ their
designers, builders, maintainers, and users often require
sophisticated general and specific training. Moreover,
these technologies have become so complex that entire
fields have been created to support them, including
engineering, medicine, and computer science, and other
fields have been made more complex, such as
construction, transportation and architecture.
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

9. Scientist and
Their
contributions
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

10. Aristotle and Classification
y 300 B.C. Aristotle classified matter as Fire, Air, Water
and Soil
y Properties of the matter as hot, cold, dry, wet
y First alloy Bronze (Copper and Tin)
y Triggered the search for Philosophers stone and divine
solution
y Heneig Brand Phosphorus from urine
y Karl Shil (from Sweden) manufactured ammonia free
phosphorus in 1750. (Sweden is major producerof match box)
y Cl, F, Mn, Ba, Mo, N2, O2 by Shil. Ammonia as well as Glycerin.
y Taste to analyze,- DEATH
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

11. Boyle, Blake, Priestley
y Boyle: Enlisted the elements
y P Ʉ 1/V (for gas)
y Founder of invisible College, later named as Royal
Society of Science
y 1740 Ȃ 1780 Rapid Industrialization in Europe (France)
and America. Initiated study of Thermodynamics.
y 1709: Fahrenheit Alcohol Thermometer and
y 1714: Mercury Thermometer
y 1742: Andrews Celsius new measurement technique
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

12. Josef Blake
y Air is the mixture of different gases including CO2
y CO2 is non-supportive to burning
y Specific heat of substances
y Thomas Newcomenǯs atmospheric Engine Ȃ Steam
Engine
y Helped James Watt to develop industrial Steam Engine
y Founded the Analytical branch of Chemistry
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

13. Josef Priestley (1733-1804)
y Identified and discovered (oxygen) phlogiston
y Inverse square law of electricity
y Named Heave brasilinese as RUBBER
y Soda Water
y Laughing gas (nitrous oxide), Ammonia, Sulfur
Dioxide, Hydrochloric acid.
y Humphrey Davie promoted nitrous oxide for
anesthesia during dental treatment.
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

14. Henry Cavendish (1731-1810)
y Hydrogen
y Hydrogen Balloon for transportation
y Hydrogen Balloon for study of air/ atmosphere
y Water from Hydrogen (phlogiston) and Oxygen
(dephlogisticated air) WATER as Compound
y Studied Nitric acid, CO2, H2, H2O further.
y Mass of earth
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

15. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
y Gypsum
y Food fouling
y Water contamination
y How color/paints work
y Oxidation of metals (corrosion)
y Nomenclature of elements. E.g. phlogisticated air Ȃ oxygen
i.e. acid generator, Inflammable air Ȃ hydrogen i.e. water
generator, vitriol Ȃ Sulfuric acid
y Defined element and compound
y Carbon to Carbon dioxide by breathing (energy)
y Various equipments for experimentation in chemistry
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

16. Levoyje, John Paul Marat and
guillotine
y Service at General Farm a firm to collect tax on behalf
of the governor
y Marat submitted research paper on combustion
y Lavoyge discarded the paper and insulted John Paul
Marat
y In 1794 on May 08th Marat, the big shot from French
government took revenge
y Freedom Fighting donǯt require scientists
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

17. Humphrey Davie
y Popularized Science
y Leather tanning, Chemical Fertilizers
y Electrochemistry by using battery prepared by Volta
y Laughing Gas as anesthesia
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

18. Michael Faraday
y Electrolysis of water H2 & O2
y Electrode
y Anode
y Cathode
y Electrolyte
y Ion
y Electromagnetism
y Dynamo
y Electric Motor
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

19. Nils Bohr
y Structure of Atom and
y Mechanisms for Chemical Reaction
y Shell of atom
y Electronic configuration
y Mendeleev and periodic table
y Prediction of elements
y Properties of elements
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

20. Linus Pauling
y Alpha Helix Structure of Protein
y DNA Molecule Watson Crick
y X-Ray diffraction image of DNA Rosalind Franklin
y Teaching : Physics (Quantum Mechanics), Chemistry
(Theoretical Chemistry), Biology (Molecular Biology),
Mathematics
y Vitamin C
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

21. Understanding of Universe
y Experience
y Explore
y Analyze
y Conclude
y Predict
y Need of further Research followed by Development
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

22. Discretion
y 2010 International Geography Year
y 2011 International Chemistry Year
y Galileo and the telescope. In 1610 he observed sky
to reveal that Jupiter also has got the moons
y Copernicus unable to define wind tendency and
turbulence creation by revolution of the Earth
y Salvation Pass
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

23. How Far will it go?
y ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ. Endless!
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001

24. Mail: Dr_YP@rediffmail.com
Mobile: 9421051726
(Office): 020-26052163 #011
3/18/2011 Y. Patil, Chemistry I.O.I.T. Pune - 411001