Role of Chemistry in Engineering and Technology

ROLE OF SCIENCES IN
ENGINERING
By: Dr. Yogesh P. Patil,
A.I.S.S.M.S. INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY,
PUNE - 411001

EDUCATION, ……
 Is a powerful social force
 Transmits and shapes culture and beliefs
 Can reveal and develop the potentialities inherent in
each individual
 Can prepare individuals to contribute to the well –
being of themselves, their families, their communities,
and to humankind as a whole

SCIENCE
Since the creation of man , He is searching
and exploring the surrounding universe to
understand its phenomena , explain it and
control it , All of what man had reached from
his researches is coordinated in a structure
called science , The field of science differs
according to the different phenomena under
study , the used methods in research and the
used tools .

SCIENCES
 Science is an organized structure of knowledge that
includes the facts , concepts , principles , laws ,
scientific theories and the organized method in the
research & investigation , One of the main branches of
science is the physical sciences that include
Chemistry , Physics , Biology , Earth Science &
Astronomy , so , Chemistry is one of the physical
sciences .

CHEMISTRY IN
ENGINEERING
 CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY: APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 Chemistry is used in the manufacture of synthetic fertilizers- Without fertilizers, the worlds agricultural production would not
suffice to feed the worlds population.
 Chemistry is used in the development and manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs- Drugs help cure many ailments and
diseases from which people suffered and died in the past.
 Chemistry is used in the development and manufacture of synthetic fibers- Without synthetic fibers, world cotton and wool
production would not suffice to cloth the worlds population.
 Chemistry is used in the development and manufacture of fuels- Before the modern use of fuels as energy sources, energy
was provided by man-power, animal power, wind, some waterfalls and wood burning.
 Chemistry is used in metallurgy- Metals, and specifically the most widely used ones Iron, Copper, Aluminum, don’t appear free
in nature. They have to be isolated by chemical processes. (By the way, the word ‘Metal’ derives from the Greek expression
‘Met allon’, meaning ‘With others’)
 Chemistry is used in the development and manufacture of synthetic materials, be it what we usually call plastics or building
materials like concrete
 Chemistry is used to understand and explain biological processes and the workings of living organisms.
 Still, the question of how the first self replicating DNA molecule came into being, hasn’t been answered yet. Many
hypotheses have been proposed, but none has yet made it to a theory.
 If and when it does, it will also need chemistry to understand and explain it.

QUANTUM DOTS: A MIRACULOUS
MATERIAL WITH MIDAS TOUCH OF
CHEMISTRY
EXAMPLE: 1 QUANTUM DOTS
 II – VI Group VI elemental semiconductors, (S, Se, Te) usually p-type,
except ZnTe and ZnO which is n-type
 II – IV Group IV elemental semiconductors, (C, Si, Ge, Sn)
 III – V semiconductors: Crystallizing with high degree of
stoichiometry, most can be obtained as both n-type and p-
type. Many have high carrier mobilities and direct energy gaps,
making them useful for optoelectronics.
 Band Gap, High Temperature for operating

TYPICAL RANGE OF CONDUCTIVITIES FOR
INSULATORS, SEMICONDUCTORS, AND
CONDUCTORS.
SOURCE: ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, INC.

VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF
QUANTUM DOTS

CHEMISTRY
 Quantum Dots a boon for development: The inorganic nanomaterials including
gold nanoparticles, nonporous and mesoporous silica nanoparticles, magnetic
nanoparticles, and quantum dots have shown great potential in bioimaging,
targeted drug delivery, and cancer therapies. Biocompatibility, ease of
synthesis, and ease of surface functionalization are among the significant
properties of nonporous and mesoporous silica nanoparticles in various
nanomedicine applications. Quantum dots due to their high brightness, long-
lasting, wide and continuous absorption spectra, and high fluorescent
quantum yield are being used as the new optical probes for bioassays. In
addition about gold nanoparticles, the ease of preparation, stability, low
cytotoxicity, and high extinction coefficient of light from visible to NIR regions
are some properties that introduced them as important candidates in cancer
drug and nanocarrier development. As a specific type of inorganic
nanomaterials, magnetic nanoparticles that exhibit super paramagnetic are
capable of being used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging,
site-specific gene and drug delivery, and diagnostic agents in the presence of
an external magnetic field.

CHEMISTRY
 Semiconducting
nanoparticles, commonly
known as quantum dots,
possess unique size and
shape dependent electrical
and optical properties. In
recent years, they have
attracted much attention in
biomedical imaging to
enable diagnostics, single
molecule probes, and real-
time imaging of tumors.
Me2Cd dimethyl cadmium
TOPSe trioctylphosphine selenide
TOPTe trioctylphosphine telluride
(TMS)2Se bis(trimethylsilyl)selenium
TOP trioctylphosphine TOPO trioctylphosphin
oxide CdS cadmium sulfide
Cd(Ac)2 cadmium acetate CdSe cadmium selenid
CdTe cadmium telluride ZnS zinc sulfide
ZnEt2 diethylzinc (TMS)2S bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfid

CHEMISTRY
 Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which are a
fascinating class of nanostructured carbons, have
recently attracted extensive attention in the field
of membrane technologies for their applications in
separation processes. This is because they possess
two unique advantages. Their productions are facile
and inexpensive, while their physicochemical
properties such as ultra-small sizes,
good biocompatibility, high chemical inertness,
tunable hydrophilicity, rich surface functional groups
and antifouling characteristics are highly desirable.
 CQDs are in a favorable position for achieving
unprecedented performance of membrane
separation processes in water treatment, in the light
of substantial efficiency enhancement and
antifouling propensity
Carbon Quantum Dots
in water treatment

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 The graphene quantum dots (GQDs) related inherent effects, preparation
methods, properties and applications
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CHEMISTRY
Samsung and LG Exit the LCD Market. Quantum Dots and Organic LEDs Take
the Stage
April 01, 2020 by Gary Elinoff
With Samsung and LG closing production on LCDs, the two display leaders
turn their sights on two newer technologies: quantum dots and OLEDs.
Samsung Displays, a unit of South Korean Samsung Electronics, will stop
producing LCDs by the end of this year, according to Reuters. The company has already shut down one
of its two South Korean production lines. Also affected by the change will be Samsung’s two LCD factories in China.
The move is spurred by falling global demand for LCD panels as well as by a supply glut. The company, in an effort to reassure present customers, has stated that,
“We will supply ordered LCDs to our customers by the end of this year without any issues.”
A Trending Departure from LCDs
What's interesting about this announcement is Samsung's reason for moving away
from LCD technology. Last October, the company announced that it plans to invest
13.1 trillion won ($10.72 billion) to produce screens based on quantum dot
technology instead of LCDs.

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Preparation of QDs

EXAMPLE 2: PV SOLAR CELLS
Solar energy
Solar panel
Renewable energy
Cleaner energy source

P-V SOLAR CELLS
 Different semiconductor materials differ in their properties. Thus, in comparison
with silicon, compound semiconductors have both advantages and disadvantages. For
example, gallium arsenide (GaAs) has six times higher electron mobility than silicon, which
allows faster operation; wider band gap, which allows operation of power devices at higher
temperatures, and gives lower thermal noise to low power devices at room temperature;
its direct band gap gives it more favorable optoelectronic properties than the indirect band
gap of silicon; it can be alloyed to ternary and quaternary compositions, with adjustable
band gap width, allowing light emission at chosen wavelengths, which makes possible
matching to the wavelengths most efficiently transmitted through optical fibers. GaAs can
be also grown in a semi-insulating form, which is suitable as a lattice-matching insulating
substrate for GaAs devices. Conversely, silicon is robust, cheap, and easy to process,
whereas GaAs is brittle and expensive, and insulation layers can not be created by just
growing an oxide layer; GaAs is therefore used only where silicon is not sufficient.

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Schematic representation of a solar cell, showing the n-type
and p-type layers, with a close-up view of the depletion
zone around the junction between the n-type and p-type
layers.
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FLEXIBLE SOLAR CELL:
While flexible solar cells can be rolled out
over a large surface to generate energy,
mass-producing them remains challenging.

CHEMISTRY
 as with most forms of manufacturing (even “clean” energy), chemicals are used
throughout the process to produce the end product. From solar panel production to the
solar conversion process itself, there are a number of common chemicals utilized – some
of which may come as a surprise.
 So, what common chemicals play a part in solar energy production? Here are a few:
 Cadmium
 Cadmium is the main ingredient of cadmium telluride (CdTe) cells, a type of
photovoltaic panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity. The CdTe cells are
the largest type available and are the most widely used thin-molecule commercial
product. When the sunlight hits these panels, it energizes the electrons within the surface
materials to create an electric current.
 Although it is categorized as a naturally occurring earth metal, cadmium can be highly
toxic if inhaled or ingested. Interaction with this chemical can lead to damage in the
lungs and internal organs. Another downside is its cost and inefficiency – only about half
of the cadmium used makes it to the end product of the film used in the cells.

CHEMISTRY
 Silicon
 The silicon found in solar energy panels has been processed to the point where it
is almost completely pure – what is called metallurgical grade. After the silica
has been mined, it goes through a number of chemical and industrial processes
to remove most of the impurities and to restructure the chemical composition
into something that will provide the needed structure for solar cells.
 Silicon-based cells are the other type of photovoltaic panels on the market,
where they have become well-established but with a decline in use recently.
These types of cells provide a higher efficiency of energy per size of cell, making
them ideal for areas where space is at a premium.
 Silicon and silica are highly explosive (and also known to sometimes
spontaneously combust), toxic and sometimes very wasteful – sometimes over
half is lost in manufacturing.

CHEMISTRY
 Hydrochloric Acid
 As previously mentioned, the processed silicon used in solar cells are
almost completely pure – sometimes up to 99.6 percent purity. But that is
often not pure enough for effective use. In these cases, the silicon must
go through more chemical processing, where it is mixed with copper and
hydrochloric acid.
 Created when hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water, it is poisonous,
corrosive and highly reactive. When the silicon is exposed to the mixture
of the acid and copper, it produces trichlorosilane gas, which is then
turned into molten silicon that can be formed into solar cells.
 It is important to remember, however, that even with the inclusion of
these and other chemicals, solar energy is the very rare energy source
that does not produce harmful emissions or toxic waste. And while it may
not be a zero-sum equation from input and output of chemicals, it is
much closer than other forms of energy we have today.

EXAMPLE 3: MAGNETICALLY ELEVATED TRAINS
Faster
Less noise
Less air pollution

CHEMISTRY
 MAGLAVE TRAINS: Indian Railways to run magnetic trains soon | Business Standard News
the Japanese trains use super-cooled, superconducting electromagnets.

EXAMPLE 4: SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Accuracy
Precision
Consistency
Prediction

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 Classification of chemical sensors based on sensing objects.
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CHEMICAL SENSORS
FROM CHEMISTRY TO PHYSICS
 Schematic representation of a Chemical Sensor

 Hydrogen sensor using a layer of closely spaced palladium
nanoparticles that are formed by a beading action like water on
a windshield. When hydrogen is absorbed the palladium
nanoparticles swell, causing shorts between nanoparticles which
lowers the resistance of the palladium layer.

 Sensor containing a monolayer of molybdenum disulfide which
changes resistance when exposed to a chemical present in
nerve gas.

 Sensors containing sheets of graphene in the form of a foam
which changes resistance when low levels of vapors from
chemicals, such as ammonia, is present.

 Sensors using zinc oxide nano-wire detection elements capable
of detecting a range of chemical vapors.

 Sensors using carbon nanotube detection elements capable of
detecting a range of chemical vapors.

 Sensors using a layer of gold nanoparticles on a polymer film for
detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The polymer
swells in presence of VOCs, changing the spacing between the
gold nanoparticles and the resistance of the gold layer

 Chemical sensor using nanocantilevers that are oscillating at their
resonance frequency. When the chemical attaches to the
cantilever it stops the oscillation, which triggers a detection
signal. Nanocantilevers can also be used to detect biological
molecules, such as viruses. The cantilever is coated with
antibodies that capture the particular virus, when a virus particle
attaches to the an antibody the resonance frequency of the
cantilever changes.

 Sensors using nanoporous silicon detection elements that could
be incorporated into cell phones. This might allow a very
widespread network of sensors to detect chemical gas leaks or
release of a toxin.

 Sensors powered by electricity generated by piezoelectric zinc
oxide nanowires. This could allow small, self contained,
sensors powered by mechanical energy such as tides or wind.

PHYSICS
Electron
Optics
Acoustics
Magnetism
Machines
Forces

“ENGINEERING PHYSICS PREPARES STUDENTS TO APPLY
PHYSICS TO TACKLE 21ST CENTURY ENGINEERING
CHALLENGES, AND TO APPLY ENGINEERING TO
ADDRESS 21ST CENTURY QUESTIONS IN PHYSICS”
 Engineering Physics prepares students to apply physics to
tackle 21st century engineering challenges, and to apply
engineering to address 21st century questions in physics.

VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS
Diode
Transistors
Capacitors
Lasers
Quantum Computers

DIODE SOLID STATE PHYSICS
A diode is a semiconductor device that
essentially acts as a one-way switch for
current. It allows current to flow easily in one
direction, but severely restricts current from
flowing in the opposite direction.

TRANSISTOR SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Transistor is a composition of
two words Transfer and
Varistor. A transistor consists of
three layers of semi
conductor material and
each layer is having the
capability of transferring
current to the other layers.

CAPACITOR SOLID STATE PHYSICS
A capacitor is a device that
stores electrical energy in an
electric field. It is a passive
electronic component with
two terminals. The effect of
a capacitor is known as
capacitance.

LASER SOLID STATE PHYSICS
A laser is a device that
emits light through a
process of optical
amplification based on
the stimulated
emission of electromag
netic radiation. The
term "laser" originated
as an acronym for
"light amplification by
stimulated emission of
radiation"
A LASER Beam used for welding

MATHEMATICS
Trigonometry
Arithmetic
Algebra
Geometry

MATHEMATICS
 Predicting the Weather
 The weather is an incredibly complex system with billions of molecules interacting. This makes
predicting the weather a surprisingly difficult tasks even using the extensive network of weather
stations satellites and the world’s largest supercomputers.
 Fluids like the atmosphere follow a set of rules called the Navier Stokes equations. Unfortunately
we don’t know a direct solution for these equations – one of the greatest unsolved problems in
mathematics and one of the $1 million Millennium Prize Problems.
 There are three different forces acting on a fluid viz gravity, pressure, and viscosity in addition to
various miscellaneous forces
 Instead, supercomputers divide the entire atmosphere into millions of blocks each around one
cubic kilometer in size and use numeric simulations to create a high-resolution forecast.
 But even tiny differences in measurements and the simulation parameters can have great effect
on these predictions. Therefore, it is still impossible to accurately predict the weather more than a
few weeks in advance – but the accuracy of mathematical models and speed of computers will
only improve in the future…

MATHEMATICS
 MRI and Tomography
 MRI scanners can create three-dimensional images of the
human body by taking countless two-dimensional
“snapshots” from different directions. The process of
recovering the original 3-dimensional model using these
snapshots is called tomography – and it wouldn’t work
without advanced mathematics such as Radon
Transforms. Mathematics is quite literally saving lifes.
In mathematics, the Radon transform is the
integral transform which takes a function f defined on the
plane to a function Rf defined on the (two-dimensional)
space of lines in the plane, whose value at a particular line
is equal to the line integral of the function over that line.

MATHEMATICS
 Internet and Phones
 Both internet and phone lines form a gigantic network which
allows users to exchange data – whether websites or calls. All
users are connected by countless links which have a
certain capacity. When you make a phone call or request a
website network operators have to find a way to connect
sender and receiver without exceeding the capacity of any
individual link.
 Without the mathematics of queuing theory it would be
impossible to guarantee a reliable service. Mathematical
models using Poisson processes all but guarantee that you
will hear a dial tone when making a phone call.
 Routing internet connections is much more difficult – requests
arrive at an unpredictable rate and have a more variable
duration. This led to the development of packet-switching: all
data (websites emails or files) is split into small “packets”
which are transmitted independently. This makes the network
more efficient and robust but occasionally routers become
overloaded with too many packets – and the connection
fails.
 Some believe that the mathematics of Fractals can help
create a much more reliable internet service in the future.
The Poisson Process is the model
we use for describing randomly
occurring events and by itself, isn't that
useful. We need
the Poisson Distribution to do
interesting things like finding the
probability of a number of events in a
time period or finding the probability of
waiting some time until the next event.

MATHEMATICS
 Epidemics Analysis
 When a new epidemic starts one can fear that
it will not stop since there are always new
cases. This is not what mathematics says. The
important quantity is the reproductive ratio, R0,
which corresponds to the mean number of
individuals infected by each infectious person.
If R0 < 1, then the epidemic dies, while it
spreads if R0 > 1. The knowledge of R0 guides
the strategy to control the epidemic. In
particular, in case of limited resources (for
instance not enough vaccines for everyone),
the goal is to use these resources to decrease
R0 below 1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Principal, PVG College
of Engineering, NASHIK
Prof. S. V. Dharane
All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society
Dr. P. B. Mane, Principal AISSMS IOIT
Pune

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