What is biodiversity?
Father of biodiversity- E.O. Wilson.
The term ‘biodiversity’’ encompasses the variety of all life forms on earth.
Define biodiversity –
‘’ Biodiversity include of the particular area may be living organisms (plant and animal) called biodiversity ’’.
• Simple words in can be defined as the biodiversity .
“Variety, variability b/w genes, spp. and ecosystem”.
Define fish diversity –
“Fish Species diversity is defined as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location”.
The number of species that live in a particular location is called species richness.
India is one of the 17 mega biodiversity countries having four biodiversity hotspots namely the Western Ghats, eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma and Sundaland that are included amongst the top ten most important hotspots in the world.
It also has rich freshwater(rivers, irrigationcanals,tanks, lakes,reservoirs) fish diversity.
Which living organisms–
All living organism in world 7.4 billion.
Fish Biodiversity in world-
World harbour total of 33059 spp. 4258 genera, 482 families about 58 % Marine water, 41% Fresh water and 1% migrants.
2-Fisheries resource of India –
India blessed with huge aquatic resources with 29,000 km of rivers, 0.3 million ha of estuaries, 0.9 million ha of back waters and lagoons, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 0.2 million ha of floodplain wetlands, 0.72 million ha of upland lakes and 2.02 million km sq area of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surrounding the seas,8129 km of coast line, which includes those of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands.
The seas surrounding the country, 14 major rivers, 44 medium rivers and innumerable small rivers and other inland water bodies provide one of the richest faunastic resources of the world.
This file contains hilsa fishery ,hilsa fishery of bay of bengal ,marine fisheries conservation and management ,objectives of hilsa fishery study ,route and abundance of hilsa (tenualosa ilisha) ,migratory pattern ,route and abundance of hilsa shad ,spawning grounds ,hilsa fishery management, feeding and growing grounds e.t.c
What is biodiversity?
Father of biodiversity- E.O. Wilson.
The term ‘biodiversity’’ encompasses the variety of all life forms on earth.
Define biodiversity –
‘’ Biodiversity include of the particular area may be living organisms (plant and animal) called biodiversity ’’.
• Simple words in can be defined as the biodiversity .
“Variety, variability b/w genes, spp. and ecosystem”.
Define fish diversity –
“Fish Species diversity is defined as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location”.
The number of species that live in a particular location is called species richness.
India is one of the 17 mega biodiversity countries having four biodiversity hotspots namely the Western Ghats, eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma and Sundaland that are included amongst the top ten most important hotspots in the world.
It also has rich freshwater(rivers, irrigationcanals,tanks, lakes,reservoirs) fish diversity.
Which living organisms–
All living organism in world 7.4 billion.
Fish Biodiversity in world-
World harbour total of 33059 spp. 4258 genera, 482 families about 58 % Marine water, 41% Fresh water and 1% migrants.
2-Fisheries resource of India –
India blessed with huge aquatic resources with 29,000 km of rivers, 0.3 million ha of estuaries, 0.9 million ha of back waters and lagoons, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 0.2 million ha of floodplain wetlands, 0.72 million ha of upland lakes and 2.02 million km sq area of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surrounding the seas,8129 km of coast line, which includes those of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands.
The seas surrounding the country, 14 major rivers, 44 medium rivers and innumerable small rivers and other inland water bodies provide one of the richest faunastic resources of the world.
This file contains hilsa fishery ,hilsa fishery of bay of bengal ,marine fisheries conservation and management ,objectives of hilsa fishery study ,route and abundance of hilsa (tenualosa ilisha) ,migratory pattern ,route and abundance of hilsa shad ,spawning grounds ,hilsa fishery management, feeding and growing grounds e.t.c
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
In terms of biomass, the greatest migration in the world is the migration of Zooplankton .
Zooplankton migration is different because it moves up and down through the ocean's depths rather than traversing a landscape.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
In terms of biomass, the greatest migration in the world is the migration of Zooplankton .
Zooplankton migration is different because it moves up and down through the ocean's depths rather than traversing a landscape.
Introduction of Fish and Fisheries of India.
• Freshwater Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in freshwaters, such as rivers and lakes, having a salinity of less than 0.5 ppt. Around 40% of all known species of
fish are found in freshwater.
They may be divided into Coldwater Fish (5-20 °C); examples: Mahseer, Trout, etc., and Warmwater Fish (25 35 °C); example: Carps, Catfish, Snakeheads, Featherbacks, etc.
• Brackishwater Fish: Fish that can tolerate a wide range of salinity (0.5 30.0 ppt)
and live in backwaters, estuaries and coastal waters.
Example: Mullet, Milkfish, Seabass, Pearlspot, Mudskipper, etc.
• Marine Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in seawater, such as Seas and
Oceans, having salinity above 30 ppt. There are about 240 species contributing to
the marine fisheries. Example: Sardines, Mackerel, Ribbonfish, Anchovies, Grouper, Cobia, Tuna, etc.
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a beautiful place, located in the Ramanathpuram & Tuticorin districts of the state of Tamil Nadu. The park is the core area of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. This is the first marine Biosphere Reserve in India. It was established in the year of 1980. Total area of the park is 6.23 Km 2.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a protected area of India consisting of 21 small islands (islets) and adjacent coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian Ocean. It lies 1 to 10 km away from the east coast of Tamil Nadu, India for 160 km between Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) and Dhanushkodi.
The Gulf of Mannar (/ m ə ˈ n ɑːr / mə- NAR) is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the west coast of Sri Lanka and the southeastern tip of India, in the Coromandel Coast region.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOM MNP) comprises of 21 islands surrounded by coral reef areas along with shallow water habitat of unique marine biodiversity. Sea horse, Sea Cow, Dolphins, sea cucumbers etc. are seen here.
9.267°N 77.433°E / 9.267; 77.433 Ramanathapuram District is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The town of Ramanathapuram is the district headquarters. Ramanthapuram District has an area of 4123 km 2.
Major Fresh water and Marine Ornamental fishes and Potential for Domestic far...B. BHASKAR
Important fresh water and marine water ornamental aquarium fishes, average economics on setting up of ornamental fish hatchery, proposed unit cost for ornamental fish farming, export potential for Ornamental fish trade
Marine fisheries resources and marine species of India.pdfB. BHASKAR
ICAR-CMFRI Scientific and contributions in Marine Fisheries Resources management studies along the Indian coast, special focus on Fisheries resources and marine species identification
The world’s fisheries provide about 2.6 billion people with at least 20 per cent of their average annual per capita protein intake (FAO, 2007).In india clupeids are the major fish resource.This presentation deals about fisheries aspects of some clupeid varieties except sardines in India.
Encompass HK, a Hong Kong-based social enterprise that promotes the Sustainable Development Goals, hosted a discussion on Hong Kong marine biodiversity on World Ocean Day (June 8, 2020). We cover animals from corals, megafauna, invertebrates and fish in Hong Kong, and suggesting some ways for individual actions to protect these animals.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. Marine
58%
Freshw
ater
41%
Migrant
1%
Species Distribution
• World harbours total of 24,618 species - 4258
genera - 482 families.
• About 58% marine 41% are freshwater and
1% migrants.
• In India- 2,500 fish species
(930 freshwater 1570 marine)
• In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the
fish fauna so far known in the world.
World india
3. Oceanic Divisions
Epipelagic - (MSL) to 200 m
Mesopelagic- 200 m to
1,000 m
Bathypelagic- 1,000 m to
4,000 m
Abyssopelagic - 4,000 m to
the ocean floor
Hadopelagic - below 6,000
m whether in a trench or
not.
4. Profile of Indian Marine Fisheries
• Physical component-
– Length of coastline 8129 km
– Exclusive economic zone 2.02 m km2
– Continental shelf 0.50 million km2
– Fishing villages 3202
• Human Component
– Marine fishers population 3.5 million
– Active fishers population 0.9 million [20% in mech.,
20% moto., 60% in arti.]; 30% posses ownership of
fishing vessels
5. Biodiversity v/s what we exploit –
Groups Diversity of species Commercially exploited
Finfishes 1300 species* 263
crustacean 2900 species*
marine mollusks 3370 species
Sea weeds 844 species
Corals 262 species -
sea grasses 14 species -
mangroves 69 species -
sponges 451 species -
sea snakes 26 species -
sea turtles 5 species -
marine mammals 30 species -
6. Major Pelagic Fisheries
Family Group/ Species Species number
Clupeidae
Oil sardine 1
Lesser sardine 14
Hilsa spp. And other shads 15
Whitebaits 24
Thryssa and Thrissocles spp 10
Wolf herring 2
Other clupeids 40
Scombridae
Coastal tunas 5
Oceanic tunas 3
Seerfishes and wahoo 5
Mackerels 3
Trichiuridae Ribbonfishes 8
Harpodontidae Bombay-duck 2
7. Family Group/ Species Species number
Carangidae
Scads 12
Jacks 4
Black pomfret 1
Travallies 25
Runners 1
Pilot fishes 1
Leather jackets 4
Pompanos and darts 6
Stromateidae Pomfrets 2
Coryphaenidae Dolphin fishes 2
Rachycentridae Cobia 1
Mugilidae Mullets 22
Sphyraenidae Barracudas 7
Exocoetidae Flying fishes 10
Bregmacerotidae Unicorn cod 1
Total pelagics 250
8. Species composition of some major pelagic species-
• Oil Sardine - The Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps . Single
species.
• Lesser Sardines - Of the 15 species of lesser sardines in the Indo-
Pacific region, 12 species occur in the Indian waters. Some are S.
gibbosa, S. fimbriata (Fringe-scale sardine), S. albello (Short-bodied
sardine)
• Anchovies - important species are Coilia dussumieri, Stolephorus
spp, Thryssa spp., Thryssinna spp. and Setipinna spp. Some of the
important species of Anchovies are : Peruvian anchovy-
Engraulis ringens , Japanese anchovy - Engraulis japonicus , Golden
anchovy- Coilia dussumeiri , Devis' anchovy -Encrasicholina devisi
• White Baits- Ten species of white baits occur in our seas. Dominant
species available throughout the coast are E. devisi, S. bataviensis.
E. punctifel; S. commersonii. S. indicus and S. baganensis.
9. • Mackerel- The bulk by Rastrelliger kanagurta (Indian
mackerel). In addition R. brachysoma (Short mackerel)
and R. faughni (Island mackerel) also contribute.
• Tuna- mainly dominated by Euthynnus affinis (about
50%), followed by, Auxis thazard (16%), 5 costal ; 3
oceanic species
• Seerfishes- The fishery is sustained by four species
such as the king seer , the spotted seer , the streaked
seer and wahoo .
• Ribbonfish / Hairtail - comprised of Trichiurus lepturus
(Grey ribbonfish), T. russelli (Short tailed hair tail), T.
gangeticus (Ganges hairtail), Lepturacanthus savala
(Silver ribbonfish)
10. Species composition of some major mesopelagic species-
• Carangid - Carangid fishes in India is represented mainly by 36
species (21 genera) such as Alectis indicus (Indian thread-fin
trevally), Alepes djedaba (Djedaba trevally), Atropus atropus
(Kuwest trevally), Atule mate (One-fin let scad), Coryphaena
hippurus (Dolphinfish), Carangoides armatus (Longfin trevally), C.
malabaricus (Malabar trevally), Decapterus russellii (Round-scad),
Megalaspis cordyla (Horse mackerel), Parastromateus niger (Black
pomfret), Rachycentron canadus (Black kingfish), Trachinotus blochii
(Sub-nose pompano) and T. botla (Russel's pompano).
• Bombay-Duck- The Bombay-Duck, Harpadon nehereus belongs to
the family, Harpadontidae. Major contributing species is Harpadon
nehereus. Another species is H. Squamosus which also contributes
to the Bombay-Duck fishery.
11. Species composition of some major demersal species-
Group Species Diversity
Silverbelly 21 species
Sciaenids 30 species
Goatfishes 16 species
Perches 20 families
groupers 17 species
snappers 14 species
emperors 9 species
thread fin breams 6 species
Flatfishes 25 species
Elasmobranch 110 species
12. Species composition of some major demersal species-
• Elasmobranch In India, there are about 110 species of elasmobranch
which includes 66 species of sharks
• Sharks
The dominant species of sharks are Chiloscyllium indicum (Slender
bamboo shark), C. griseum (Grey bamboo shark), Rhincodon typus (Whale
shark), Carcharhinus brevipinna (Spinner shark), Galeocerdo cuvieri (Tiger
shark), Rhizoprionodon acutus (Milk shark), Scoliodon laticaudus (Spade-
nose shark), Sphyrna mokarran (Great hammer-head) and S. zygaena
(Smooth hammer-head).
Skates
Important species among skates are Rhina ancylostoma (Bow-mouthed
angel fish), Rhinobatos granulatus (Granulated shovel-nose ray),
Rhynchobatus djiddensis (White spotted shovel-nose ray), Anoxypristis
cuspidata (Pointed saw- fish) and Pristis microdon (Small-tooth saw fish).
Rays
The important species are Aetobatus narinari (Spotted eagle ray),,
Himantura uarnak (Honey combed sting ray), H. bleekeri (Whiptail sting
ray), Mobula diabolus (Horny ray).
13. • Silverbelly – (pony fishes / slip mouths) family Leiognathidae
– Almost all the 21 species are known from southern Tamil
Nadu, but the dominant species are Leiognathus dussumieri, L.
jonesi, L. splendens, and L. equulus.
– In the northern Tamil Nadu and along Andhra Pradesh, about
12 species contribute to the fishery, of which L. bindus. L.
splendens and Secular insidiatar are most dominant
accounting for nearly 70 - 80% of the silverbelly landings.
– In Kerala, 16 species occur in the landings of which four
species (L. splendens, L. brevirostris. S. insidiatol; Gazza
minuta) contribute to the bulk of the landings.
• Sciaenids - Commonly known as croakers, grunters, drummers
and jewfishes belong to the family, Sciaenidae. About 30 species
have been recorded ; Of these 12-17 species form the commercial
fishery. Two larger species of sciaenids, Otolithoides biauritu and
Protonibea diacanthus . Otolithes cuvieri is the most abundant
sciaenid in the Indian waters.
14. • Lizardfish – (Synodontidae ) Represented by species such as
the (greater lizardfish) Saurida tumbil, (brush toothed
lizardfish) Trachinocephalus myops and (engleman's
lizardfish) Synodus englemani (west coast). Other
species Saurida longimanus (longfin lizardfish) and S.
micropectoralis (shortfin lizardfish) along the east coast.
• Pomfrets – (Stromateidae and Carangidae ) Primarily
composed of three species – Black
pomfret (Parastromateus niger), Silver pomfret (Pampus
argenteus) and Chinese pomfret (Pampus chinensis).
• Goatfishes –(red mullets) belong to the family, Mullidae.
Sixteen species - belonging to three genera. Of these, the
eight species of the genus Upeneus contribute to the bulk
of the fishery. Upeneus doriae (Gilded goatfish)
15. • Perches- (Order: Percifonnes) include more than 20 families such as Serranidae ,
Lutijanidae, Lethrinidae (called major perches), Nemipteridae, Haemulidae,
Caesionidae , Priacanthidae , Aunthridae and Siganidae (called minor perches).
Species composition of important perches :
In Family Serranidae seventeen species of groupers constitute the fishery in
India. Epinephelus tauvina (Greasy grouper).
Lutjanidae, fourteen species of snappers. They include Lutjanus johni (John's
snapper). L. argentimaculatus (Red snapper)
Lethrinidae nine species include Lethrinus nebulosus (Starry emperor bream), L.
obsoletus (Yellow banded emperor bream),
Nemipteridae (Threadfin breams) six species constitute in India. Major are
Neimpterus japonicus, N. mesoprion
• Flatfishes - Flatfishes belong to the families, Bothidae (Flounders), Cynoglossidae
(Tongue soles), Psettodidae (Indian halibut) and Soleidae (Soles). Twenty five
species under 11 genera contribute to minor or major fisheries along the Indian
coast. Most of them are small to medium sized fishes except Psettodes erumei,
which attains 60 cm length. Most of them are restricted to shallow waters of less
than 60 m depth. However, P. erumei (Indian halibut) and Cynoglossus
bilineatus (Malabar tongue sole) occur up to 100 m and 400 m depth respectively.
16. BIODIVERSITY OF CORALS IN INDIA
• The total coral reef area in India is 5,790 km2,
There are 4 major coral reef areas in India.
• There is also scattered coral growth on
submerged banks along the east and west coasts
of the mainland.
• A total of 262 species of hard corals, 145 species
of soft corals and 844 species of reef fish have
been recorded from Indian coral reefs, but
diversity varies significantly between areas.
17. • 1] Gulf of Mannar – (117 coral species), with the most common
corals being Acropora, Montipora and Porites. with dominant
families being the Acroporidae, Faviidae and Poritidae.
• 2] Andaman and Nicobar- (203 coral species) with Porites spp.
Being dominant in the northern and southern Andaman Islands,
while Acropora spp. dominate the middle Andaman and the
Nicobar Islands
• 3] Lakshadweep Islands- (95 coral species) The most common
corals found are the genus Acropora and Montipora while the
massive species of corals are mainly those of genus Porites and
Heliopora Besides, Fungia and Favia are also widespread in many
island lagoons.
• 4]Gulf of Kutch- (37 coral species) Montipora, Cosinaria,
Hydnophora, Turninaria, Goniastrea, and Porites are some of the
common species found in all the islands of Gulf of Kutch. Species
such as Siderastrea savignayana and Acanthastrea hillae are
reported only from Gulf of Kutch.
18. Reef fishes in India
• In India 774 species are currently present in the country (endemic, native,
introduced, reintroduced).
• Reef fisheries in India are not reflected in national fisheries statistics, as
little significance is given to the fishery, however, they are important as a
subsistence fishery for local people.
• Organised fishery of reef fishes occurs mainly in Gulf of Mannar. A total 0f
183 species belonging to 51 families were recorded from Gulf of Mannar.
• In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands fishing is mainly carried out around
the Andaman Islands, with little around the Nicobar Islands. The main
species targeted include sardines, anchovies, carangids, mackerel, mullets,
perches, sharks and rays, catfish, pomfrets, silver bellies and catfish.
overall composition of the catch included; sardines (12-13%), perches (7-
10%), carangids (6%) and mackerel (6-7%).
• In the Lakshadweep Islands there is no organised commercial reef fishery
for food or ornamental fishes, but there is a subsistence reef fishery. The
local industry targets offshore pelagic fish, such as tuna, which require the
harvesting of sprats (Spratelloides sp.) from reef lagoons for bait.
19. From the graph it is clear that the families Carangidae, Lutjanidae and
Serranidae dominated considerably with 19, 18 and 17 species respectively.
20. References
• http://www.reefbase.org/global_database/default.aspx?section=r5
• http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?vhabitat=saltwater&c_code=3
56
• Marine Biodiversity of India – Status and Challenges By K. K. Joshi, Varsha M.S. and
Sruthy V.L. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi-682 018
• Documenting Coastal Fish Biodiversity of India : Status, Issues and Challenges U. K.
Sarkar, J. K. Jena, S. P. Singh, A. K. Singh and S. C. Rebello National Bureau Fish Genetic
Resources
• Marine Biodiversity in India: Satus and Issues Alok Saxena Additional Director, Indira
Gandhi National Forest Academy, Dehradun,Uttarakhand, India
• Coral reel fishes 0f Gulf of Maunar, S.E _India Molly Varghese, Mary K.Manisseri,
N.Ramamurthy, P.M.Geetha, V.J.Thomas and A.Gandhi Mandapam Regional Centre of
CMFRI, Mandapam Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin
• Status ofCoral Reefs in South Asia: Bangladesh, Chagos, India, Maldives and Sri Lanka
Jerker Tamelander and Arjan Rajasuriya
• Economic Valuation of Coral Reef Systems in Gulf of Kachchh Gujarat Ecology Commission
(GEC)
• CORAL REEFS IN INDIA K. Venkataraman National Biodiversity Authority