Extinction occurs when a species dies out completely. The main causes of extinction are habitat loss and degradation, introduction of invasive species, overhunting, climate change, pollution and disease. When many species go extinct simultaneously over a short period, it is considered a mass extinction event. The five major mass extinctions in Earth's history were caused by events like asteroid impacts and climate shifts. Today, the main drivers of extinction are human activities like habitat destruction, pollution and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity in extinction hotspots and prevent further species losses.
Presentation for Environmental Science 110 @ Indiana State University.
By Zach Pearson, Sloan Jones, Logan Seger, Rachel Trench & Charlie Emmons.
No copyright intended.
The cherries lose their fleshy juicy texture because water moves out of the cherry cells into the hypertonic sugar solution by osmosis, causing the cherry cells to shrink and become plasmolysed.
This document discusses endangered species and defines key related terms. It notes that endangered species indicate environmental problems and their protection could benefit both wildlife and humanity. Several factors are listed that can cause a species to become endangered, such as habitat loss, hunting, pollution, disease, and competition from other species. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 aims to protect disappearing plants and animals in the US and elsewhere. Individual actions are suggested that may help endangered wildlife, such as learning about local species, volunteering, and avoiding purchasing illegal or unsustainably-sourced goods.
This document discusses biodiversity and threats to it. It begins by defining biodiversity and describing it at three levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It then outlines several major threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and disease. It provides more detail on habitat loss, describing the causes from human activities like agriculture, resource harvesting, and development. Habitat loss is a primary driver of species extinction worldwide. The document also discusses poaching and how it negatively impacts species survival and ecosystem balance. It notes man-wildlife conflicts have increased due to competition over limited resources and describes some of the efforts to mitigate these conflicts.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It is being threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and overexploitation of species. Key biodiversity hotspots that face serious threats are the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas in India. Conservation efforts include protected areas like national parks and sanctuaries for in situ conservation and ex situ conservation in zoos and seed banks.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems. High levels of biodiversity are important for ecosystem functioning and human well-being. However, biodiversity is being lost due to threats like habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation approaches include protected areas as well as international agreements like CITES and the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aim to protect threatened species and ecosystems.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of all life forms including plants, animals, microorganisms and their genes and ecosystems. It is important for human sustenance, health, well-being and enjoyment of life. However, biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change and overconsumption. The loss of biodiversity can reduce ecosystem services and genetic diversity, compromising food security. Australia is taking steps to preserve biodiversity through programs, reserves, and acts aimed at conservation and education.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
ความรูความเขาใจเกี่ยวกับสังคมไทย ดานสังคม วัฒนธรรม เศรษฐกิจ การเมือง มโนทัศนเกี่ยวกับชุมชน
การเปลี่ย นแปลง ปญหา การมีจิตสาธารณะ การดําเนิน ชีวิตตามหลักปรัช ญาเศรษฐกิจ พอเพีย งและแนว
ทางการพัฒนา การปรับตัวใหสอดคลองกับสถานการณในสังคม
Uderstanding and knowledge of Thai society regarding society, cultures, economics,
politics , concepts of community, changes, problems, public mind , a living followed a
Sufficiency Economy philosophy and Development principles, well adaptation to social
situations.
11. • การแบ่งตามกลุ่มย่อยๆลงมาเมีขนาดเล็กกว่า Kingdom แต่ใหญ่กว่า ระดับชั้น
(Class) คือการแบ่งตาม ไฟลั่ม (Phylum) เป็นการแบ่งตามลักษณะ
ย่อยของพืชและสัตว์
Phylum Meaning Common name
Distinguishing
characteristics
Chytridiomycota Little pot mushroom Chytrids
Cellulose in cell walls,
flagellated gametes
Deuteromycota Second mushroom Imperfect fungi
Unclassified fungi; only
asexual reproduction
observed no other
major distinguishments
Zygomycota Yolk mushroom Zygomycetes
Blend gametangia to
form a zygosporangium
Glomeromycota Ball mushroom None
Form arbuscular
mycorrhizae with plants
Ascomycota
Bag/Wineskin
Mushroom
Sac fungi
Produce spores in an
'ascus'which is a kind of
fruiting bud
Basidiomycota Basidium Mushroom Club Fungi
Produce spores from a
'basidium' which is a
kind of fruiting bud
Total: 6
30. Secondary SuccessionCC BY-SA 3.0
Katelyn Murphy - Own work
An example of Secondary Succession by stages: 1. A stable deciduous forest
community 2. A disturbance, such as a wild fire, destroys the forest 3. The fire burns the
forest to the ground 4. The fire leaves behind empty, but not destroyed, soil 5. Grasses
and other herbaceous plants grow back first 6. Small bushes and trees begin to
colonize the area 7. Fast growing evergreen trees develop to their fullest, while shade-
tolerant trees develop in the understory 8. The short-lived and shade intolerant
evergreen trees die as the larger deciduous trees overtop them. The ecosystem is now
back to a similar state to where it began.
34. Populations must not exceed the carrying capacity
of their environments!!!
If the carrying capacity of the environment is
exceeded, organisms die and the environment may be
permanently destroyed.
39. ขนาดและการแบ่งแยกของถิ่นที่อยู่เป็นหย่อมๆ(Size and Isolation) มีอิทธิพลต่อการเพิ่ม
ประชากรของสายพันธ์
ขอบเขตของอาณาเขตที่มีการเชื่อมต่อ(Ecotone) มีอิทธิพลต่อการความอุดมสมบูรณ์ของสายพันธ์
การเอื้อต่อสายพันธ์ดังกล่าวจะไม่ปรากฏในถิ่นที่อยู่ที่มีพื้นที่ ต่อเนื่อง ในพื้นที่ ที่แบ่งตามโซนอุณหภูมิ
หรือพื้นที่ที่เป็นทุ่งหญ้าหรือป่าเตี้ยๆหรือป่าละเม๊าะ มักจะมีสายพันธ์มากกว่าถิ่นที่อยู่ที่มีพื้นที่ติ่เนื่อง
Colorado River viewed from Dead Horse Point, Utah. The
canyon depth here is approximately 600 meters, where the river
has gradually cut a wide separation of the original
continuous habitat of the Colorado Plateau.
Temperate zone
40. Transition Zones (Ecotones)
Transition Zone - Agricultural
Area on Santa Cruz Island.
Transition Zone on Floreana
Island Transition Zone - disused
agricultural area on Floreana
Island
An ecotone is a
transition area
between two biomes.
47. Number of butterflies caught in a light trap at
Rothamstead, England. The most abundant
species (on the right of the diagram) are not
illustrated. Total of 6814 individuals, 37 species
only with a single specimen, 1799 specimens
belonged to one very common species, 6 common
species comprised 50% of the catch. Modified after
48. The percentage of wetlands supporting each species is represented by the size of the circle within each richness level
(nested structure; observed matrix temperature = 20.47°; average null model matrix temperature = 69.13°; P < 0.001).
The host species were Ambystoma californiense, Lithobates catesbeianus(also known as Rana catesbeiana), Rana
draytonii, Anaxyrus boreas, Taricha torosa and Pseudacris regilla. b–d, Shown for each host species is the mean
abundance (number m−2) when present (b), its laboratory-measured competence for supporting R. ondatrae (c), and
an index of each host species’ contribution to community competence (Pi, which combines the fraction of wetlands
occupied by a host, its relative abundance when present, and host competence—scaled between 0 and 100%) (d). All
error bars represent standard error (s.e.). Species occurrence, abundance, competency and body size (not shown) all
loaded strongly (>|0.87|) on a single principal component (eigenvalue = 3.5, 89% of variation). Images were provided
by G. Nafis (A. californiense) and D. Preston (all others).
61. Estimate and
Method of
estimation
% Global Loss
per decade
10 million sp.
Annual Loss
30 million sp.
Annual Loss Source
0.2-0.3% annually
based on tropical
deforestation rate of
1% annually
2-3% 20,000-30,000 60,000-90,000 Wilson
(1989, 1993)
2-13% loss between
1990 and 2015 using
species area curve
and increasing
deforestation rates
0.8-5.2% 8,000-52,000 24,000-156,000 Reid
(1992)
Loss of half the
species in the area
likely to be deforested
by 2015
8.3% 83,000 250,000 Raven
(1988)
Fitting exponential
extinction functions
based on IUCN red
data books
0.6-5% 6,000-50,000 18,000-150,000 Mace
(1994
EXTINCTION ESTIMATES MADE IN THE 1990s
62. The greatest loss with the longest-lasting effects
from the ongoing destruction of wilderness will
be the mass extinction of species that provide
Earth with biodiversity. Although great extinctions
have occurred in the past, none has occurred as
rapidly or has been so much the result of the
actions of a single species. The extinction rate of
today may be 1,000 to 10,000 times the
biological normal, or background, extinction rate
of 1-10 species extinctions per year.
Rhett Butler | Last updated July 22, 2012
70. สายพันธ์ที่ไม่มีศักยภาพในการแพร่พันธ์ได้
สายพันธ์ซึ่งย้ายถิ่นฐาน
สายพันธ์ที่ต้องการเงื่อนไขเฉพาะในการดารงชีวิต( species with Specialized
Niche)
สายพันธ์ที่อยู่ในสภาพแวดล้อมที่คงที่
สายพันธ์ที่มาจากถิ่นกาเนิดถาวรหรือชั่วคราว
สายพันธ์ที่ถูกล่าโดยมนุษย์
species with Specialized Nic
สายพันธ์ที่มาจากถิ่นกาเนิดถาวรหรือชั่วคราว
