Catalytic converters are used to convert harmful exhaust gases like CO, NOx and unburnt hydrocarbons released by
internal combustion engine of automobiles into less harmful gases like CO2, H2O and N2. During the start-up of engine run, catalytic converters suffer cold start problems as the catalyst does not remain active in cold conditions. This results in emission of unconverted harmful gases into the atmosphere. This work attempts to eliminate cold start problems using a heat storage system to keep the catalytic converter hot even under engine off conditions. A eutectic alloy of Mg-Zn-Al is used as the Phase Change Material (PCM) to store the heat around the catalyst. This alloy has high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, suitable melting point and high thermal stability. Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy changes its state between liquid and solid on application and removal of heat. Thus this phase change material acts as a heat storage mechanism in the catalytic converter. Catalytic converter design also involves Rockwool insulation in order to aid longer heat storage. This thermal energy storage system as a combination of PCM and insulation, keeps the catalytic converter hot for several hours even after the engine is shut of
Experimental and Analytical Performance of Gas Gap Cryogenic Thermal Switch ...ijsrd.com
Heat switches are important devices in many cryogenic setups, especially in space applications and many systems have been used to allow a good ability to make or break a thermal contact. Among them, the so-called gas gap heat switches are known to be very reliable and simple due to the nonexistence of moving parts. The ON (conducting) state of the switch are obtained by varying the gas pressure and OFF (insulating) are obtained by creating vacuum in gap. In this paper, the gas gap cryogenic thermal switch is fabricated and tested using LN2 storage vessel. The thermal characteristics (Conductance in the ON and OFF state) of a "Gas Gap Heat Switch" are obtained experimentally and analytically using nitrogen as exchange gas. It is concluded that for both ON and OFF state, thermal conductance increases as heat load increases.
Introduction to Magnetic RefrigerationSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.06
We have given a lecture to the class in the course of "Refrigeration Systems" in ODTÜ.
Refrigeration technology has an important role over various areas such as medicine, food, manufacturing, and it is a very important element for a comfortable life for the society. It directly affects the people’s life by permiting to store the medicines and foods for long times, manufacturing with very high accuracy, air conditioning applications, etc.
Although refrigeration technology have lots of benefits which has been mentioned above, conventional vapor compression/expansion systems have some weaknesses. Refrigerant fluids that are used in the traditional cooling/refrigeration applications have important effects over the global warming and ozone depletion. To be able to overcome these disadvantages of the refrigeration applications, new thecnologies which does not use harmful matirals such as traditional refrigerants are investigated. One of these developing technologies is magnetic refrigeration systems.
Magnetic refrigeration systems are commonly used in the low temperature applications and it also has usage in air conditioning applications, aerospace technologies and telecommunication technologies.
Magnetic refrigeration has lots of advantages such that:
1. It uses very small amount of energy compared to compressor work inlet of a similar size vapor compression/expansion system.
2. It is highly more compact and makes less noise than the traditional systems.
3. It has a lower operating and maintenance cost.
4. It is environment friendly and does not cause the global warming or ozone depletion.
Although the magnetic refrigeration has lots of benefits which have been described above, because of its high initial cost and need of the very rare materials in the system, it is not very common recent days, however, it has a high potential for the future.
Experimental and Analytical Performance of Gas Gap Cryogenic Thermal Switch ...ijsrd.com
Heat switches are important devices in many cryogenic setups, especially in space applications and many systems have been used to allow a good ability to make or break a thermal contact. Among them, the so-called gas gap heat switches are known to be very reliable and simple due to the nonexistence of moving parts. The ON (conducting) state of the switch are obtained by varying the gas pressure and OFF (insulating) are obtained by creating vacuum in gap. In this paper, the gas gap cryogenic thermal switch is fabricated and tested using LN2 storage vessel. The thermal characteristics (Conductance in the ON and OFF state) of a "Gas Gap Heat Switch" are obtained experimentally and analytically using nitrogen as exchange gas. It is concluded that for both ON and OFF state, thermal conductance increases as heat load increases.
Introduction to Magnetic RefrigerationSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.06
We have given a lecture to the class in the course of "Refrigeration Systems" in ODTÜ.
Refrigeration technology has an important role over various areas such as medicine, food, manufacturing, and it is a very important element for a comfortable life for the society. It directly affects the people’s life by permiting to store the medicines and foods for long times, manufacturing with very high accuracy, air conditioning applications, etc.
Although refrigeration technology have lots of benefits which has been mentioned above, conventional vapor compression/expansion systems have some weaknesses. Refrigerant fluids that are used in the traditional cooling/refrigeration applications have important effects over the global warming and ozone depletion. To be able to overcome these disadvantages of the refrigeration applications, new thecnologies which does not use harmful matirals such as traditional refrigerants are investigated. One of these developing technologies is magnetic refrigeration systems.
Magnetic refrigeration systems are commonly used in the low temperature applications and it also has usage in air conditioning applications, aerospace technologies and telecommunication technologies.
Magnetic refrigeration has lots of advantages such that:
1. It uses very small amount of energy compared to compressor work inlet of a similar size vapor compression/expansion system.
2. It is highly more compact and makes less noise than the traditional systems.
3. It has a lower operating and maintenance cost.
4. It is environment friendly and does not cause the global warming or ozone depletion.
Although the magnetic refrigeration has lots of benefits which have been described above, because of its high initial cost and need of the very rare materials in the system, it is not very common recent days, however, it has a high potential for the future.
Cooling system plays important roles to control the temperature of car’s engine. One of the important
elements in the car cooling system is cooling fluid. The usage of wrong cooling fluid can give negatives impact to
the car’s engine and shorten engine life. An efficient cooling system can prevent engine from overheating and
assists the vehicle running at its optimal performance. This thesis was conducted to study the effectiveness of
various types cooling agent in the vehicle cooling system which will influence the operation time of the engine
block mainly cylinder in the light vehicle cooling systems. 3D model of the engine block is done in Pro/Engineer.
Different types of fluids mixed with base fluid water considered in this thesis Aluminum Oxide, Silicon Carbide,
Titanium Oxide and Copper Oxide at volume fraction of 0.4. The properties of the nanofluids are calculated
theoretically.CFD analysis is done on the engine block using all nanofluids and Thermal analysis is done on the
engine block by varying the materials Copper and Aluminum alloy
Review on latent heat storage and problems associated with phase change mater...eSAT Journals
Abstract Energy storage devices have important role in the energy system as they minimize the mismatch between the supply and demand. This leads to improvement of the performance and the reliability of the systems. In thermal energy storage systems the Latent heat type thermal energy storages (LHTES) are attractive since they have high energy storage density and nearly isothermal operation at the phase transition temperature of the material usedthat is commonly known as phase change material (PCM). In this paper PCMs with solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transition are discussed. Though PCMs with solid-solid phase transition seem attractive due to their less stringent containment requirements but they are not widely used because of their low latent heat. PCMs with solid-liquid phase transition are the most studied and used latent heat storage materials. Those are discussed in details with their selection criterion, classification and applications. The steps involved in development of the energy storage systems and problems associated with PCMs are discussed in the next part of the paper. This will give better understanding of the latent heat storage systems to the reader. KeyWords: Latent heat storage (LHS), Phase change materials (PCM), Thermal conductivity, Thermal cycling.
Recent Advancements in Piping industry and Piping materials.Asheesh Padiyar
A brief overview of the new technologies that are available for piping engineers to know the latest advancements in piping materials . As a chemical engineer, it is essential to know about the various piping systems and technologies associated with it, in order to have a better understanding of their project/ process/ installing/ commissioning of the plants/ refineries.
Cooling system plays important roles to control the temperature of car’s engine. One of the important
elements in the car cooling system is cooling fluid. The usage of wrong cooling fluid can give negatives impact to
the car’s engine and shorten engine life. An efficient cooling system can prevent engine from overheating and
assists the vehicle running at its optimal performance. This thesis was conducted to study the effectiveness of
various types cooling agent in the vehicle cooling system which will influence the operation time of the engine
block mainly cylinder in the light vehicle cooling systems. 3D model of the engine block is done in Pro/Engineer.
Different types of fluids mixed with base fluid water considered in this thesis Aluminum Oxide, Silicon Carbide,
Titanium Oxide and Copper Oxide at volume fraction of 0.4. The properties of the nanofluids are calculated
theoretically.CFD analysis is done on the engine block using all nanofluids and Thermal analysis is done on the
engine block by varying the materials Copper and Aluminum alloy
Review on latent heat storage and problems associated with phase change mater...eSAT Journals
Abstract Energy storage devices have important role in the energy system as they minimize the mismatch between the supply and demand. This leads to improvement of the performance and the reliability of the systems. In thermal energy storage systems the Latent heat type thermal energy storages (LHTES) are attractive since they have high energy storage density and nearly isothermal operation at the phase transition temperature of the material usedthat is commonly known as phase change material (PCM). In this paper PCMs with solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transition are discussed. Though PCMs with solid-solid phase transition seem attractive due to their less stringent containment requirements but they are not widely used because of their low latent heat. PCMs with solid-liquid phase transition are the most studied and used latent heat storage materials. Those are discussed in details with their selection criterion, classification and applications. The steps involved in development of the energy storage systems and problems associated with PCMs are discussed in the next part of the paper. This will give better understanding of the latent heat storage systems to the reader. KeyWords: Latent heat storage (LHS), Phase change materials (PCM), Thermal conductivity, Thermal cycling.
Recent Advancements in Piping industry and Piping materials.Asheesh Padiyar
A brief overview of the new technologies that are available for piping engineers to know the latest advancements in piping materials . As a chemical engineer, it is essential to know about the various piping systems and technologies associated with it, in order to have a better understanding of their project/ process/ installing/ commissioning of the plants/ refineries.
Effect of different pre-treatment methods on production of reducing sugars fr...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. The efficiency of the fermentation process mainly depends on the amount of reducing sugars which is further enhanced by selecting an efficient pre-treatment process. In the present work Tamarind seeds have been chosen as the substrate. The yield of bioethanol mainly depends on the yield of reducing sugars which is again dependent on the various pre-treatment methods used. So, the proposed work aims to carry out different pre-treatment methods to identify the best pre-treatment method for enhancing the yield of reducing sugars. The tamarind kernel powder will be extracted from tamarind seeds and the extracted tamarind kernel powder is subjected to various pre-treatment methods like acid pre-treatment, alkaline pre-treatment and steam explosion. The amount of reducing sugars obtained, were then determined by di-nitro salicylic acid method. It was found that acid pre-treatment with 0.3N HCl and 0.3N H2SO4 is the best pre-treatment method among the selected pre-treatment methods.
It Depends - Database admin for developers - Rev 20151205Maggie Pint
Do you feel like most interactions with your DBA/IT team result in statement ""It Depends""? Do you wonder what metrics your DBA is evaluating to make assertions about the system? Do you want to know key tips for performance tuning applications? A former DBA turned full-stack web developer will take you through some of the metrics and tools that DBAs use to evaluate performance so that you can more easily communicate with your DBA or troubleshoot your SQL server personally.
On October 4, 2011, Kent issued a report on Books for Africa with a "HOLD" rating.
Nonprofit Investor ("NPI") is a platform for the creation and distribution of free, in-depth research on charity organizations by volunteers.
If you believe there are any inaccuracies or errors in any report, please contact us.
Jedenáctiletá Maruška Joachimová zapisovala od 24. listopadu 1989 do prvních svobodných voleb v červnu 1990 hesla a texty, které rozzářily šedé ulice Prahy a Bratislavy.
Put A Ring On It: Moving Beyond Social EngagementAdrian Parker
How do you measure and monetize the value of your most important relationships? By focusing on the consumer's purchase journey brands can build more effective ROI models for social, mobile and digital campaigns. This presentation shares a recent Intuit case and how they've redefined marketing measurement.
Combined Efficiency Calculation of Bismuth Telluride and Lead Telluride in Th...IJMERJOURNAL
Abstract:- The heat rejected from an internal combustion engine is dumped into the atmosphere as waste heat. If this waste heat energy is tapped and converted into usable energy, the overall efficiency of an engine can be improved. The percentage of energy rejected to the environment through exhaust gas is approximately 30-40%.The thermoelectric generators are used for power generation . Thermoelectric modules which are used in thermoelectric generators are solid state devices that are used to convert thermal energy from a temperature gradient to electrical energy and it works on basic principle of Seebeck effect. The objective of this project is to include fin effect to increase cooling rate , to reduce the temperature by increasing the temperature difference and to use long fin and avoid accumulation of heat in between fins . The TEG system is directly connected to the exhaust pipe and the amount of electricity generated by the thermoelectric material is directly proportional to their heated area . The materials used in TEG are Bi2Te3 - Bismuth Telluride and PbTe - Lead Telluride . Bi2Te3 module TEG is highly efficient in room temperature , but heat withstanding capacity of Bi2Te3 is less than PbTe.The combination of these thermoelectric materials are used for better efficiency . The testing is done for above conditions and experimental results with this setup are performed and presented.
Several measurements were made to study temperature and chemical distribution inside a molten bath in a Tower Type & Reverberatory Type furnace. The furnace was an Aluminium scrap melting furnace and it was equipped with the “TSIT” which is Electromagnetic induction stirring of molten metal. The molten metal used for the experiment was an Al-Si alloy. There were 4 bath thermocouples installed inside the furnace which were used for measuring of the bath temperature in different places and depths of the bath. One more thermocouple measured temperature of the furnace roof. There were 3 different places chosen for taking samples to make chemical analysis. The data from the five thermocouples and the result of the chemical analysis of the 3 samples were compared and analyzed. The results show how the TSIT makes temperature and chemical homogeneity of the entire molten bath in a Reverberatory furnace during different technological operations.
Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier Thermo...ijtsrd
In recent past days, big deal of the automobile industry's RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT Practicing on improving overall efficiency of vehicle. It has brought a major interest in the field of making internal combustion engines highly efficient 1 . In past days, only 25 30 energy is used in the vehicle and rest is exposed to surroundings. The useful energy is used to run the engine as well as generator. So the efficiency of those engine were very less. But the efficiency can be improved by utilizing waste heat that is exhaust of vehicle. One of the best technology that was found to be useful for this purpose were thermoelectric generator. In this, we study and investigated the use of thermoelectric generator for power production 2 . Thermoelectric generator works by imparting exhaust's gas stream on its surface and small D.C. electric current developed due to difference in temperature across heat exchanger that is put in the pathway of exhaust gas i.e. working on seebeck effect principle. An output Voltage of 200mV was generated using a single Bi2Te3 thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of about 40o C which can be used in charging battery, headlight, G.P.S. systems, etc. Such that it can reduce the level of alternator's frictional power that is used to save fuel and also in automotive industry to increase the efficiency of engine 1 . Naveen Kumar | Vaibhav Setia | Sunil Kumar Patel | Satyam Upadhyay, | Saurabh Chauhan, | Prakhar Bajpai ""Analysis of Energy Generation from Exhaust of Automobile using Peltier (Thermoelectric Generator)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22986.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/22986/analysis-of-energy-generation-from-exhaust-of-automobile-using-peltier-thermoelectric-generator/naveen-kumar
Heat Transfer Analysis to Optimize The Water Cooling Scheme For Combustion De...IJERA Editor
Thermal Propulsion system is one kind of propulsion system which is used to drive torpedo. The present study focuses mainly on design of combustion device known to be thrust chamber or thrust cylinder. The chamber and nozzle wall and the injector face plate must be made of metals selected for high strength at elevated temperature coupled with good thermal conductivity, resistance to high temperature oxidation. chemical inertness on the coolant on the coolant side, and suitability for the fabrication method to be employed. In the case of certain monopropellants, the metal must not catalyze the decomposition. Although aluminum and copper alloys have been used successfully for combustion chambers and nozzles, stainless steels and carbon steels are in widest use today.A cooling jacket permits the circulation of a coolant, which, in the case of flight engines is usually one of the propellants. Water is the only coolant recommended. The cooling jacket consists of an inner and outer wall. The combustion chamber forms the inner wall and another concentric but larger cylinder provides the outer wall. The space between the walls serves as the coolant passage. The nozzle throat region usually has the highest heat transfer intensity and is, therefore, the most difficult to cool.
Nowadays humans are facing difficult issues, such as increasing power costs, environmental pollution and global warming.. Scientists are focusing on enhancing energy-harvesting power generators in an effort to lessen their effects. Through the Seebeck effect, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have proven they are capable of converting thermal energy directly into electric power. Thermoelectric systems have arisen during the past ten years as a possible alternative to existing green energy generation technologies because of the distinctive advantages they provide.
Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Thermochemical Vacuum-Processes and SystemsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
The energy optimization of thermoprocessing equipment is of great ecological and economical importance. Thermoprocessing equipment consumes up to 40% of the energy used in industrial applications in Germany. Therefore it is necessary to increase the energy efficiency of thermoprocessing equipment in order to meet the EU’s targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In order to exploit the potential for energy savings, it is essential to analyze and optimize processes and plants as well as operating methods of electrically heated vacuum plants used in large scale production.
Testing and Validation of Thermoelectric CoolersIJERA Editor
The first Air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases such as Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFC’s), Hydro Chloro Fluorocarbons (HCFC’s), Hydro Fluoro Carbons (HFC’s) and ammonia that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked into the atmosphere. In an automobile, the AC system increases fuel consumption of the vehicle, which uses around 4HP (i.e. 3 kW) of the engine's power. Most refrigerants used for AC system contribute to global warming, and may also destroy the ozone layer. CFC’s, HCFC’s, and HFC’s are poisonous greenhouse gases when they are leaked to the atmosphere and 100 gm of HFC’s destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. In recent years, demand for small size active cooling equipment has increased which includes TEC and water cooled heat sink. While on the other hand the passive cooling system includes heat sink and fan which is not effective enough to cope with task of cooling various electronic components. The active cooling system using TEC can be used where precise control of temperature is required. The energy conversion process which is carried out by active cooling system to absorb the heat from the surface to be cooled and reject that heat to the surrounding. Our project objective is testing and validation of TEC1-12706 and evaluating its capacity, limitations and performance to be used to produce cooling effect in R&AC system. Authors are presenting performance curve enabling the user to design the optimum number of thermoelectric module (TEM) for any required cooling system. In order to find out the capacity of single TEC we have made a prototype in which the existing refrigerants are replaced by newly emerging TEC which works on Peltier effect in AC system. TEC can be used as a generator to generate electricity by applying reverse engineering.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Reduction of cold start emissions in automotive catalytic converter using thermal energy storage system
1. Available online www.jocpr.com
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016, 8(8):1121-1125
Research Article
ISSN : 0975-7384
CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5
1121
Reduction of cold start emissions in automotivecatalytic converter using
thermal energy storage system
Asheesh Padiyar*
, Vikram, K. Prateek Kumar, Anupama V. Joshi and Jagadish H. Patil
Department of Chemical Engineering, R. V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
ABSTRACT
Catalytic converters are used to convert harmful exhaust gases like CO, NOx andunburnt hydrocarbons released by
internal combustion engine of automobiles into less harmful gases like CO2, H2O and N2. During the start-up of
engine run, catalytic converters suffer cold start problems as the catalyst does not remain active in cold conditions.
This results in emission of unconverted harmful gases into the atmosphere. This work attempts to eliminate cold
start problems using a heat storage system to keep the catalytic converter hot even under engine off conditions. A
eutectic alloy of Mg-Zn-Al is used as the Phase Change Material (PCM) to store the heat around the catalyst. This
alloy has high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, suitable melting point and high thermal stability. Mg-Zn-Al
eutectic alloy changes its state between liquid and solid on application and removal of heat. Thus this phase change
material acts as a heat storage mechanism in the catalytic converter. Catalytic converter design also involves
Rockwool insulation in order to aid longer heat storage. This thermal energy storage system as a combination of
PCM and insulation, keeps the catalytic converter hot for several hours even after the engine is shut off.
Keywords: Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy, Rockwool insulation, Thermalenergy storage (TES)
INTRODUCTION
Over the years, catalytic converters are proved to be the essential component of automobiles for converting the
harmful exhaust gases coming out of the internal combustion engine into less harmful gases. Harmful gases that are
present in the exhaust of the internal combustion engine are typically unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, etc. Catalytic converters use oxidizing and reducing catalysts to convert the harmful gases. While
most of the catalytic converters rely upon the noble metals for the catalytic activity, other kinds of catalysts,
including transition metal oxides can also be used to carry out the conversion in catalytic converters.
Along with the catalyst, several other components can also be incorporated to improve the performance of the
catalytic converter. Components incorporated can aid the performance of catalytic converter either by storing the
heat in the catalytic converter or by improving the oxygen storage capacity in the catalytic converter, or by any other
means.
Cold start emission has been one of the main problems in the catalytic converter. Every time the engine is started
after being shut down for a long period, the catalytic converter remains in cold condition for the initial period of
engine run, making the catalyst in the converter to render ineffective for the conversion. During this period, engine
emits high amount ofpollutantsmainly the unburnt hydrocarbons which pass through the catalytic converter without
being converted because of the inactivity of the catalyst at low temperatures.
2. Asheesh Padiyar et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2016, 8(8):1121-1125
______________________________________________________________________________
1122
In this paper, Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system is used to store the heat in the catalytic converter and thereby
reduce the cold start emission problems in catalytic converter.
The TES system includes PCM and thermal insulation. PCMs are the materials which undergo phase change and
hence stores the heat both in terms of latent heat and sensible heat. When PCM is heated beyond its melting point, it
stores an extra amount of heat in terms of latent heat. So when it is cooling down, it has to give out latent heat as
well along with sensible heat, hence it cools slower. PCMs which undergo phase transition between solid and liquid
are of interest in catalytic converter as it can store more amount of heat and keep the catalytic converter hot for
longer time. PCM used in this paper is Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy. When the alloy is formed by mixing the
components of alloy in a proportion in Table 1. The characteristics of Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloywhich it shows the
lowest melting temperature over all of the mixing ratios for the involved components species, such an alloy is
known as eutectic alloy. Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy is more suitable for this operation because of its physical
properties. E. Risuenoet al1
studied the physical characteristics of Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy, which is described in
Table 1. It has high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat capacity and high thermal stability. It has a melting point
of 3400
C which is more suitable as it keeps the catalyst active for the catalytic conversion. Thermal insulation is
used to prevent the heat loss from the PCM. In this work, Rockwool insulation is used along with Mg-Zn-Al eutectic
alloy to aid in storing the heat. By using the TES system in
the catalytic converter it is possible to store the heat during the period of engine run and keep the catalytic converter
hot during the engine-off period and hence reducing the cold start emission problems in catalytic converter.
Table 1. The characteristics of Mg-Zn-Aleutectic alloy
Melting Point
(K)
Latent heat of fusion
(1o3
J/Kg)
Specific heat capacity
(J/Kg/K)
Thermal Conductivity
(W/mK)
Density
(Kg/m3
)
Temperature 298 573 373 573 673 298
Mg70Zn24.9Al5.1 613 157 690 830 47 59 38 2820
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
The eutectic alloy was prepared for a particular composition by using a vacuum furnace. The obtained alloy was
then placed in the prepared apparatus to carry out the test.
Preparation of Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy:
250g of Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy was prepared as shown in Figure 2 by mixing the elements Mg, Zn, and Al in the
proportion of 70, 24.9, and 5.1 respectively. The elements were taken in a steel vessel and mixed properly. It was
kept in the vacuum furnace shown in Figure 1, and the temperature inside the furnace was raised to 450o
C and kept
for 10 hours. Then, the furnace was allowed to cool in the vacuum conditions. The heating and cooling cycle was
carried for two moretimes.
(a) (b)
Figure 1: (a) Vacuum furnace, (b) Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy
3. Asheesh Padiyar et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2016, 8(8):1121-1125
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Apparatus used for the testing of the PCM
Two concentric tubes of diameter 32mm and 44mm, both having the length of 14cm were taken and were welded by
keeping the smaller tube in the larger tube and the annulus was produced between the tubes. 250g. of
Mg70Zn24.9Al5.1 alloy was filled in the annular region and both sides of the annulus were closed. This assembly of
tubes and ceramic material is heated to 6000
C in the muffle furnace and kept at 6000
C for one hour and removed
from the furnace. Rockwool insulation of 20mm thickness is provided around the larger tube. Honeycomb like
ceramic cordierite (which is widely used as the substrate on which catalyst is coated) were made into the small
cylinders and kept inside the smaller tube. Temperature of ceramic that is kept inside the tube is measured using IR
thermometer gun at periodic time intervals.
(a) (b)
Figure 2: a) Two set of concentric tubes with ceramic cordierite substrate inside, (b) Rockwool insulation
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
When the TES system is incorporated in the catalytic converter, during the period of engine run the temperature of
catalytic converter increases. As the temperature of Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy reaches 3400
C, further heat supply is
used for the phase change from solid to liquid. And hence whenever the catalytic converter is heated to more than
3400
C, additional amount of heat which is equivalent to latent heat of fusion of the eutectic alloy is stored in the
catalytic converter. Experiments shown that as the cylindrical ceramic substrates were placed in the heatedtubes, the
temperature of the ceramic was raised from the room temperature to around 2500
C and the temperature reduced
slowly thereafter. Temperature of the ceramic remained more than 2000
C for around three and half hours.
Experiments proved the working of Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy. However the conditions will be different in the actual
catalytic converter. In the actual catalytic converter the substrate material (like ceramic cordierite) is heated along
with the rest of the catalytic converter assembly. Hence, the actual catalytic converter remains at higher temperature
for longer period of time. Figure 4 shows the CATIA model of catalytic converter
4. Asheesh Padiyar et al J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2016, 8(8):1121-1125
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Figure 3: Temperature v/s time curve for the ceramic cordierite substrate kept inside the tube
Figure 4: Model of the proposed catalytic converter
CONCLUSION
Over the years, catalytic converters are improving in every possible aspect of operation for the better conversion of
harmful exhaust gases from the automobiles. The TES system is one of the possible means of improving the
performance of catalytic converter by storing the heat and in turn aiding the performance of the catalyst. The
characteristics of Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy are best suitable for catalytic converter operation and Rockwool
insulation also play a vital role in improving the performance of the catalytic converter.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Lakshmi Vacuum Technologies Pvt. Ltd for providing the vacuum furnace to prepare the
Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy.
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