Biochips were invented 9 years ago and can be used to assemble DNA molecules on a chip or perform thousands of biological reactions in seconds. Researchers are working to integrate biochips with the human body by implanting them under the skin to monitor health metrics like blood glucose or oxygen levels. However, implantable biochips raise significant privacy and ethical concerns if they are used to track or control individuals without their consent.

1. By
ABSTRACT
Biochips were invented 9 years
ago by gene scientist Stephen
Fodor. In a flash of light he
saw that photolithography, the
process used to etch semi
conductor circuits in to silicon
could also be used to assemble
particular DNA molecules on a
chip.
The human body is the next
biggest target of chip makers.
medical researchers have
been working since a long
period to integrate humans
body and chips. In no time
or at maximum within a
short period of time
Biochips can get implanted
into the body of humans . So
integration of humans and
chips is achieved this way.
Money and research has
already gone into this area
of technology .Anyway such
implants are already being
experimented with animals .
A simple chip is being is
being implanted into tens of
thousands of animals
especially pets.
A biochip is a collection
of miniaturized test sites
(microarrays) Arranged on a
solid substrate that permits
many tests to be performed
At the same time in order
to achieve higher
throughput and
speed.Typically a biochips
surface is no larger than a
finger nail. Like A
computer chip that can
perform millions of
mathematical operations In
one second, a biochip can
perform thousands of
biological reaction Such as
decoding genes, in a few
seconds .

2. A genetic biochip is
designed to “freeze” into
place the structures of many
short strands of DNA, the
basic chemical instruction
that determines the
characteristics of an
organism. Effectively, it is
used as a kind of “ test
tube “ for real chemical
samples. A specially
designed microscope can
determine where the sample
hybridized with DNA strands
in the biochip
“A biochip implant could be
used in a variety of human
applications… A number
could be assigned at birth
and follow that person
throughout life. It would be
implanted on the back of the
right or left hand so that it
would be easy to scan at
stores. The biochip implant
could also be used as a
universal type of
identification card”.
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. IN WHAT WAY
THEY WORK
• GETTING
UNDER THE
SKIN
• THE S4MS CHIP
3. BIOCHIPS USED TO
DETECT AND
MONITOR DISEASES
• CHIPS THAT
FOLLOW FOOT
STEPS
• OXY SENSORS
• BRAIN SURGERY
WITH AN ON AND
OFF SWITCH
• ADDING SOUND
TO LIFE
• EXPERIMENT
WITH LOST
SIGHT
4. BIOCHIPS RAISE
CRITICAL
ISSUES OF PERSONAL
PRIVACY
5. IMPLANTABLE
BIOCHIPS THE END OF
HUMAN

3. FREEEDOM AND DIGNITY
6. ADVANTAGES
7. DISADVANTAGES
8. REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCT
ION
A biochip is a collection
of miniaturized test sites
(microarrays) Arranged on a
solid substrate that permits
many tests to be performed
At the same time in order
to achieve higher
throughput and speed.
Typically a biochips surface
is no larger than a finger nail.
Like A computer chip that
can perform millions of
mathematical operations In
one second, a biochip can
perform thousands of
biological reaction Such as
decoding genes, in a few
seconds .
A genetic biochip is
designed to “freeze” into
place the structures of many
short strands of DNA, the
basic chemical instruction
that determines the
characteristics of an
organism. Effectively, it is
used as a kind of “ test
tube “ for real chemical
samples. A specially
designed microscope can
determine where the sample
hybridized with DNA strands
in the biochip.
2. IN WHAT WAY
THEY WORK
The chips are of the size of
an uncooked grain of rice
small enough to be injected
under the skin using a
syringe needle . They
respond to a signal from the
detector , held just a few
feet away by transmitting an

4. identification number . This
number is then compared
with a database listing of
registered pets .
a) Getting under
the skin
Hausdorffs chips are external,
but another chip currently
under development will be
injected under skin. The chips
will allow diabetics to monitor
the level of sugar glucose in
their blood . Diabetics
currently use a skin prick
and a handheld blood test
and then medicate
themselves with insulin ,
depending on the result .
The system is simple and
works well , but drawing
blood each time is pain full
so patients do not test
themselves as often as it is
needed .
b) The S4MS Chip
The new s4ms chip will get
underneath the skin sense
the glucose level and send
the result back by radio
frequency communication. A
light emitting diode starts of
the detection process. The
light that it produces hits a
fluorescent chemical : one
that absorbs incoming light
and re emits it at a longer
wavelength . The longer
wavelength of light is then
detected , and the result is
sent to a
control panel outside the
body . Glucose is detected,
because the sugar reduces the
amount of light that the
florescent chemical re emits.

5. The more glucose there is the
less light that is detected.
3.BIOCHIPS
USED TO
DETECT AND
MONITOR
DISEASES
a) Chips that
follow foot steps
The civil debate over
biochips has obscured their
more ethically benign and
medically useful
applications . Jeffery of the
Beth Israel deaconess
medical center in Boston has
used the type of pressure
sensitive resistors found in
the buttons of a microwave
oven as stride timers .He
places one sensor in the
heel of a shoe and other in
the ankle and adds a
computer to the ankle to
calculate the duration of
each stride(step).
Young healthy people can
regulate the duration of each
step very accurately , but
elderly patients prone to
frequent falls have extremely
variable stride times . by
using this information
doctors can change their
medication and ask them to
do exercises . Jeffery is also
is also using the system to
determine the success of
treatment of congestive heart
failure . By monitoring the
number of strides that a
person takes , he can
directly measure the patients
activity level , by passing
the often flawed estimate
made by patient .
b) Oxy sensors
The working model of an
oxygen sensor uses the same
layout. With its current
circuitry it is about the size of
a large shirt button, but the
final silicon wafer will be less
than a millimeter square. The
oxygen sensor will be useful
not only to monitor breathing
in the intensive care units, but
also to check that packages of
food or containers of semi
conductors stored under
nitrogen gas remain air tight.
Another version of an oxygen
sensing chip currently under
development sends like pulses

6. out into the body. The light is
absorbed to varying extends,
depending on how much
oxygen is being carried in the
blood, and this chip detects the
light that is left. The rushes of
blood pumped by the heart or
also detected, so the same chip
is pulse monitor. The numbers
of companies already make
large scale versions of such
detectors.
This oxygen chip is perhaps
about two years away, but the
dimensions of another
temperature – sensing chip has
been reduced to 3mm per side.
The transition of certain semi
conductors to their conducting
state is inherently sensitive to
temperature, so designing the
sensor was simple enough.
With some miniature radio
frequency transmitters, and
foam rubber earplugs to hold
the chip in place, the device is
complete.
c)Brain Surgery
with an on off
switch
Sensing and measuring is one
thing, but can we switch the
body on and off? Heart pace
makers use the crude
approach: large jolts of
electricity to synchronize the
pumping of the heart. The
electric pulses of the Active
implant, made by US – based
Medtronic’s or directed not at
the heart but the brain, they
turn off brain signals that
cause the uncontrolled
movements, or tremors,
associated with diseases such
as Parkinson’s.
Drug therapy for Parkinson’s
disease aims to replace the
brain messenger, dopamine,
and the product of the brain
cells that are dying. But
eventually that drugs affects
wear off, and the erratic
movements come charging
back.
The active implant, cleared for
use in the US in AUG, 1997 is
a new alternative that users
high frequency electrical
pulses to reversibly shut off
the thalamus. The
implementation surgery is far

7. less traumatic than
thalamotony
And if there are any post
operative problems the
stimulator can simply be
turned off. The implant
primarily interferes with
aberrant brain functioning.
d) Adding Sound to
Life
The most ambitious bio
engineers are today trying to
add back brain functions,
restoring sight and sound
where there was darkness and
silence.
The success story in this field
is the cochlear implant. Most
hearing aids are
Glorified amplifiers, but the
cochlear implant is for patients
who have lost the hair cells
that detect sound waves. For
these individuals no amount of
amplification is enough.
e) Experiments
with lost sight
With the ear at least partially
conquered, the next logical
target is the eye. Several
groups are working on
implantable chips that mimic
the action of photo receptors,
the light sensing cells at the
back of the eye. Photo
receptors are lost in retinitis
pigments, a genetic disease,
and in age related macular
degeneration, the most
common cause of lost sight in
the developed world. Joseph
Rizzo of the Massachusetts eye
and ear infirmary, and john
Wyatt of the Massachusetts
institute of technology have
made a twenty electrode, 1mm
square chip, and implanted it at
the back of rabbit’s eyes.
The original chip, the
thickness of human hair, put
too much stress on the eyes the
new version is ten times
thinner. The final set up will
include a fancy camera
mounted on a pair of glasses.
The camera will detect and
encode the scene, then send it
in to the eye as a laser pulse,
with the laser also providing
the energy to drive the chip.
Rizzo has confirmed that his
tiny array of light receivers
(photo diodes) can generate

8. enough electricity to run the
chip. He has also found that
the amount of electricity
needed to fire a nerve cell into
action is about hundred fold
lower in the eye than in the
ear, so the currents can be
smaller, and the electrodes
more closely spaced.
For now, the power supply
comes from a wire inserted
directly into the eye and, using
this device, Rizzo has detected
signals reaching the brain.
Eugene de Juan of Johns
Hopkins Wilmer eye Institute
is trying to answer that
question by using human
subjects. His electrodes,
inserted directly in to the eye,
are large and some what
crude .But his results have
been startling. Completely
blind patients have seen well
defined flashes, which change
in position and brightness as
De Juan changes the position
of the electrode for the amount
of current.
In his most recent experiments,
patients have identified simple
shapes out lined by multiple
electrodes. With as little as an
8x8 array, de Juan believes he
could approximate character
recognition, and a 25x25 array
might give a crude image.
The big money in eye implant
is in Germany, where the
government has pledged
millions of US$. One is similar
to the US projects in which
chips are implanted on the
surface of the retina, the
structure at the back of the eye.
The other project is putting its
implants at the back of the
retina where the photo
receptors are normally found.
These “sub retinal” chips may
block the transport of oxygen
and food to the overlying
nerve cells, so Everhart
Zrenner of the university of
Tubinger of Germany is
developing ‘chain mail’
electrode arrays, with plenty of
holes for the delivery of
supplies.
4.BIOCHIPS
RAISE CRITICAL
ISSUES OF
PERSONAL
PRIVACY

9. DNA microchips will soon be
able to reveal to anyone an
accurate profile of your
personality and potential. In
the new millennium there is a
chance of loss of individual
privacy, not in the sense of
listening through key holes or
reading my e-mail. Everyone’s
mind has much more personal
things. What everyone fears to
lose in the coming decade is
their private sense of self, that
unique collection of foibles
and strengths that make them a
particular person. Before this
decade ends, a simple sample
of anyone’s blood, tested with
a biochip, will quickly and
cheaply yield a computer
characterization of his genes, a
summary that can reveal to any
stranger the secrets of his
innermost self.
5.IMPLANTABLE
BIOCHIPS END
OF HUMAN
FREEDOM AND
DIGNITY
Will every American citizen
soon be forced to receive a
programmable biochip implant
in their bodies? Will the
biochip implant make possible
the surveillance and tracking
of people by ground sensors
and satellites in the sky, linked
together with a massive, super
computer system?
Texe Marrs documents that the
United States government is
working on such a system at
this very moment. By the year
2000 it will be fully
implemented. Many animals
and some human beings are
already having Biochips
implanted. Almost all of the
people with implants are
unsuspecting victims.
Biochips were surgically
inserted in their arms, hands,
foreheads, ears, brains, or
buttocks without their
knowledge.
But U.S. and foreign
intelligence agencies are
taking this technology one
giant step further. They fully
intend to use Implantable
Biochips to turn every man,
woman, and child into a

10. controlled slave. Through
cybernetic, biochip brain
implants, people will think and
act exactly as pre-
programmed. What a
tremendous bonanza for the
coming Antichrist! Inject the
chip into a man or woman’s
brain and he or she instantly
becomes a living vegetable and
a subservient, New World
Order Slave!
Implantable Biochips and The
End of Human Freedom and
Dignity, exposes the
government plot to wield this
invasive, life destroying
technology. Texe Marrs
quotes an executive officer of
the World Future Society
(27,000 influential members)
as saying: “A biochip implant
could be used in a variety of
human applications… A
number could be assigned at
birth and follow that person
throughout life. It would be
implanted on the back of the
right or left hand so that it
would be easy to scan at
stores. The biochip implant
could also be used as a
universal type of identification
card”.
Science News, an authoritative
scientific journal, reports that,
“New electronic techniques
have been developed to
eavesdrop on the brain. The
technique allows outsiders to
influence the person’s brain
cell conversations and to talk
directly with the individual’s
brain neurons”.
The Wall Street Journal says
that a U.S. Naval research
laboratory, funded by
intelligence agencies, is now
able to unite living brain cells
with microchips; some
authorities fear that the
Defense Departments intend to
produce an “army killer
zombies!” One army expert
alarmingly calls the new
biochip implant a
“Frankenstein type weapon”.
.
6.ADVANTAGES
OF BIOCHIPS
1. To rescue the sick

11. 2. To find lost people.
3. To locate downed children
and wandering Alzheimer’s
patients.
4. To identify person
uniquely.
5. They can perform
thousands of biological
reactions operations in few
seconds.
6. In monitoring health
condition of individuals in
which they are specifically
employed.
7. They can perform
thousands of biochemical
reactions simultaneously.
7.DISADVANTAG
ES
1.They raise critical issues of
personal
privacy.
2. They mark the end of
human freedom and dignity.
3. They may not be supported
by large % of people.
4. There is a danger of turning
every man, women, and child
into a controlled slave.
5. Through cybernetic biochip
implants people will think
and act as exactly pre-
programmed.
6. They can be implanted into
one’s body without their
knowledge.
FUTURE
TRACKING
If people feel that they
lose their privacy because
of Biochips, they may
resist use of it. But if
they feel that it could
help in a lot of ways like
detecting, monitoring and
curing of diseases they
can use them intensively.
So it is users of chip who
determine its future
8.REFERENCES:
IT MAGAZINE
WHATIS.TECHTARGET
.COM
WWW.TEXEMARS.COM

12. WWW.HOSPPRACT.CO
M
WWW.ANL.GOV
WWW.TECHWAY.WAS
HTECH.COM