Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
molecular adaptations to psychrophily: insights into omic methodsKumar Purushotam
Habitats for the cold-adapted microorganisms represent a large proportion of the Earth’s area. Much of the oceans, which cover about 70% of Earth’s surface, are at an average temperature of -1 to +5 oC. Various mechanisms of adaptations to cold include cell membrane fluidity, genome plasticity,synthesis of cold shock proteins,and compatible solute accumulation. But these mechanisms of adaptations are not universal because of different ecological groups of psychrophiles and their niches. Recent progress in psychrophilic genomics, metagenomics, proteomics have helped a lot in understanding these adaptive mechanisms.Metagenomic and proteomic analyses have suggested that the cold-adapted enzymes have decreased internal hydrophobicity,H-bonding,proline content but increased surface unpaired charged residues. The genome sequence analysis of Colwellia psychrerthraea 34H has revealed different mechanisms, even for carbon and nutrient cycling. The comparative genome analysis suggested that psychrophilic life style is due to changes in overall genome and aminoacid composition, but, not by a unique set of genes.Cold induced proteins (CIPs) prevent formation of secondary mRNA structures during transcription/ translation coupling phases. Cold adapted enzymes have large conformational flexibility so as to increase KCat.Cold active gene products have a variety of applications in molecular biology,foods,cosmetics,and textiles.
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
The term Chloroplast was first described by Nehemiah Grew and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
“Chloro” means green while“ Plast” means living.
Chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplast imparts the green colour to plants.
Chloroplasts are present in plants and other eukaryotic organisms that conducts photosynthesis
Responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria.
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria, and they perform several critical tasks in addition to the generation of ATP.
Chloroplasts synthesize amino acids, fatty acids, and the lipid components of their own membranes.
The reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (NH3), an essential step in the incorporation of nitrogen into organic compounds, also occurs in chloroplasts.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)Jamil Ahmad
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
molecular adaptations to psychrophily: insights into omic methodsKumar Purushotam
Habitats for the cold-adapted microorganisms represent a large proportion of the Earth’s area. Much of the oceans, which cover about 70% of Earth’s surface, are at an average temperature of -1 to +5 oC. Various mechanisms of adaptations to cold include cell membrane fluidity, genome plasticity,synthesis of cold shock proteins,and compatible solute accumulation. But these mechanisms of adaptations are not universal because of different ecological groups of psychrophiles and their niches. Recent progress in psychrophilic genomics, metagenomics, proteomics have helped a lot in understanding these adaptive mechanisms.Metagenomic and proteomic analyses have suggested that the cold-adapted enzymes have decreased internal hydrophobicity,H-bonding,proline content but increased surface unpaired charged residues. The genome sequence analysis of Colwellia psychrerthraea 34H has revealed different mechanisms, even for carbon and nutrient cycling. The comparative genome analysis suggested that psychrophilic life style is due to changes in overall genome and aminoacid composition, but, not by a unique set of genes.Cold induced proteins (CIPs) prevent formation of secondary mRNA structures during transcription/ translation coupling phases. Cold adapted enzymes have large conformational flexibility so as to increase KCat.Cold active gene products have a variety of applications in molecular biology,foods,cosmetics,and textiles.
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
This presentation is made for the students of B.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology. The presentation includes the details about archaea and the characteristics of archaea bacteria
The term Chloroplast was first described by Nehemiah Grew and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
“Chloro” means green while“ Plast” means living.
Chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplast imparts the green colour to plants.
Chloroplasts are present in plants and other eukaryotic organisms that conducts photosynthesis
Responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria.
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria, and they perform several critical tasks in addition to the generation of ATP.
Chloroplasts synthesize amino acids, fatty acids, and the lipid components of their own membranes.
The reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (NH3), an essential step in the incorporation of nitrogen into organic compounds, also occurs in chloroplasts.
this presentation is related to the growth of microorganisms and the different stage by which they grow .different culture medium are also explaned in which the microbes can easily grow in in-vitro conditions.
The physical factors affects the growth of microorganism.
1) Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor that influences the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions and rate of growth.
For every organisms there is an optimum temperature for growth and minimum temperature for inhibiting the growth.
Most extreme the microbes need liquid water to grow.(330C).
some algae and fungi grow at 55-60 degreeC.
Prokaryotes are grow at 100 degreeC.
Based on temperature the microorganisms are classified into two 4.
regeneration
Proliferative Capacities of Tissues
Stem Cells
REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Angiogenesis
Migration of Fibroblasts and ECM Deposition (Scar Formation)
PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF REPAIR
What is wound healing?
Classification of Wounds
Classification of Wounds Closure
Risk Factors for Surgical Wound Infections
Antibiotic Use
Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids
25.1Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
25.2Triacylglycerol Storage and Mobilization
25.3 Glycerol Metabolism
25.4 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
25.5 ATP Production from Fatty Acid Oxidation
25.6 Ketone Bodies
25.7 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids: Lipogenesis
25.8 Relationship Between Lipogenesis and Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates
25.9 Fate of Fatty-Acid Generated Acetyl CoA
25.10 Relationships Between Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
25.11B Vitamins and Lipid Metabolism
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
10. Temperature
-microorganisms can grow over a broad range of temperature
*Growth rate – the number of of cell divisions per hour at the most
favorable temperatures
*Optimum growth temperature- the temperature at which a species
of microorganism grows most rapidly
Microorganisms may be divided into three groups on the basis of T in
which they grow best:
1. Psychrophiles- cold-loving microbes
- growth range of 0 to 20o C
- grow best at 15 to 20oC
- at ref T of 4 to 10oC, psychrophilic microbes
spoil food stored for prolonged periods
- bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa found in
colder waters and soils such as the oceans and
the polar regions.
11. -most marine microorganisms belong to this group
- among the bacteria, many psychrophiles are members
of the genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium and
Alcaligenes
2. Mesophiles – moderate-temperature loving microbes
- the largest group
- most microbes are mesophiles
- growing best within a T range of 25 to 40oC
- grow in the lower part of the mesophilic range
(saprophytic bacteria, fungi, algae, & protozoa)
- grow in the upper part of the range (parasitic
microorganisms of humans and animals)
- those that are pathogenic for humans grow best
at about body T which is 37oC. (The elevated T of
a fever may inhibit the growth of some pathogens)
3. Thermophiles- heat-loving microbes
- grow at T from about 40 to 85oC
- they grow best between 50 and 60oC
12. -these microbes maybe found in volcanic areas, compost
heaps and hot springs
-most thermophilic microbes are procaryotes; no eucaryo-
tic cells are known to grow at T greater than 60oC
-several factors enable thermophiles like Bacillus
stearothermophilus to grow at elevated T:
1. their enzymes are produced more rapidly than the
enzymes of mesophiles so that those damaged by
high Ts are quickly replaced.
eg. Archaebacteria which able to grow above
boiling point of water:
Pyrodictium occultum –grow at 110oC
Pyrococcus woesi -104.8oC
Thermococcus celer- 103oC (these microorganisms
have been isolated from sediments near vents on
the ocean floor that spew forth superheated water)
2. ribosomes, membranes and various enzymes in ther-
mophiles fxn better at high T than at lower T.
13. The yellow coloring in the water at the Midway Geyser Basin in Yellowstone
National Park is caused by archaebacteria. Archaebacteria are known to survive
at extremely high temperatures like those produced from a geyser.
14.
15.
16. Gaseous Atmosphere
- some gases are used in cellular metabolism; others are may
have to be excluded from a culture because they are toxic to the cells.
-carbon dioxide and oxygen are the two principal gases that
affect the growth of microbial cells.
-on the basis of their response to gaseous oxygen, microorganisms
are divided into four physiological groups:
a. Aerobes
b. Facultative microorganisms
c. anaerobes
d.microaerophiles
Aerobic microorganisms
- microbes that normally require oxygen for growth
- can grow in a standard air atmosphere of 21% oxygen
- filamentous molds and the bacterial genera Mycobacterium and
Legionella are examples of aerobic microbes
-aerobes acquire more energy frm available nutrients than do
microbes that do not use oxygen
17.
18. - Some aerobes may grow more slowly when O2 is limited so
care must be taken to provide adequate supply of this gas
(rarely a problem for microbes growing on the surface of a
solid medium but in a liquid medium, they rapidly use the O2
dissolved in the surface layer of medium.
To avoid this problem: liquid cultures of aerobic microbes are
sometime agitated on a mechanical shaker to increase the
supply of dissolved O2 and produce a larger cell crop within
a shorter incubation time.
Carbon dioxide
- some cells have specific needs in terms of CO2
-aerobic mammalian cells are best cultivated in an incubator
with a humid atmosphere and a continuous supply of 5% CO2
-some groups of microbes require elevated levels of CO2
eg. Neisseria gonorrhoeae –bacterium that causes
gonorrhea
- grows best in an 5 to 10% CO2
enriched atmosphere
19. Candle jar – an apparatus which is a special incubator that can supply
this atmosphere
How?: 1. after inoculated media are placed inside the jar
2. a candle is lit in the jar
3. lid is tightly closed
4. candle burns until there is no enough O2 to maintain
combustion(the jar atmosphere then contains
a reduced amount of free oxygen (about 17%
oxygen) and an increased carbon dioxide concn
(about 3.5%))
Facultative Microorganisms
- those that grow in an air atmosphere and can also grow
anaerobically
-they do not require O2 for growth, thou they may use it for
energy-yielding chemical reactions
-under anaerobic conditions, they obtain energy by metabolic
process called fermentation
20. -Members of the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae, such as
Escherichia coli are facultative.
-many yeasts are facultative (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the
common baker’s yeast)
Anaerobic microorganisms
-microbes that may be poisoned by O2
-can’t grow in an air atmosphere
- do not use oxygen for energy-yielding chemical reactions
- some anaerobes can tolerate low concn of O2 but strict
anaerobes are killed by brief exposure to the gas
-there is a wide range of O2 tolerance among anaerobes:
a. Highly oxygen-tolerant – Clostridium perfringens
b. Moderately tolerant – Clostridium tetani
c. Strict anaerobes – Methanobacterium and
Methanospirillum
21. -the toxicity of oxygen for strict anaerobes is due to certain molecules
produced during reactions involving oxygen. It produces superoxide
radicals (toxic and may cause damage to cells) which gives rise to hydro-
gen peroxide as an endproduct of superoxide breakdown by superoxide
dismutase (aerobically respiring cells are believed to survive only bec
they possess this enzyme which scavenges the superoxide radical).
*most obligate anaerobes lack superoxide dismutase thus cannot
tolerate the presence of free O2.
(1) O2- + O2- + 2H+ H2O2 + O2
(hydrogen peroxide)
(2) 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 (aerobic bacteria can dissipate this
by catalase or peroxidase but most
obligate anaerobes as well as aero-
tolerant lactic acid bacteria are un-
able to synthesize catalase)
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. Microaerophilic microorganisms
-like aerobes can use O2 for energy-yielding process
-unlike aerobes, can’t withstand the level of oxygen (21%)
present in an air atmosphere
-they usually grow best at oxygen levels bet 1 and 15%
- eg. Campylobacter jejuni (a bacterium that often causse diarrhea
in humans)
-requires low levels of oxygen when isolated from fecal
samples.
34. pH
- most pathogens grow best at neutral pH (pH 7) or
one that is slightly more alkaline (pH 7.4)
- pH minimum is about 4 with pH maximum for
growth is ph 11
- some species of Bacillus can grow at pH11 while
others are highly tolerant of acidic conditions.
- Thiobacillus species can grow at pH values as low as
0.5 (found in acidic drainage water from mines where
sulfur and iron present)
35. -food spoilage bacteria can’t grow at pH values of 3 to 4.
-molds and yeasts have a broader pH range than do bacteria
(their optimum pH for growth is about pH 5 to 6 (lower than
bacteria))
-optimal pH for growth of protozoa is generally bet 6.7 to
7.7
-algae (from pH 4 to 8.5 for optimal growth)
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. Reproduction in Procaryotic Microorganisms
-most bacteria multiply by asexual production which does not
involve sex cells (gametes)
- in most unicellular procaryotes, the mode of asexual reprodn is
transverse binary fission
-single cell divides into two daughter cells of approximately
equal size
-daughter cells may separate completely but in some
species they remain attached to form characteristic
pairs, clusters or chains
42.
43. Bacterial multiplication by transverse binary fission
Parent cell
Cell elongation
Invagination of cell wall (septum) and
distribution of nuclear material
Formation of transverse cell wall (septum) and organized distribution of cellular
material into two cells
Separation into two identical daughter cells each capable of repeating this process
48. Growth of a Bacterial Culture
- follows an exponential or logarithmic increase in bacterial
numbers
1 2 4 8 16 32 ...
This increase may be expressed as a geometric progression:
1 21 22 23 24 ... . 2n
where n = refers to number of generations
Generation time = time interval required for each microbe to divide or
for the population in a culture to double.
- not all species have the same generation time
eg.E. coli – 12.5 min (generation time in a rich medium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (13 to 15 hr)
49.
50.
51. Mathematical Expressions of Growth
N = 1 x 2n where N is the total, final population
Balanced growth – the exponential growth of a microbial culture
Phases of Growth
52. Growth Phase Growth Rate Characteristics
Lag Zero No increase in cell no.
Individual cells, increase in
size. Cells physiologically
active and synthesizing new
Enzymes to adapt to new
environment.
Exponential or Log Maximal and constant Condition of balanced
growth. Cells, most nearly
uniform in terms of
chemical composition and
metabolic and physiological
activities. Peak time of
physiological activity and
efficiency
Stationary Zero Accumulation of toxic
metabolic products and/or
exhaustion nutrients. Some
cells die while others grow
and divide.Number of viable
cells level off.
Table 5. Characteristics of Growth of a Unicellular Microbial Culture in each Phase of the Typical Growth
Curve
53. Death Negative Further accumulation of
inhibitory metabolic
products and depletion of
nutrients. Death rate
accelerates. Number of
viable cells decreases
exponentially. Depending
on species, a very few living
cells may persist into the
tail of the curve, forming
what may be called a
senescent phase. Typically
all cells normally die within
days to month
54.
55.
56.
57.
58. Synchronous Culture
-cells divide at the same time or synchronously
- a population can be synchronized by changing the physical
environment or the chemical composition of the medium
Continuous culture
-cultivation system which ensure continued new growth,
the culture volume and the cell concentration are both kept
constant by adding fresh, sterile medium at the same rate that used
cell containing medium is removed
-under these conditions, the rate at which new cells are
Produced in the culture vessel is balanced by the rate at which cells
Are being removed as part of the overflow from the vessel
59.
60.
61.
62. Measurement of Population Growth
Method Examples of applications Manner in which growth is
expressed
Microscopic count Cell number in vaccines, milk and
cultures
Number of cells per ml
Electronic cell count (Same as for microscopic count) Number of cells per ml
Plate count Cell number in vaccines, milk,
cultures, soil, foods
Colony-forming units per ml or g
Membrane filter (Same as for plate count) Colony-forming unit per ml or g
Turbidity Microbiological assay, estimation
of cell mass in broth cultures or
other suspensions
Absorbance units
Nitrogen content Indirect measurement of cell
mass
mg nitrogen per ml
Dry weight (Same as for nitrogen content) mg cells per ml
Metabolic product Microbiological assays, indirect
measurement of metabolic
activity (growth)
Amount of product (e.g. Milli-
equivalents of acid) per ml
Table 5.1 Summary of Some Methods for Measuring
63.
64.
65. Serial Dilutions for Counting Bacteria
Dilution 1
1 :100
Dilution 2
1 :10,000
Dilution 3
1 1000,000
99 mL blank
99 mL blank
99 mL blank
Culture of bacteria
1 mL
1 mL
1 mL
1:100
1:1000
1:10000000
1:10000
1:1000000
1:100000
1 mL
1 mL
1 mL
0.1 mL
0.1 mL
0.1 mL
(10-2)
(10-3)
(10-4)
(10-5)
(10-6)
(10-7)
66. Bo = number of bacteria in 1 ml of original sample
D = Dilution factor (for a dilution of 1:10,000, D=10,000)
C = number of colonies counted
Then:
Bo = (D)(C)
Example:
If one plated out a dilution of 1:1000000 and after a
growth counted 78 colonies, what would be the number of
bacteria in the original culture?
Bo = (1000,000) (78)
= 7,800,000 per ml or 7.8 x 106
67. Similarly, one could blend 10g of a frozen meat pie into 90 ml of sterile water and then
dilute this for colony counts to determine the number of bacteria per gram of frozen
pie.
Dilution factor = Amount transferred + amount in bottle
(amount transferred) (amount plated)
For Example, if you transfer 0.1 ml into 99.9 ml of water and plate 0.1 ml,the
dilution factor will be:
0.1 + 99.9 = 10,000
(0.1) (0.1)
If 111 colonies grew from 0.1 ml of this dilution, the original culture contained
(111)(10,000) = 110,000 organisms per mililiter or 1.1 x 105