Conceptual Model on Establishing Agricultural Knowledge Sharing Network of Ir...apaari
Conceptual Model on Establishing Agricultural Knowledge Sharing Network of Iran (AKSI) by Mazier Amirhosseini, PhD
Agricultural Research, Education, Extension Organization (AREEO), Academic Relations and International Affairs (ARIA)
Transformation of Agricultural Innovation System, the Roleof the National Agr...apaari
Transformation of Agricultural Innovation System, the Roleof the National Agricultural Research System (NARS): A Success Story from the Philippines by Marita A. Carlos, Richard E. Amansec, Alexandra Cabrera, Jose Tomas Cabagay, Melvin B. Carlos and Reynaldo V. Ebora, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development DOST-PCAARRD
The Role of Knowledge Management in Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS)apaari
The Role of Knowledge Management in Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) by Martina Spisiakova, Knowledge Management Coordinator, Asia Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI)
Mobile phone an instrument of disseminating requisite agricultural informat...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bangladesh is densely an over populated country where a large number of people (more than 60 percent) are still living their livelihood directly or indirectly through the agro based jobs. The environment is very much favorable for agriculture. The contribution of agricultural sector to GDP is 20.60% In this regard, if the initiatives are been taken to provide the right farmers with the right information by the right way at the right time within the least cost, the success will be definite. Decision making is a very crucial part in every activity to be performed in an excellent manner. Any system applied for getting information and knowledge for making decisions in any industry should deliver accurate, complete, concise information in time or on time. The information provided by the system must be in user-friendly form, easy to access, cost-effective and well protected from unauthorized accesses. And to ensure all these there is no alternative other than telecommunication and networking technologies. Different collaboration and communication tools are available to share information throughout the world to ensure improved decision making. And those tools are also playing an important role to disseminate agricultural information. Mobile phone is one of the most popular electronic media among the natives of this country for news and information. Mobile phones significantly reduce communication and information costs for the rural poor in developing countries. This not only provides new opportunities for rural farmers to obtain access to information on agricultural technologies, but also to use ICTs (Information and communication technologies) in agricultural extension systems. Since 2007, there has been a proliferation of mobile phone based applications and services in the agricultural sector, providing information on market prices, weather, transport and agricultural techniques via voice, short message service (SMS) and internet. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the contribution of mobile phones on the dissemination of agricultural information for the farmers for their agricultural enrichment with emphasis on analyzing quantitative data gathered in a survey using a structured questionnaire that was generated on the basis of my theoretical study. Findings indicate a positive curve towards the dependency on and contribution of mobile phones. Keywords: Agricultural Information, Mobile Phones in Bangladesh, Agricultural Information Service (AIS), Technology Adoption, E-agriculture.
Conceptual Model on Establishing Agricultural Knowledge Sharing Network of Ir...apaari
Conceptual Model on Establishing Agricultural Knowledge Sharing Network of Iran (AKSI) by Mazier Amirhosseini, PhD
Agricultural Research, Education, Extension Organization (AREEO), Academic Relations and International Affairs (ARIA)
Transformation of Agricultural Innovation System, the Roleof the National Agr...apaari
Transformation of Agricultural Innovation System, the Roleof the National Agricultural Research System (NARS): A Success Story from the Philippines by Marita A. Carlos, Richard E. Amansec, Alexandra Cabrera, Jose Tomas Cabagay, Melvin B. Carlos and Reynaldo V. Ebora, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development DOST-PCAARRD
The Role of Knowledge Management in Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS)apaari
The Role of Knowledge Management in Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) by Martina Spisiakova, Knowledge Management Coordinator, Asia Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI)
Mobile phone an instrument of disseminating requisite agricultural informat...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bangladesh is densely an over populated country where a large number of people (more than 60 percent) are still living their livelihood directly or indirectly through the agro based jobs. The environment is very much favorable for agriculture. The contribution of agricultural sector to GDP is 20.60% In this regard, if the initiatives are been taken to provide the right farmers with the right information by the right way at the right time within the least cost, the success will be definite. Decision making is a very crucial part in every activity to be performed in an excellent manner. Any system applied for getting information and knowledge for making decisions in any industry should deliver accurate, complete, concise information in time or on time. The information provided by the system must be in user-friendly form, easy to access, cost-effective and well protected from unauthorized accesses. And to ensure all these there is no alternative other than telecommunication and networking technologies. Different collaboration and communication tools are available to share information throughout the world to ensure improved decision making. And those tools are also playing an important role to disseminate agricultural information. Mobile phone is one of the most popular electronic media among the natives of this country for news and information. Mobile phones significantly reduce communication and information costs for the rural poor in developing countries. This not only provides new opportunities for rural farmers to obtain access to information on agricultural technologies, but also to use ICTs (Information and communication technologies) in agricultural extension systems. Since 2007, there has been a proliferation of mobile phone based applications and services in the agricultural sector, providing information on market prices, weather, transport and agricultural techniques via voice, short message service (SMS) and internet. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the contribution of mobile phones on the dissemination of agricultural information for the farmers for their agricultural enrichment with emphasis on analyzing quantitative data gathered in a survey using a structured questionnaire that was generated on the basis of my theoretical study. Findings indicate a positive curve towards the dependency on and contribution of mobile phones. Keywords: Agricultural Information, Mobile Phones in Bangladesh, Agricultural Information Service (AIS), Technology Adoption, E-agriculture.
Presentation by Winnie Asiti (African Centre for Technology Studies) at a side event on ecosystem-based adaptation hosted by the World Agroforestry Centre at the UNFCCC Paris COP21.
Role of ICTs in African Agriculture and how Africa-EU partnership can enhance...Francois Stepman
2 July 2017. Rome, Italy. Making Sustainable Agriculture a future for youth in Africa. This conference was hosted by the AU Commission, the European Commission and the Estonian Presidency of the EU at the FAO premises.
Presentation by Dr Yemi Akinbamijo, Executive Director of FARA.
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE...IAEME Publication
Information and Communications Technology is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications. ICT includes any communication device or application as radio, computer, television, network hardware, cellular phones, software, and satellite systems etc., as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as distance learning and video conferencing. It is an integration of the technologies and the processes to distribute and communicate the desired information to the target audience and making the target audience more participative in nature
Study climate and impact of ict in cultivation of crops in yawal taluka, khan...eSAT Journals
Abstract
India is agriculture based country having two different conditions of farming and farmers due to natural irregularity now a day.
Here in this project we are going to study the role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the development of farmers
in Yawal Taluka in Khandesh region. Different ICTs are available for agriculture sector like SMS, Tele calling, TV, News let ters,
Magazines, call centers etc. After studying this we can conclude whether farmers are using available ICTs or not or whether there
is problem in using these ICTs due to lack of infrastructure and facilities in villages.
Keywords : ICT, SMS, Tele Calling, Call Centers
Presented by Bekele Kotu (IITA), Abdul Rahman Nurudeen (IITA), Gundula Fischer (IITA), Kipo Jimah (IITA), Mirja Michalscheck (WUR), and Issah Sugri (CSIR-SARI) at Africa RISING Ghana Country Planning Meeting, Tamale, Ghana, and Virtual, 24 - 25 June 2020.
Livestock management in Ghana 2019/2020africa-rising
Presented by Augustine Ayantunde (ILRI), Sadat Salifu (CSIR-SARI), and Franklin Avornyo (CSIR-SARI) at Africa RISING Ghana Country Planning Meeting, Tamale, Ghana, and Virtual, 24 - 25 June 2020.
Gender, Policy, and Socio-economic dimensions 2019/2020africa-rising
Presented by Adams Abdulai (CSIR-STEPRI), Bekele Kotu (IITA), Gundula Fischer (IITA), Kipo Jimah (IITA), and Alhassan Lansah Abdulai (CSIR-SARI) at Africa RISING Ghana Country Planning Meeting, Tamale, Ghana, and Virtual, 24 - 25 June 2020.
Innovations in agricultural extension: What can Ethiopia learn from global ex...ILRI
Presented by Ranjitha Puskur, Ponniah Anandajayasekeram and Sindu Workneh at the MoARD Workshop on “Improving Agricultural Extension Service Delivery Approaches”, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 22 June 2006.
The role of ICT in facilitating farmers’ accessibility to extension services ...Premier Publishers
The rapid pace of ICT development and its consequent use across economic, social and political spectrums has raised concerns among policy makers and practitioners over its potential to spur productivity in the agriculture sector as well. This paper examines the role that ICT can play in facilitating smallholder farmers’ accessibility to extension services and marketing of agricultural produce in Mbozi District. The study used structured questionnaires to collect information. A sample of 250 farmers was selected randomly and interviewed.The findings reveal that farmers are using ICT facilities to get access to extension services and in marketing maize in Mbozi District. The most preferred and major ICT tools used to inquire and receive extension services and market information are the mobile phones (53.88%), radio (23.67%), television (14.69%) and the internet (7.75%). However, effective use of ICT in the study area is constrained by poor infrastructure in rural areas, and lack of technical know-how exhibited in the lack of basic ICT skills. Other constraints are the erratic power supply, poor signals, lack of network, and lack of internet connectivity and a high cost of some ICT tools. This suggests that if requisite ICT infrastructures are put in place in Mbozi District, ICT can bring about significant benefits to smallholder farmers leading to increased agricultural productivity and hence poverty reduction. Thus, the study recommends promoting investment in renewable energy sources in order to address the problem of power in rural areas. Creating an enabling environment for ICT services accessibility, including the construction of transport and communication network infrastructures. The establishment of market information centers and telecenters in Mbozi District particularly in rural areas and advocating for the use of collective marketing through strengthened farmers groups to ease their access to ICT facilities.
An overview about issues of content management related to communication theory and information systems principles, applied to the context of agriculture for development. Two developed conceptual frameworks for the analysis of content management process for ICT based platforms in general are applied to selected concrete Indian cases, such as RML, IKSL and Lifelines. The presentation emphasises the need for mainstreaming m-agriculture initiatives, proven to be a useful as agro-information service to smallholder farmers, into major public poverty alleviation programmes with an agricultural component to broaden social impact. Public-private partnerships seem the most promising funding mechanism to ensure non-exclusivity of services by mobile VAS or MNOs, foster convergence of most successful applications on multipurpose mobile platforms to ensure continuity of services and affordability for users.
Presentation by Winnie Asiti (African Centre for Technology Studies) at a side event on ecosystem-based adaptation hosted by the World Agroforestry Centre at the UNFCCC Paris COP21.
Role of ICTs in African Agriculture and how Africa-EU partnership can enhance...Francois Stepman
2 July 2017. Rome, Italy. Making Sustainable Agriculture a future for youth in Africa. This conference was hosted by the AU Commission, the European Commission and the Estonian Presidency of the EU at the FAO premises.
Presentation by Dr Yemi Akinbamijo, Executive Director of FARA.
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE...IAEME Publication
Information and Communications Technology is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications. ICT includes any communication device or application as radio, computer, television, network hardware, cellular phones, software, and satellite systems etc., as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as distance learning and video conferencing. It is an integration of the technologies and the processes to distribute and communicate the desired information to the target audience and making the target audience more participative in nature
Study climate and impact of ict in cultivation of crops in yawal taluka, khan...eSAT Journals
Abstract
India is agriculture based country having two different conditions of farming and farmers due to natural irregularity now a day.
Here in this project we are going to study the role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the development of farmers
in Yawal Taluka in Khandesh region. Different ICTs are available for agriculture sector like SMS, Tele calling, TV, News let ters,
Magazines, call centers etc. After studying this we can conclude whether farmers are using available ICTs or not or whether there
is problem in using these ICTs due to lack of infrastructure and facilities in villages.
Keywords : ICT, SMS, Tele Calling, Call Centers
Presented by Bekele Kotu (IITA), Abdul Rahman Nurudeen (IITA), Gundula Fischer (IITA), Kipo Jimah (IITA), Mirja Michalscheck (WUR), and Issah Sugri (CSIR-SARI) at Africa RISING Ghana Country Planning Meeting, Tamale, Ghana, and Virtual, 24 - 25 June 2020.
Livestock management in Ghana 2019/2020africa-rising
Presented by Augustine Ayantunde (ILRI), Sadat Salifu (CSIR-SARI), and Franklin Avornyo (CSIR-SARI) at Africa RISING Ghana Country Planning Meeting, Tamale, Ghana, and Virtual, 24 - 25 June 2020.
Gender, Policy, and Socio-economic dimensions 2019/2020africa-rising
Presented by Adams Abdulai (CSIR-STEPRI), Bekele Kotu (IITA), Gundula Fischer (IITA), Kipo Jimah (IITA), and Alhassan Lansah Abdulai (CSIR-SARI) at Africa RISING Ghana Country Planning Meeting, Tamale, Ghana, and Virtual, 24 - 25 June 2020.
Innovations in agricultural extension: What can Ethiopia learn from global ex...ILRI
Presented by Ranjitha Puskur, Ponniah Anandajayasekeram and Sindu Workneh at the MoARD Workshop on “Improving Agricultural Extension Service Delivery Approaches”, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 22 June 2006.
The role of ICT in facilitating farmers’ accessibility to extension services ...Premier Publishers
The rapid pace of ICT development and its consequent use across economic, social and political spectrums has raised concerns among policy makers and practitioners over its potential to spur productivity in the agriculture sector as well. This paper examines the role that ICT can play in facilitating smallholder farmers’ accessibility to extension services and marketing of agricultural produce in Mbozi District. The study used structured questionnaires to collect information. A sample of 250 farmers was selected randomly and interviewed.The findings reveal that farmers are using ICT facilities to get access to extension services and in marketing maize in Mbozi District. The most preferred and major ICT tools used to inquire and receive extension services and market information are the mobile phones (53.88%), radio (23.67%), television (14.69%) and the internet (7.75%). However, effective use of ICT in the study area is constrained by poor infrastructure in rural areas, and lack of technical know-how exhibited in the lack of basic ICT skills. Other constraints are the erratic power supply, poor signals, lack of network, and lack of internet connectivity and a high cost of some ICT tools. This suggests that if requisite ICT infrastructures are put in place in Mbozi District, ICT can bring about significant benefits to smallholder farmers leading to increased agricultural productivity and hence poverty reduction. Thus, the study recommends promoting investment in renewable energy sources in order to address the problem of power in rural areas. Creating an enabling environment for ICT services accessibility, including the construction of transport and communication network infrastructures. The establishment of market information centers and telecenters in Mbozi District particularly in rural areas and advocating for the use of collective marketing through strengthened farmers groups to ease their access to ICT facilities.
An overview about issues of content management related to communication theory and information systems principles, applied to the context of agriculture for development. Two developed conceptual frameworks for the analysis of content management process for ICT based platforms in general are applied to selected concrete Indian cases, such as RML, IKSL and Lifelines. The presentation emphasises the need for mainstreaming m-agriculture initiatives, proven to be a useful as agro-information service to smallholder farmers, into major public poverty alleviation programmes with an agricultural component to broaden social impact. Public-private partnerships seem the most promising funding mechanism to ensure non-exclusivity of services by mobile VAS or MNOs, foster convergence of most successful applications on multipurpose mobile platforms to ensure continuity of services and affordability for users.
Think Piece presented at the “ICTs transforming agricultural science, research and technology generation” Workshop - Science Forum 2009, 16–17 June, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Market incentivisation for ICT Development (National ICT policies and their i...Harsha Liyanage
Many developing nations in Africa and Pacific are falling behind at formulating ICT policies. But there are nations who are reaping the benefits of early action, of adapting ICT policies. This presentation explore the outcomes at Sri Lanka in depth.
In that study we want to show how Information and Communication Technologies could help to reduce the information asymmetry in the agricultural sector and naturally improve farmer's profitability and productivity. India has a pressing need to raise food production and agricultural productivity to satisfy his population growh of which around one-fifth is malnourished. Thanks the develop of project like this and improving some fundamental information and payment services and get a better efficinecy in the supply chian other than other services, we expected to growth the indian agricultural production and meet the population's nutritional need.
e-Agriculture Perspectives: A Conceptual Framework to Enhance the Impact of I...IAALD Community
Presentation highlighting e-Agricutlure discussion panel with Peter Ballantyne, ILRI, Anriette Esterhuysen, APC, Ibrahim Khadar, CTA, Francois
Laureys, IICD, and Michael Riggs, FAO. Moderated by Stephen Rudgard, FAO - IAALD 2010 Congress - 26-29 April 2010, Montpellier, France
ICT Extension approaches-pre-requisites Information and science needs of ...Yagnesh sondarva
ICT Extension approaches-pre-requisites
Information and science needs of farming community
Need integration
Human resource information & Intermediaries
Prepared for the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Agriculture Conference, which is going to be held on the 13th, 14th and 15th June, in Montevideo, Uruguay.
Ict as an important tool in rural development in context to Agriculture, e - ...Nischay Patel
Here is the various ICT tools that are important in rural development in various sector namely., Agriculture, dairy sector, e- governance, extension and veterinary sector
USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN PUNJAB AGRICULTURE Anjum Ali Buttar
INITIATIVES OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR AGRICULTURE EXTENSION PUNJAB PAKISTAN. DR MUHAMMAD ANJUM ALI BUTTAR DIRECTOR GENERAL AGRICULTURE (EXT &AR) PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Keynote FAO: E-agriculture - Lessons learnt about ICT4D CIAT
Implementation of the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) Action Line C7 - ICT Applications: e-agriculture.
Sophie Treinen, Information and Knowledge Management Officer. Knowledge Outreach Team Leader October 2015
CoO + GI2015 ppt_charvat ict for a sustainable agriculture – public support n...IGN Vorstand
15. Sächsisches GI/GIS/GDI Forum und Club of Ossiach Workshops,
Dresden: 15. September 2015
CLUB OF OSSIACH RECOMMENDATION FOR ICT FOR FAMILY FARMING
Karel CHARVAT, Club of Ossiach / CCSS (CZ)
Lighting Talks: Farmer Co-Design of climate change solutions presentationsSadie W Shelton
These presentations were given at the GDDF 2022 Side Session: Farmer co-design of climate change solution, on May 5, 2022. The interactive session introduced the research of the new Agroecological TRANSITIONS Inclusive Digital Tools (ATDT) project.
Speakers Included:
- Sonja Vogt, University of Lausanne (AgriPath: Self-service v. Agent-enabled digital resources for local solutions)
- Berta Ortiz, Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT (e-Ushauri ("Advice" in Swahili): Two-way communication between farmers and experts)
- Stella Rodrigues, Agrotools (Traceability for low-emission beef)
- Katie Nelson, IIRRI-Hanoi (Sustainable Rice Platform: Certification)
In this interactive session, we explored how well digital solutions are enabling farmer co-design of solutions for climate change mitigation and resilience. We looked at types of options available and state-of-the-art innovations and explore options for best practices, and consider farmer-to-farmer exchange, information hubs accessible to farmers, and farmer-advisor linkages and trade-offs of non-digital options.
Panelists will assess what more can be done digitally and how to sustain efforts through effective business models for co-design resources.
Learn more: https://alliancebioversityciat.org/projects/inclusive-digital-tools-enable-climate-informed-agroecological-transitions-atdt
Problems faced by farmers in application of e-Agriculture in BangladeshPremier Publishers
The purpose of this research was to identify the obstacles that Bangladeshi farmers encountered while using e-Agriculture services. Primary data were collected in Bhatbour Block of Dhighi union under Sadar Upazila of Minikganj District where the local government had been implementing the e-Agriculture pilot project since 2011. Data were collected from 1 September, 2015 to 30 September, 2015. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression (B) method were used for analysis. Findings discovered that lack of knowledge on e-Agriculture was the major problem that affected the farmers in the study area. In addition to that, the study also revealed that education, participation in training, usages of e-Agriculture, attitude towards e-Agriculture and availability of e-Agriculture had significant contribution towards the problems faced by farmers’ in using e-Agriculture. These variables accounted for 65.8 percent of the problems faced by farmers’ in using e-Agriculture. Based on these findings, the researchers suggest that government should implement integrated marketing communication using the popular print and electronic media so that awareness about the service will reach majority of the population more and more people get aware of this service. In addition to that, the researchers recommend that the NGO’s and local government bodies should create awareness to the farmers via organization of local seminars and training programs on availability and usefulness of e-Agriculture service.
This is a presentation on ICT for development, presented to DFID, India for fund raising. This is a part of the United Nations Information Technology Services (UNITeS) programme. This programme was a finalist in the Stockholm Challenge Award 2001
Bringing evidence to bear on negotiating ecosystem service and livelihood tra...africa-rising
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1. Next End
A SUSTAINABLE WAY OF LIVING
PRESENTED BY
BIBHU SANTOSH BEHERA, PhD RESEARCH
SCHOLAR,OUAT,BHUBANESWAR,INDIA
A.C.BEHERA*R.A.BEHERA**
E-mail Id:-b.behera88@gmail.com
2. Abstract of Vision
Next EndPrevious
This era is called as ICT era which comprises the ICT Mediated Agriculture Extension in Rural as
well as Urban areas to disseminate the ethics of information by Decision Support System (DSS),,
Management Information System(MIS) and Expert System(ES) by impregnating the User
Interface and Knowledge Management System. So, E-Agriculture, therefore describes an
emerging field focused on the enhancement of agricultural and rural development through
improved information and communication process. The main Objective is to provide an Interface
to farmers and consumers and to facilitate linking up of agriculture produce marketing
cooperative.ITCs,E-chaupal,IT-Kiosks,Eid-party agriline,Gyandoot Project,Warana weired
Village,Information Village Project of MSSRF(MS Swaminathan Research Foundation),I-kisan
project of Nagarjun group of companies,Kisan Call Center(KCC),Bhoomi Project,Village
Knowledge Center etc. are the recent development in e-governance mediated agriculture in
India.It add value to the lives of Farmers and End-users in a Sustainable way through Knowledge
Management Portals, e-kiosks, Common Service centers in grass root level
Key Words:-e-agriculture,e-chaupal,ITC,AFPOH,IT-Kiosk,CSC,KCC,ICT
Key Words:-e-agriculture,e-chaupal,ITC,AFPOH,IT-Kiosk,CSC,KCC,ICTKey Words:-e-agriculture,e-chaupal,ITC,AFPOH,IT-Kiosk,CSC,KCC,ICT
3. Introduction
• E-agriculture
• It is a relatively recent term in the field of agriculture and rural development practices.
Consistency in the use of this term began to materialize with the dissemination of
results from a global survey carried out by the United Nations (UN). This survey
conducted in late 2006 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) found that half of those who replied identified “e agriculture” with
information dissemination, access and exchange, communication and participation
processes improvements around rural development. In contrast, less than a third
highlighted the importance of technical hardware and technological tools.
• E-agriculture, therefore, describes an emerging field focused on the enhancement of
agricultural and rural development through improved information and
communication processes. More specifically, e-agriculture involves the
conceptualization, design, development, evaluation and application of innovative ways
to use information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the rural domain, with a
primary focus on agriculture.
4. Mission and Objectives
• The e-Agriculture Community of Practice is a global initiative launched in
partnership with the e-Agriculture Working Group in 2007 to enhance the role of
ICT in agricultural development and food security. It provides an international
framework to facilitate the processes of capturing, managing, and disseminating the
lessons learned through national and regional activities, as well as the results and
implications of multilateral processes related to the use of ICT in agriculture and rural
development. The e-Agriculture Community also provides the basis for the
international community to monitor development and validation of conceptual
models and meth- odologies, and to package and disseminate them once tested.
Through its collective activities some additional outputs of the Community include:
the development and strengthening of innovative mechanisms and processes for
information exchange and communication, including normative guide- lines and
tools being formulated, tested and disseminated to address the range of demands and
capabilities of different Com munity members; empowering networks for exchange of
new mechanisms and processes among key stakeholders; relevant content in digital
format being developed, filtered, mobilized and exchanged by community members;
and other activities based on active partnerships and collaborative lesson-learning.
•
5. Deliverables
• The e-Agriculture community has over 6,000 registered individual
members. This membership encompasses development practitioners,
policymakers, representatives of farmer organizations, researchers, and
information and communication specialists involved in agriculture and
rural development, from more than 150 countries. The Community
activities comprise three components: a web-based multilingual space
(English, French and Spanish) for knowledge sharing and collaboration on
a neutral domain (e-agriculture); face-to-face events; and in- country
interventions.
Over this past year, e-Agriculture Community members from around the
world participated in activities such as online forum discussions (virtual
meetings), international and regional meetings, and free online capacity
building opportunities (through the IMARK partnership). Participation
from both the private sector and non-UN organizations was also secured.
.
6. Research Methodology
As it is a reviewed article, here the researchers were collected data from
secondary sources like Books, Journals, and Web sources to translate and
transform the research into action in the realm of Human Development by
ICT.Here the author is using Ex-post facto design to collect the data base
regarding implementation, execution of Research Project. Stratified random
sampling is used here due to various agro climatic zones. Basic statistics
and common instrumental design is used here.
7. Future Plans
• It is envisioned that the e-Agriculture Community will grow in
2020 by building upon the current successful knowledge sharing
functions, and developing an interconnected series of pi- lot
interventions, models of action and means for assessment, based
on inputs from the e-Agriculture Community. Lessons learned from
the national and regional components can be captured and
disseminated through the e-Agriculture Community, and through
other major participating institutions in support of capacity
building. In order to facilitate this effectively, the establishment of a
formal Secretariat with some financial commitments from partner
organizations is deemed essential.
8. .
Prospectus of Indian Agriculture, Horticulture,
and Allied sectors
• National agriculture policy.
• Kisan credit card scheme.
• National seed policy
• Legislation on plant variety.
• Protection and Farmers Rights
• Seed Village Scheme
• National Horticultural Mission
• Kissan Call Centre
• ICT Mediated Market Led Extension
• National Diary,Fishery and Animal Husbandry Policy
• National Forestry Policy
9. Need of e-Agriculture in India
• Empowering farmers with relevant and timely information about different crop
variety.
• To reduce farming risks information on weather, production and cultivation
techniques, seeds and fertilizers, plant nutrients and water usage.
• To reduce knowledge gaps and increase knowledge sharing for increasing productivity
and boosting growth in rural areas. Funds and liability coverage through agri-finance
and agri-insurance.Assistance from universities on new techniques used in increase
production yield. Market infrastructure like warehouses and cold chain management
• Since information technology solutions to facilitate the collection of agricultural
information. A multi media multipurpose community tele centre in the village to
enhance access to educational weather and health information (through internet,
media, T.V.) and also facilitate communication between the village com- munity and
the rest of the world.
•
10. PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY
• The entire research study has been presented in five chapters which are as
follows-
• Chapter I. Introduction consists the lead of the thesis,
statement of problem, specific objectives taken for the study, scope
and importance of the study and limitations.
• Chapter IL. Review of literature deals with a brief review of available
literature on objective wise related to the present investigation.
• ChapterIII. Research methodology entails the various research
procedure followed and presented in detail under the heading such as
problem and procedure, variable and their measurement, tools and
technique and statistical analysis of data.
• Chapter IV. Results and discussion describe the finding of the study
objective wise and discussion on the basis of finding.
• Chapter V. Summary, conclusion and recommendation
summaries in brief about the total manuscript followed by Bibliography
and appendices. It may add value with case study/success stories.
11. HYPOTHESIS FIXATION FOR STUDY
• The main hypothesis of this study is that e-
agriculture must bring sustainable life among
farming communities in India.
12. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MATRIX
• It describes how the research had been done , number of respondents, method of selection of samples out of
population ,etc.
• 3.1) Problem & Procedure
• 3.1.1) Selection of problem
• 3.1.2) Plan of work
• 3.1.3) Research design
• 3.1.4) Locale of study
• 3.1.5) Sampling procedures
• 3.2) Variables & their measurements
• 3.2.1) Measurement procedure
• 3.2.2) Independent & dependent variables & operationalization
• 3.3) Tools & Techniques
• 3.3.1) Pilot study
• 3.3.2) Pre-testing of interview schedule
• 3.3.3) Interviewing
• 3.3.4) Processing of data
• 3.4) Statistical tools
• 3.4.1) Mean value,%,etc.
• In this study 50 respondents were interviewed.hey were selected by using simple random variable method, both
dependents & independent variables are considered & statistics used are ranking, mean score, percentage ,tally,
etc.
13. To meet the Objectives
• Onsite visits to the village and the data communication
infrastructure nearest to the village
• Use of wireless technology as most economical and technically
feasible method to bring affordable internet access to the village.
• Use of internet access and backbone data communications
infrastructure and radio transmission to cover the last mile and
ensure enough bandwidth to support other types of e- applications
such as e-learning, e-community, e-health and the main application
is e-agriculture. Use of wireless routers located to enable further
expansion of the data communication infrastructure to additional
sites within the 50-60 kilometre range without the need for
additional backbone infrastructure.
14. Recent Advancement in India
• The application of ICT in agriculture through various organizations which has been
evolving with various initiatives in order to encompassing the all agric value chain and
knowledge technology. The prominent ICT technologies are-ITCs, E-choupal, Eid
Partys agriline, gyandoot project Information village project of M.S.swaminathan
research foundation (MSSRF)I-Kisan project of Nagarjun group of companies.
• Kisan Call centre, Bhoomi Project, Village knowledge centre etc.Operating well
throughout the country.
• Good data and information can be an important tool for decision making and for taking
action by the farming community. ITcs will serve as a predominant role for fulfilling the
needs of a Second green revolution.
15. Agriculture and ICTs in India
Agricultural Strategy for Eleventh Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India, has pointed out that with the
availability of land and water fixed, the goal of 4% growth in agriculture can be achieved only by increasing
productivity per unit of scarce natural resources through effective use of improved technology. It is planned that
alternate delivery channels spanning Rural Knowledge Centres (RKCs), ICT-based extension, farmer-to- farmer
extension, NGOs and the private sector should also be promoted simultaneously. The scheme--’Mass Media
Support to Extension’ aims to utilize the impressive infrastructure of Doordarshan (DD) and All India Radio (AIR)
for producing and broadcasting agricultural programmes for supporting other extension efforts. The National
Agriculture Policy emphasizes upon the use of Information Technology (IT) for achieving a more rapid
development of agriculture in India. The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, therefore, is in the process
of preparing a National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A) for a more focused implementation of e-
governance activities in the agriculture sector. In order to promote e-governance in agriculture at the centre and
provide support to states/UTs for the same, the Department of Agriculture and Co- operation is implementing a
central sector scheme, “Strengthening/Promoting Agricultural Information Systems’ during the Tenth Plan with a
budgetary provision of INR 100 crore. The scheme has the following components: (i) Development of agricultural
informatics and communication; (ii) Strengthening of IT apparatus in agriculture and cooperation in states and
UTs
(AGRISNET); (iii) IT apparatus at Department headquarters and its field offices; (iv) Agricultural Resources Information
Systems (AgRIS); and (v) Kisan Call Centres. The Department has developed four portals and 40 websites covering both
headquarters and its sub-formations under the component “Development of Agricultural Informatics and
Communications”. Some important portals which has till now been developed are: (a) AGMARKNET Portal
(http://agmarknet.nic.in); (b) DACNET Portal (http:// dacnet.nic.in); (c) DAC Portal (http://agricoop.nic.in); (d) IN-
TRADAC Portal (http://intradac.nic.in); (e) SEEDNET Portal (http://seednet.gov.in); (f) Agricultural Census Portal
(http:// agcensus.nic.in). The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation is supporting e-governance activities at the state
agriculture and allied departments through AGRISNET, a state sector mission mode project, which aims at providing
improved ser- vices to the farming community using Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Agricultural
Resources Information System (AgRIS) project has been launched for implementation in two pilot districts of Rohtak (Dairy
Typology) in Haryana and Banaskantha (Arid Typology) in Gujarat. Kisan Call Centers initiative aims to provide
information to the farming community through toll-free telephone lines. Usage of GIS satellite imaging in India had been
happening since a long time in India
16. Initiatives of e-agriculture in
India as a Case study
•
• The Association For People of Haryana (AFPOH) has taken many steps and initiatives at national and
international level in the fields of agriculture, health, rural infrastructure development, revitalizing financial
access to rural farmers, etc. As far as initiatives for e-agriculture in India are concerned, they have shared their
research works and suggestions with national and international community. They have also started an initiative
titled e-agriculture in India that would endeavour to amalgamate ICT with agriculture in India.
•
• - AFPOH is a social initiative by an association of people who are working in the direction of empowering the
marginalized and deprived people in rural and other areas. The area of operation of AFPOH covers segments like
agriculture, health, banking, finance and insurance, education, rural infrastructure development, power, etc.
AFPOH has strengthened the use of IT in agriculture by extending support for legal and regulatory measure that
farmers and other people may face in various situations.
•
• AFPOH using ICT for its mission and objectives AFPOH is working in the direction of use of ICT for
communication and sharing of views, expertise, suggestions, problems, etc at national and international level.
AFPOH intends to provide a ‘voice’ to the marginalized and deprived segment so that national and international
communities can coordinate and collaborate their empowerment initiatives. Concepts like e-agriculture, e-health,
e-learning, e-commerce, e-banking, etc are also some of the initiative that are in the process of implementation by
AFPOH. Warana Weired Village and Digital Green Projects may be taken as Successful Case Studies in India.
17. Initiative of e-Agriculture at State
Level•
• ITC's ‘E-Choupal’ Initiative: A Novel Model for Rural India
ITC's ‘e-Choupal’ makes use of the physical transmission capabilities of current intermediaries -
aggregation, logistics, counter-party risk and bridge financing With a judicious blend of click &
mortar capabilities, village internet kiosks managed by farmers - called sanchalaks - themselves,
enable the agricultural community access ready information in their local language on the
weather & market prices, disseminate knowledge on scientific farm practices & risk management,
facilitate the sale of farm inputs and purchase farm produce from the farmers’ doorsteps .The
aggregation of the demand for farm inputs from individual farmers gives them access to high
quality inputs from established and reputed manufacturers at fair prices. As a direct marketing
channel, virtually linked to the ‘mandi’ system for price discovery, ‘e-Choupal’ eliminates
wasteful intermediation and multiple handling. Thereby it significantly reduces transaction costs.
Launched in June 2000, 'e-Choupal', has already become the largest initiative among all Internet-
based interventions in rural India.'e-Choupal' services today reach out to more than 3.5 million
farmers growing a range of crops - soyabean, coffee, wheat, rice, pulses, shrimp - in more
than38,000 villages through nearly 6500 kiosks across nine states namely Madhya Pradesh,
Haryana, Uttaranchal, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and
Kerela.
18. Summary and Conclusion
• The role of Information Technology to develop e-agriculture and quality of
life in rural area is well established. IT can help an average Indian farmer to
get relevant information regarding agro-inputs, crop production
technologies, agro processing, market support, agro-finance and
management of farm agri-business. The agricultural extension mechanism
is becoming dependent on IT to provide appropriate and location specific
technologies for the farmers to furnish timely and proficient advice to the
farmers IT can be a best mean not only to develop agricultural extension but
also to expand agriculture research and education system. Now Farmer
Demand Driven e-governance Mediated and ICT Propelled Agriculture
must create a new history and revolution for achieving Vision-2050 hence
be expected.
JAY JAWAN JAY KISAN MERA BHARAT MAHAN
19. MY CONTRIBUTION TO RESEARCHMy Model as per my Research will be as Follows (Developed by Bibhu Santosh
Behera,OUAT,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India)
Research-Extension-Farmer-Information Communication Technology-Market-End User-Climate
Smart Approach
•
22. Mile Stones in Agricultural
Development
• Green Revolution (1968)
• Ever-Green Revolution (1996)
• Blue Revolution (water, fish)
• White Revolution (Milk)
• Yellow Revolution (flower, edible)
• Bio-Technology Revolution
• ICT Revolution
23. Development of Indian Agriculture :
Basic Issues
• Revitalization of Cooperative Institutions
• Improving Rural Credits
• Research, Education & Extension
• Human Resources Development
• Trade & Export Promotion
• Land Reforms
• Enabling Environment for higher
Agricultural Growth
24. The thrust areas:
• Diversification of Agriculture
• Inter-cropping
• Micro Management
• Water Management
• Organic Farming
• Agri-Clinics and Agri-business Centres
• Bio-Technology
25. Efforts on Policies, strategies and
Frameworks
• National Agriculture Policy (2000)
• National Seeds policy (2002)
• Cooperative Policy
• Agricultural Price policy
• Agricultural Extension Framework
(2001)
• WTO/GATT agreement (1994)
In addition to, various working groups,
taskforces, mid-term appraisals and plan
schemes (~68)
(for further details www.agricoop.nic.in)
26. Reports
• Agriculture Credit, Cooperation and Crop
• Horticulture Development including Spices Aromatic and
Medicinal Plants and Plantation Crops
Agriculture Infrastructure/Warehousing/Rural
Godowns/Marketing/Post Harvest Management, Processing
and Cold Storage, Trade and Export Promotion.
• Crop Husbandry, Demand and Supply Projections and
Agricultural Inputs Agriculture Research and Education
• Animal Husbandry & Dairying
• Agriculture Statistics
• Watershed Development, Rainfed Farming and Natural
Resources Management
• |Agriculture Development in Eastern and North-Eastern
India
• Agriculture and Allied Sectors
• Organic and Biodynamic Farming
(for further details www.planningcommission.nic.in)
27. Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural
Development• Biotechnology
• Pre & post harvesting technology
• Energy saving technology
• Environment protection technology
• Information and Communication technology
• GIS & RS technology
• Internet/Intranet Technology
28. Fusion of Technologies for Sustainable Development -
A Synergy of Multiple Disciplines
• Database Technology
• Internet/Intranet Technology
• GIS and Remote Sensing
• Image Processing
• GPS
• Artificial Intelligence
• Modeling
29. IT led Agricultural Development
The beginning: (e-readiness)
• A two day conference (ISDA-1995 ) was
held to assess IT Infrastructure and
empowerment needs for IT led
development in Agriculture Sector (one of
the major recommendations was about 3%
of the agriculture budget should be spent
on Informatics Development)
• IT Plan for Agriculture Sector (AGRISNET)
was submitted to Ministry of Agriculture in
1997 to establish “Indian Agriculture on-
line” and revised in 2000.
30. IT Applications for Agricultural DevelopmentIT Applications for Agricultural Development
Requires Inter-Sectoral ApproachRequires Inter-Sectoral Approach
Agricultural Research
Agro-Meteorology
Agricultural Marketing
Agricultural Engineering &
Food Processing
Agricultural Extension and
Transfer of Technology
Credit and Cooperation
Crop production &
protection
Environment & Forest
Fertilisers and Manure
Fisheries
Irrigation and Drainage
System
Livestock, Dairy
Development & Animal
Husbandry
Rural Development &
Planning
Soil and Water Management
Watershed Development
Wasteland Development
33. IT plan for Agriculture
• To strengthen IT in Agriculture and creation of
Databases & Information Network for Agriculture
Sector :-
• The plan was divided into three schemes by DAC
▫ Central Sector Schemes proposed
DAC Hqrs
Networking of DAC Field Units
(DACNET)
State & District and Sub-District level
(AGRISNET)
34. Present Status of IT Scheme (s) of DAC:
Various Components emerging as one scheme:
• IT apparatus in DAC Hqrs.
• IT apparatus in the Field offices and
Directorates of DAC (DACNET) Phase II
• Development of Agricultural Informatics and
Communication
• Agricultural Resources Information
System
• IT apparatus for States/UTs (AGRISNET) and
• Agricultural Marketing Information Network
(AGMARKNET) Phase II
35. Information Systems Requirement in Agriculture
GIS/RS based Systems:
• Soil and Land use
• Watershed developments
• Disaster management
• Cropping systems
• Agriculture Resources Information
• Organic farming (bio-fertilisers)
• Crop weather watch
36. Decision Support Systems
• Integrated Nutrient Management
• Integrated Pest Management
• Demand-Supply Projections
• Soil-Water balance
• Credit Management
• Inter-cropping systems
• Bio-fertilizer management
• Early Warning System
39. Projects Under Pipeline:
• AGRISNET
• AgRIS (Resources Information
System)
• Development of Agricultural
Informatics
• DACNET (phase – II)
• AGMARKNET (Phase – II)
• Agricultural Census 2000-2001
40. Other ICT projects of Agriculture
• APHNET (Animal Production and Health
Informatics Network)
• ARISNET (Agricultural Research and
Information System)
• Water Resources Informatics System
• APEDA
• NPRE etc.,
41. Towards e-Government in DAC
• A High Speed LAN established with more than 500 nodes (round
the clock services)
• INTRANET/INTERNET applications are being implemented as part
of e-Government
• Regular use of VC for scheme monitoring and plans
(X Five Year Plan proposals were discussed on VC
with all States)
• 7/24 Services provided during Orissa Super cyclone, Gujarat Earth
Quake, drought mitigation
• Implementations of Minimum Agenda of e-governance
42. Towards e-Government in DAC (Contd.)
• In-house Training Centre established
• More than 800 officials trained in DAC
• NICNET based Public Information and
facilitation Centre established
• Information Kiosk
• Various paid projects implemented like
Integrated Crops MIS, LAN etc.
• ISDA Conference conducted for IT
assessment in Agriculture sector
• IT Plan submitted for IXth and Xth Five
plans
45. DACNET
A Scheme for bringing E-Governance in the Directorates and Field
Units of Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC)
• Establish Functional Hardware/software tools
• Provide training
• Develop Application Software
• Assist in further system enhancement, if required
• Establish LAN / Network / Internet Service
With a Mandate to
46. Information Flow from Field Units
(DACNET)
Central Databases
Census
Mach.Marketing
Coop.
Credit
Crops Exten.
Fert
Hort
NDM
Plan-Co
PPQ
PP
RFS
SWC
TMOP
IC&Trade
Field
Offices
Directorates
databases
Planners /
Decision makers
47.
48. AGRISNET envisages
• AGRISNET – A NICNET Based
Agricultural Informatics &
Communication to facilitate Higher
Sustainable Agricultural productivity and
Establish “Indian Agriculture on-line” in the
Country
• Convergence of Core Technologies and e-
Governance
49. AGRISNET envisages
• IT Infrastructure
(H/W, S/W tools and Networking)
• Information Networks
(Web sites, portals, Vertical portals)
• Data Warehousing
(Database, Data Mining and Mata
Data)
• Web enabled applications
• GIS/RS based applications
• IT Empowerment (HRD)
50. AGRISNET components
• Internet/Intranet services
• E-Commerce & EDI Services
• National & International Video
Conferencing
• Networking (LAN, MAN, WAN) using
terrestrial, Satellite, & Wireless
Communication
51. AGRISNET components
• IT Training
• Data Base, Knowledge Base, and
Analytical Model Base development for
Decision Support
• Disaster management
52. Sub-networks under AGRISNET
The following sub-networks will strengthen these
portals:
• FERTNET: Fertilizer Network
• HORTNET: Horticulture Network
• PPIN: Plant Protection Network
• VISTERNET: Agricultural Extension Network
• CROPSNET : Crops Information Network
• SEEDNET: Seeds Informatics Network
• ACINET: Agricultural Credit Informatics Network
• AGMARKNRT:Agricultural Marketing Network
• ARISNET: Agricultural Research Information
System Network
53. • To strengthen these sub-networks,
AGRISNET nodes will be established at
National, State, District, and Block
level with Internet/Intranet gateway at
National and regional level.
• Agri-Clinic and Agri-business centres
will be set up outside the Government
set up to facilitate Un-employed
agricultural graduates to generate
income and employment through
“Knowledge services” for farmers. The
emerging technologies on “last mile”
problems provide required technology
solutions to establish Agri-clinic and
Agri-business centres at sub district
level
54. Hort. Division
INTRADAC
Attached , Subordinate, Autonomous, Field Offices
State, District & Block Agricultural Offices
Mail Server
Internet Server
Database Server
Data Ware housing
GIS Server
Workgroups
“Agriculture On-line”
DACNET
AGRISNET
NRM Division
Crops Division
Admn. Division
Finance Div.
55. Agricultural Resource Information
(core group – V on Agriculture and Soils (NNRMS-AC-AS)).
• Arid Agro-Ecosystem, Coastal Agro-
Ecosystem, Hill & Mountain Agro-
Ecosystem, Irrigated Agro-Ecosystem,
and Rainfed Agro-Ecosystem. The pilot
project demonstration, one district each with
various typologies (13) using GIS/RS based
Technology
56. In e-Governance, “electronic” means support and
stimulate good governance. E-Governance will
mature according to the following four phases
(Garter Report)
• Information Presence : Websites
• Interaction Intake Process: e-mail, search
engines,
download forms and documents
• Transaction Complete Transactions: Network and
Information Security
• Transformation Integration and Change: Virtual
counter
57. Accessibility
Width of reach
Affordability
by common man/
target customers
Accessibility
Width of reach
Affordability
by common man/
target customers
Communicability
in People’s
Language
Communicability
in People’s
Language
Availability
of Information across
multiple delivery
channels
Availability
of Information across
multiple delivery
channels
Reliability
of transactions
across multiple
delivery channels
Reliability
of transactions
across multiple
delivery channels
Viability
Economic and
political returns
Viability
Economic and
political returns
Re-engineering
of Processes within
Government
Re-engineering
of Processes within
Government
Collaboration
among the servicing
departments
Collaboration
among the servicing
departments
Trustworthy
Adequate security
and auditability
e-Governance Imperatives
Service related
Service related
Implementation
Related
Creating stakeholders buy-in through internal/external communications
Accessibility
Width of reach
Affordability
by common man/
target customers
Communicability
in People’s
Language
Availability
of Information across
multiple delivery
channels
Reliability
of transactions
across multiple
delivery channels
Viability
Economic and
political returns
Re-engineering
of Processes within
Government
Collaboration
among the servicing
departments
Trustworthy
Adequate security
and auditability
58. REFERENCE CITATIONS• 1. e-Agriculture Community of Practice, http://www.e-agriculture.org/about.html
• 2. Ray, G.L., “Extension Communication & Management”.
• 3. Meera S N 2008 “ICT in Agricultural Extension, Tactical to Practical”.
• 4.Chattopadyay, B.N. (undated) Information and Communication Technologies for SustainableDevelopment
• 5.Dhawan, V (2004) Critical Success Factors for Rural ICT Projects in India: A Study of n-Logue Kiosk Projects at Pabal and Baramati,
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. http://www.dil.iitb.ac.in/docs/kiosk-success-factors.pdf.
• 6.Hasson, A.A., Fletcher, R. and Pentland, A. (2003) Daknet: A Road to Universal Broadband Connectivity, Wireless Internet UN ICT
Conference Case Study,
• 7.IMF (2006) World Economic Outlook: Financial Systems and Economic Cycles, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/
• 8. IICD (2005) the TIC Bolivia Country Programme, International Institute for Communication
• 9. Saravanan, R (2008), (Ed.) Agricultural Extension:-Worldwide Innovations, New India Publishing Agency (NIPA), New Delhi
• Books Referred
• 1.Hand Book of Agriculture (2011) by ICAR Publication.
• 2.Fundamentals of Agriculture Science, Kattayan.A(2013)
• Web Sources
• 1.www.jgateplus.com
• 2.www.cera.iari.res.in
• 3.www.agropedia.iitk.ac.in
• 4.www.agricola.nal.usda.gov
• 5.http://www. odi.org.uk/resources/download/164.pdf
• 6.http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/poa.html
• 7.http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs2/tunis/off/6rev1.html
• 8.http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/openaccess/sites/default/files/WS%205.pdf.
• 9.http://www.communityict.ca/docs/daknet-case.pdf.
59. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION
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