This document differentiates between biases and prejudices. Biases refer to unfair inclinations for or against people, ideas, or things. Common types of biases include anchoring bias, media bias, confirmation bias, conformity bias, and halo effect. Prejudices refer to negative preconceived opinions that are formed without reason or experience. Common types of prejudices include racism, sexism, classism, ageism, and religious prejudices. The key difference between biases and prejudices is that biases can be positive or negative and result in unfairness, while prejudices are usually negative and result in discrimination.
This chapter's focus is on Social Psychology. There is discussion of relationships, persuasion, coercion, and other types of social influence. Love and intimate relationships is also included.
Section 1 Understanding Individual Perspectives of DiversityEach.docxbagotjesusa
Section 1 Understanding Individual Perspectives of Diversity
Each of the first six sections of this text is organized to facilitate the process of learning about workplace diversity. Sections begin with learning goals and an introduction to the material that follows. Next, we provide an exercise on experiences that will help you to actively participate in the learning process by considering some new perspectives on diversity that are intended to challenge your knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about differences. Because diversity is an interdisciplinary topic, the essays and cases that follow were written by experts from business, psychology, anthropology, economics, and sociology. These articles are followed by additional opportunities for active learning: discussion questions, Diversity on the Web, and Writing Assignments. To provide linkages, each of these six sections ends with a unifying case and a set of integrative questions that cut across the articles in that section. The seventh section is intended to connect all of the course material together by providing three options for a capstone learning experience.
Learning Goals for Section I
· To learn the differences between prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination
· To understand the notion of privilege and how it affects one’s life experiences
· To motivate the student to examine his or her own perspectives on difference
· To explore the relationship between differences and conflict
· To explore organizational diversity
Often, we begin a diversity course by asking the question: “Who in this room is prejudiced? Raise your hand.” As expected, only a couple of students are willing to join the instructor and admit that they have some prejudices! At the end of the semester, we ask the same question and almost every hand in the room is raised. Why does this always happen? We have been socialized by family, society, and the media to think that prejudice is always negative, so it is easier to deny it. Then, why do most students raise their hands at the end of the semester? Because they now realize that everyone treats some people differently than others. It is very natural to prefer people like ourselves. Think about your friends. While they may be of mixed races and genders, are they all close to your age? Are there any people with a handicap in the group, and so on?
Basic to understandingthis text Section I is clarification of some terminology that is often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. Prejudice is a preconceived evaluative attitude based on a person’s social group membership. Prejudices can come from many sources such as our socialization, our peers, our life experiences, and especially the media and it can be positive, negative, and neutral. For example, you find out that you will be getting a new boss next week and she is a middle-aged female. If you find yourself thinking that she is going to be hard to work for, rigid, even bitchy, and so on, before you even get to kn.
There are several types of bias that can affect decision-making and perceptions. Some common types of bias include:
1. Confirmation Bias: This occurs when people seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them.
2. Selection Bias: This occurs when certain individuals or groups are systematically excluded from a sample, leading to results that do not accurately represent the entire population.
3. Cultural Bias: This refers to the tendency to judge people according to one's own cultural standards, which can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations.
4. Gender Bias: This occurs when stereotypes or assumptions based on gender influence decisions and behaviors.
5. Racial Bias: This refers to prejudice or discrimination against individuals based on their race or ethnicity.
6. Recency Bias: This occurs when people give more weight to the most recent information and experiences, overlooking older or historical data.
It's important to be aware of these biases to make more informed and fair decisions.
Examples type of bias:
1. Confirmation Bias: An example of this would be someone who believes that a certain medical treatment is effective, seeking out and giving more weight to information that supports this belief while dismissing contradictory evidence.
2. Selection Bias: Suppose a survey about internet usage is conducted only through online forms. This would exclude individuals without internet access, leading to a biased sample that does not represent the entire population's internet usage habits.
3. Cultural Bias: This could occur when evaluating a piece of literature from a different culture and interpreting it solely through the lens of one's own cultural values, leading to misinterpretations.
4. Gender Bias: An example of this would be assuming that a woman is less capable of leadership roles based on traditional gender stereotypes, thereby impacting hiring or promotion decisions.
5. Racial Bias: This could manifest as a person being treated differently or unfairly due to their race, such as receiving harsher treatment from law enforcement based on racial stereotypes.
6. Recency Bias: If a manager only considers an employee's recent performance when making promotion decisions, overlooking the employee's consistent long-term contributions, this would be an example of recency bias.
Types of prejudice:
1. Racial Prejudice: This involves holding negative attitudes or beliefs about individuals based on their race or ethnicity.
2. Gender Prejudice: This refers to preconceived notions or biases against individuals based on their gender, whether it's male, female, or non-binary.
3. Religious Prejudice: This occurs when individuals are treated unfairly or with bias based on their religious beliefs or affiliations.
4. Sexual Orientation Prejudice: Prejudice based on an individual's sexual orientation, such as discrimination against individuals who identify as LGBTQ+.
5. Age Prejudice: This involves
Inferiority complex destroys many precious moments of your life. It is really sad that some people feel that they are not up to standards in any group or class. In this presentation we have shown how to get over inferiority complex?
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1LEARNING OBJECTIVES.docxbagotjesusa
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Describe why an understanding of research methods is important.
· Describe the scientific approach to learning about behavior and contrast it with pseudoscientific research.
· Define and give examples of the four goals of scientific research: description, prediction, determination of cause, and explanation of behavior.
· Discuss the three elements for inferring causation: temporal order, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations.
· Define, describe, compare, and contrast basic and applied research.
Page 2DO SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM IMPACT OUR RELATIONSHIPS? What causes alcoholism? How do our early childhood experiences affect our later lives? How do we remember things, what causes us to forget, and how can memory be improved? Why do we procrastinate? Why do some people experience anxiety so extreme that it disrupts their lives while others—facing the same situation—seem to be unaffected? How can we help people who suffer from depression? Why do we like certain people and dislike others?
Curiosity about questions like these is probably the most important reason that many students decide to take courses in the behavioral sciences. Science is the best way to explore and answer these sorts of questions. In this book, we will examine the methods of scientific research in the behavioral sciences. In this introductory chapter, we will focus on ways in which knowledge of research methods can be useful in understanding the world around us. Further, we will review the characteristics of a scientific approach to the study of behavior and the general types of research questions that concern behavioral scientists.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH METHODS
We are continuously bombarded with research results: “Happiness Wards Off Heart Disease,” “Recession Causes Increase in Teen Dating Violence,” “Breast-Fed Children Found Smarter,” “Facebook Users Get Worse Grades in College.” Articles and books make claims about the beneficial or harmful effects of particular diets or vitamins on one's sex life, personality, or health. Survey results are frequently reported that draw conclusions about our beliefs concerning a variety of topics. The key question is, how do you evaluate such reports? Do you simply accept the findings because they are supposed to be scientific? A background in research methods will help you read these reports critically, evaluate the methods employed, and decide whether the conclusions are reasonable.
Many occupations require the use of research findings. For example, mental health professionals must make decisions about treatment methods, assignment of clients to different types of facilities, medications, and testing procedures. Such decisions are made on the basis of research; to make good decisions, mental health professionals must be able to read the research literature in the field and apply it to their professional lives. .
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
7. What is …?
BIAS
• the action of supporting or opposing a particular
person or thing in an unfair way, because of
allowing personal opinions to influence your
judgment
“unfairness
“favoritism”
9. No. 1 This happens when people rely too much on
pre-existing information or the first
information they find when making
decisions.
When we become “anchored” to a specific idea…
we end up
“filtering”
all new information.
10. No. 2 This happens when journalists and news producers
select the events and stories that are reported, and
how they are covered.
11. No. 3 The tendency of people to favor
information that confirms their existing
beliefs.
You Other people
vs.
12. No. 4 This happens when one makes a
wrong or uncomfortable decision to
fit in to please the group of people.
In the workplace…
13. No. 5
a type of cognitive bias whereby our perception of
someone is positively influenced by our opinions of that
person’s other related traits.
something referred to as the "physical attractiveness
stereotype" and the "what is beautiful is also good"
principle.
People who are
considered attractive tend
to be rated higher on
other positive traits as
well.
14. What is …?
PREJUDICE
• refers to pre-judging before looking at the
evidence
• an unfavorable opinion or feeling beforehand
without knowledge, thought, or reason
• can have a strong influence on how people
behave and interact with others, particularly
with those who are different from another group.
16. No. 1 the idea that groups of people exhibit different
personality, characteristics, and can be separated
based on the dominance of one race over another
17. No. 2 a form of prejudice based on sex or gender
18. No. 3
This is a prejudice based on social class or
grouping of individuals based on wealth,
occupation, income, education, and social
network.
19. No. 4
This is a prejudicial attitude towards older
people, old age, and the aging process.
20. No. 5
This is the attitude towards a person or group
differently because of the particular beliefs
about religion.
21. BIAS PREJUDICE
an inclination for or against a person
idea or thing especially in a way
considered to be unfair
both negative and positive attitudes
results in unfairness
reconceived opinion that is not based
on actual experience or reason
usually negative attitudes
results in discrimination
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Teacher X favors certain students over
others in grading final performance.
Picking articles or stories that are
pleasing to the owners of the media
organization or network.
It is sometimes assumed that someone
who is physically disabled is also
mentally disabled.
Some people may consider all Muslim
women to be illiterate and uneducated.
(This is actually a prejudice against
religion and gender)
Source: ER Buginaon, Slideshare, “Bias and Prejudice,” published November 16, 2018, https//www.slideshare.net/EhlieWinters/bias-and-prejudice
