The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative was launched globally in 1992 to promote breastfeeding. It originated from the Innocenti Declaration and Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. Over 152 countries have implemented the initiative. India launched its program in 1993, with over 1,372 designated baby-friendly hospitals. Key policies include exclusive breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth, rooming-in, and not providing pacifiers or bottles. The initiative has increased exclusive breastfeeding rates for the first 6 months. Hypothermia is a risk for newborns and can be life-threatening if body temperature drops below 36.5°C. Risk factors include prematurity, low birthweight, and improper warming procedures. The "warm chain
Every year more than 10 million children die in developing countries due to acute respiratory infections (mostly pneumonia), diarrhea, measles, malaria, or malnutrition - and often to a combination of these illnesses. In 1990s, the WHO, in collaboration with UNICEF and many other agencies, institutions and individuals, responded to this challenge by developing a strategy known as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI).This strategy adopted in India as Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI). IMNCI caters to two groups of children
• 0-2 months, referred to as young infants.
• 2 months to 5 years, referred to as children.
neonatal hypothermia is a very emergency condition. if we identify this in early stage we can save the life of neonate. all should know about the maintaining the temperature if the neonate is in our home.
Every year more than 10 million children die in developing countries due to acute respiratory infections (mostly pneumonia), diarrhea, measles, malaria, or malnutrition - and often to a combination of these illnesses. In 1990s, the WHO, in collaboration with UNICEF and many other agencies, institutions and individuals, responded to this challenge by developing a strategy known as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI).This strategy adopted in India as Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI). IMNCI caters to two groups of children
• 0-2 months, referred to as young infants.
• 2 months to 5 years, referred to as children.
neonatal hypothermia is a very emergency condition. if we identify this in early stage we can save the life of neonate. all should know about the maintaining the temperature if the neonate is in our home.
Ophthalmia Neonatorum or Neonatal ConjunctivitisAakanksha Bajpai
This presentation describe the condition of eye which is very common among neonates i.e. ophthalmia neonatorum which is otherwise also known as neonatal conjunctivitis. the major causes,diagnostic tests and manqgement is described here. Also ways to prevent it are explained.
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
The Apgar score is a test given to newborns soon after birth. This test checks a baby's heart rate, muscle tone, and other signs to see if extra medical care or emergency care is needed. The test is usually given twice: once at 1 minute after birth, and again at 5 minutes after birth
Pica is explained in very simple wording and style by the help of a scenario. Easy to remember and present due to interesting pictures. Helpful for medical students, parents having child with pica and knowledge seekers.
This slide contain detail description of basic terminologies, neonatal (head to toe examination) assessment, neonatal reflexes, minor physiological handicaps of newborn
Ophthalmia Neonatorum or Neonatal ConjunctivitisAakanksha Bajpai
This presentation describe the condition of eye which is very common among neonates i.e. ophthalmia neonatorum which is otherwise also known as neonatal conjunctivitis. the major causes,diagnostic tests and manqgement is described here. Also ways to prevent it are explained.
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
The Apgar score is a test given to newborns soon after birth. This test checks a baby's heart rate, muscle tone, and other signs to see if extra medical care or emergency care is needed. The test is usually given twice: once at 1 minute after birth, and again at 5 minutes after birth
Pica is explained in very simple wording and style by the help of a scenario. Easy to remember and present due to interesting pictures. Helpful for medical students, parents having child with pica and knowledge seekers.
This slide contain detail description of basic terminologies, neonatal (head to toe examination) assessment, neonatal reflexes, minor physiological handicaps of newborn
it is uploaded for paramedics & nursing faculties to teach their students & also helps & create awareness about breast feeding practices to decrease the infant mortality rate.
CASE 12 Nestlé The Infant Formula Controversy largel.docxhallettfaustina
CASE 12 Nestlé: The Infant Formula Controversy
largely on the intensive advertising and promotion of in-
fant formula. Clever radio jingles extol the wonders of the
“white man’s powder that will make baby grow and glow.”
“Milk nurses” visit nursing mothers in hospitals and their
homes and provide samples of formula. These activities
encourage mothers to give up breast feeding and resort to
bottle feeding because it is “the fashionable thing to do or
because people are putting it to them that this is the thing
to do.”
THE DEFENSE
The following points are made in defense of the marketing of baby
formula in Third World countries:
• Nestlé argues that the company has never advocated bottle
feeding instead of breast feeding. All its products carry a
statement that breast feeding is best. The company states
that it “believes that breast milk is the best food for infants
and encourages breast feeding around the world as it has
done for decades.” The company offers as support of this
statement one of Nestlé’s oldest educational booklets on
“Infant Feeding and Hygiene,” which dates from 1913 and
encourages breast feeding.
• However, the company does believe that infant formula
has a vital role in proper infant nutrition as a supplement,
when the infant needs nutritionally adequate and appropri-
ate foods in addition to breast milk, and as a substitute for
breast milk when a mother cannot or chooses not to breast
feed. One doctor reports, “Economically deprived and
thus dietarily deprived mothers who give their children
only breast milk are raising infants whose growth rates
begin to slow noticeably at about the age of three months.
These mothers then turn to supplemental feedings that are
often harmful to children. These include herbal teas and
concoctions of rice water or corn water and sweetened,
condensed milk. These feedings can also be prepared
with contaminated water and are served in unsanitary
conditions.”
• Mothers in developing nations often have dietary defi cien-
cies. In the Philippines, a mother in a poor family who is
nursing a child produces about a pint of milk daily. Mothers
in the United States usually produce about a quart of milk
each day. For both the Filipino and U.S. mothers, the milk
produced is equally nutritious. The problem is that there is
less of it for the Filipino baby. If the Filipino mother doesn’t
augment the child’s diet, malnutrition develops.
• Many poor women in the Third World bottle feed because
their work schedules in fi elds or factories will not permit
breast feeding. The infant feeding controversy has largely
to do with the gradual introduction of weaning foods during
the period between three months and two years. The average
well-nourished Western woman, weighing 20 to 30 pounds
more than most women in less developed countries, cannot
Nestlé Alimentana of Vevey, Switzerland, one of the world’s larg-
est food-proc ...
Infant and young child feeding ppt describe the nutritional needs of infant and child. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months and complementary feeding for the child. avoid formula feeding for the child and continue breastfeeding for 24 months.
Nestlé the infant formular controversyEric Nhan Le
Most of the charges against infant formulas focus on the issue of discouraged breast feeding among Third World mothers and have led to misuse of the products, thus contributing to infant malnutrition and death....
"Experiência de paíse com a IHAC = BFHI"
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative 2016
Experiência de 13 países são relatadas: Bolívia, Brasil, China, Gana, Irlanda, Quênia, Kuwait, Quirguistão, Nova Zelândia, Filipinas , Arábia Saudita, EUA e Vietname.
Demonstra que precisamos fortalecer e aprimorar esse programa mundial em defesa do estabelecimento da Amamentação nas Maternidades, Casas de Parto, Centros de Nascimento.
Promoting breast feeding as a right of the childNaeem Zafar
In this presentation we will see how breast feeding,, a natural phenomenon and protector of human species has to be protected by Universal laws and legislation. Yet we have to fight for this right through awareness raising and advocacy to the government as well as lay public.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
2. Introduction
• Baby friendly Hospital Initiative was launched
in 1992 in INDIA.
• The Innocenti declaration on the promoting,
protection and support of breastfeeding was
produced and adapted by participants at the
WHO/ UNICEF policy maker’s meeting on
breast feeding in 1990s.
2
3. 3
Cont…introduction
• The Global initiative was co- sponsored by the
USAID (United States Agency for International
Development )and SIDA (The Swedish
International Development Cooperation
Agency.)
• The baby friendly hospital campign was
launched by the WHO/ UNICEF in mid 1991
in Ankara to boost the breastfeeding practices
and to counter the trends of bottle feeding
4. 4
• Since its launching BFHI has grown, with
more than 152 countries around the world
implementing the initiative.
• The initiative has measurable and proven impact,
increasing the likelihood of babies being
exclusively breastfed for the first six months.
6. 6
• The programme, launched in Kerala in March 1993,
is hospital .
• Of the 1,372 baby friendly hospitals in India 65 per
cent are in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
• Dr Elsie Philip, state co-ordinator of BFHI, said the rates
of breast-feeding initiation within a day is 92 per cent
in Kerala (compared to 78.7 percent in Tamil Nadu and
the national average of 37.1 per cent)
7. 7
Cont…introduction
• Baby friendly hospital are required to adopted
breast feeding policy and follow the
“ ten step of Successful breastfeeding”
as recommended by code of practice of WHO/
UNICEF
8. 8
Have a written breastfeeding policy that is
routinely communicated to all health care staff.
Train all health care staff in skills necessary to
implement this policy.
Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and
management of breastfeeding.
9. 9
Cont…BHIF Policies
Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within one
half-hour of birth.
Show mothers how to breastfeed and maintain
lactation, even if they should be separated from
their infants.
Give newborn infants no food or drink other than
breast milk, unless medically indicated.
10. 10
Practice rooming in - that is, allow mothers and
infants to remain together 24 hours a day.
Encourage breastfeeding on demand.
Give no artificial nipples or pacifiers (soothers) to
breastfeeding infants.
Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support
groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from
the hospital or clinic.
11. 11
Ten steps to successful
breastfeeding
(revised 2018)- WHO
12. 12
• Critical management procedures
– 1a. Comply fully with the International Code of
Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and relevantWorld
Health Assemblyresolutions.
– 1b. Have a written infant feeding policy that isroutinely
communicated to staff and parents.
– 1c. Establish ongoing monitoring anddata-management
systems.
– 2. Ensure that staff have sufficient knowledge,
competence and skills to supportbreastfeeding.
13. 13
Ten steps to successful breastfeeding (revised 2018)- WHO
• Key clinical practices
– 3. Discuss the importance and management of
breastfeeding with pregnant women and their families.
– 4. Facilitate immediate and uninterrupted skin-to-skin
contact and support mothers to initiate breastfeeding as
soon as possible after birth.
– 5. Support mothers to initiate and maintain
breastfeeding and manage common difficulties.
– 6. Do not provide breastfed newborns any foodor
fluids other than breast milk, unless medically
indicated.
14. 14
Ten steps to successful breastfeeding (revised 2018)- WHO
• Key clinical practices
– 7. Enable mothers and their infants to remaintogether
and to practise rooming-in 24 hours aday.
– 8. Support mothers to recognize and respond totheir
infants’ cues forfeeding.
– 9. Counsel mothers on the use and risks offeeding
bottles, teats and pacifiers.
– 10. Coordinate discharge so that parents and their infants
have timely access to ongoing support andcare.
25. 25
• Indian hospitals are still in early stages of
joining this movement. The National BFHI task
force was formed, in 1992, towards the efforts
to improve the breastfeeding practices.
26. 26
• The task force comprising of Govt. of INDIA,
UNICEF, WHO and Professional Organization
( TNAI, BPNI, NNF, IMA, FOGSI, IAP, CMAI,
CHAI, IBFAN, ACASH) is working for
evaluation of breastfeeding practices in the
hospitals and appropriate certification as
“ Baby Friendly Hospital” .
27. •The Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India-BPNI
•The National Neonatology Forum –NNF
•Indian Medical Association-IMA
•Federation of Obstetric & Gynaecological Societies of India- FOGSI
•Indian Academy of Paediatrics-IAP
•Christian Medical Association of India-CMAI
•Catholic Health Association of India-CHAI
•International Baby Foods Action Network-IBFAN
• Association for consumers' action on safety and health - ACASH
29. 29
• The certificate needs re-recognition on every
two years to ensure the standard and quality for
successful breastfeeding.
• Beside promotion of breastfeeding, BFHI in
INDIA also proposed to provide:-
– Improved antenatal care
– Mother friendly delivery services.
– Diarrhea management
30. 30
–Standardize institution support of
immunization
–Promotion of healthy growth and good
nutrition
–Widespread availability and adoption of
family planning
31. 31
Cont…
• Govt. of India has made significantly efforts to
promote and protect breastfeeding by enacting a law
“The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and
Infant Food Act,1992”.
• The act prohibits advertizing of infant milk
substitutes (IMS) and feeding bottles to public, free
sampling, hospital promotion and gifts of samples of
IMS to health workers.
32. Hypothermia:
Hypothermia occurs when the body
temperature drops below 36.5degree
Celsius (97.7 degree F), the lower limit of
normal range of 36.5 - 37.5 degree Celsius
(97.8-99.5degree F.
33. Incidence: Neonatal cold injury occurs throughout
the world, even in warm climates. In one hospital
during an 8-year study in Ethiopia, 67% of low birth
weight and high-risk infants admitted to a special
care unit from outside were hypothermic. In a large
series of births in the provinces in China the incidence
of sclerema was 6.7 per thousand. High - risk factors
were prematurity and low birthweight
34. Risk factors:
-Incorrectcare of the baby immediately after birth.
-Separation of mother from baby afterbirth.
-The weight and gestational age of the infant.
-The place of the delivery and environmental conditions.
-Inadequate warming procedures beforeand during transport
of theinfant.
-Asphyxia, hypoxia, other illness of thebaby,
-Inadequate warming procedureduring resuscitation
35. Signs of hypothermia:
Early clinical signs which should arouse
suspicion of cold stress due tohypothermia
are:
1.The feet are cold to the touch and become cold before
the body iscold;
2.Weak sucking ability.
3.Reduction in activity-lethargy;and
4.A weakcry.
36. If hypothermia persists it leads to
1. there is a risk of neonatal cold injury
2.the infant usually becomes lethargic, with slow, shallow and
irregular respiration anda slow heart rate (bradycardia) corresponding
to the degree of fall in bodytemperature.
3.Hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosismay develop.
4.There is a real risk ofdeath
5.The face and extremities may have a bright red color while the
rest of body is pale; central cyanosis may bepresent.
6.Sclerema, a hardening of the skin, associated with reddening
and edemais seen mainly on the back and the limbs but may
cover the wholebody.
37. Thereare fourwaysa newborn may
lose heat to theenvironment:-
(1) Radiation
(2) Convection
(3) Conduction
(4) Evaporation
38. The “warm chain” is a concept introduced
to describe a set of interlinked procedures,
which will minimize the likelihood of
hypothermia. Failure to implement any one
of them will break the chain and increase
the possibility of undesirable cooling of the
infant.
39. The link in the “warm chain”includes:
(1) Warm deliveryroom
(2) Immediatedrying
(3) Skin-to-skin contact
(4) Breast-feeding
(5) Postpone bathing and weighing of the
newborn
(6) Appropriate clothing andbedding
(7) Keeping mother and babytogether
(8) Warmresuscitation
(9) Training andawareness
40. Role of a nurse:
An important objective of appropriate care of the
newborn is to avoid hypothermia from the
moment of birth, by using procedures that will
prevent heat loss and maintain the temperature
within thenormal
range, thus conserving the infant’s energy for
growth and development.
41. Conclusion:
• If all newborn infants, including preterm and small infants are carefully
dried and given to their mother in skin-to-skin contact immediately after
delivery, therisk of hypothermia is greatlyreduced.
•There is sufficient evidences to conclude that immediate post
delivery hypothermia is harmful to newborn, increasing the risk of
morbidity and mortality.
The information presented here provides a basis from which managers and
health care providers can develop their own plans and procedures for the
preventionand management of hypothermia in thenewborn