This document provides guidelines for law enforcement officers on properly seizing and preserving electronic evidence. It was created by a working group of law enforcement agencies to address common issues in modern electronic crime scenes. The guidelines cover topics such as securing different types of devices including personal computers, cell phones, and network equipment. It emphasizes the importance of documenting all steps, preventing evidence tampering, and consulting experts when needed.
Incident Response Methodology is one of the popular process to investigate the incident which is unlawful, unauthorized or unacceptable action on computer system or computer network.
What is digital evidence? , sources of digital evidence, types of digital evidence, the procedure for collecting digital evidence, records, digital vs physical evidence, controlling contamination.
The document discusses information security threats and attacks. It provides examples of different types of threats including human error, intellectual property theft, espionage, service disruptions, natural disasters, hardware and software failures, and obsolescence. It also describes different categories of attacks such as malware, password cracking, denial of service, and how multi-vector worms can use various techniques like IP scanning, web browsing, file shares, and email to replicate. The document emphasizes that management must understand security threats in order to implement proper controls and safeguard the organization's data, systems, and ability to operate.
The document discusses the importance of establishing a security policy for an organization. A security policy is a formal statement that outlines the organization's goals, objectives, and procedures for information security. It requires compliance, identifies consequences for non-compliance, and establishes a baseline for minimizing risk. The document outlines the key components of a security policy, including governing policies, technical policies, and guidelines. It also discusses developing a security policy through identifying issues, analyzing risks, drafting language, legal review, and deployment.
This document discusses security technologies taught in an Illinois Institute of Technology course. It covers firewalls, intrusion detection systems, dial-up protection, and other topics. The learning objectives are to define types of firewalls, discuss firewall implementation approaches, and understand technologies like encryption and biometrics. Firewalls examined include packet filtering, proxy, stateful inspection, dynamic, and kernel proxy firewalls. Intrusion detection systems can be host-based or network-based, using signatures or anomalies. Remote authentication and terminal access control systems help secure dial-up access.
Virus and its CounterMeasures -- Pruthvi Monarch Pruthvi Monarch
This document discusses viruses and countermeasures against them. It begins by defining viruses and their operation modes and structure. It describes different types of viruses like macro viruses, email viruses, and Trojan horses. It then discusses recent malicious attacks like Code Red and Nimda. The document outlines various virus countermeasures like prevention, detection, and reaction techniques. It describes advanced techniques like digital immune systems, behavioral blocking software, and antivirus software programs. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of installing antivirus applications, regularly scanning for viruses, gaining knowledge about how viruses work, and using basic internet security applications.
Incident Response Methodology is one of the popular process to investigate the incident which is unlawful, unauthorized or unacceptable action on computer system or computer network.
What is digital evidence? , sources of digital evidence, types of digital evidence, the procedure for collecting digital evidence, records, digital vs physical evidence, controlling contamination.
The document discusses information security threats and attacks. It provides examples of different types of threats including human error, intellectual property theft, espionage, service disruptions, natural disasters, hardware and software failures, and obsolescence. It also describes different categories of attacks such as malware, password cracking, denial of service, and how multi-vector worms can use various techniques like IP scanning, web browsing, file shares, and email to replicate. The document emphasizes that management must understand security threats in order to implement proper controls and safeguard the organization's data, systems, and ability to operate.
The document discusses the importance of establishing a security policy for an organization. A security policy is a formal statement that outlines the organization's goals, objectives, and procedures for information security. It requires compliance, identifies consequences for non-compliance, and establishes a baseline for minimizing risk. The document outlines the key components of a security policy, including governing policies, technical policies, and guidelines. It also discusses developing a security policy through identifying issues, analyzing risks, drafting language, legal review, and deployment.
This document discusses security technologies taught in an Illinois Institute of Technology course. It covers firewalls, intrusion detection systems, dial-up protection, and other topics. The learning objectives are to define types of firewalls, discuss firewall implementation approaches, and understand technologies like encryption and biometrics. Firewalls examined include packet filtering, proxy, stateful inspection, dynamic, and kernel proxy firewalls. Intrusion detection systems can be host-based or network-based, using signatures or anomalies. Remote authentication and terminal access control systems help secure dial-up access.
Virus and its CounterMeasures -- Pruthvi Monarch Pruthvi Monarch
This document discusses viruses and countermeasures against them. It begins by defining viruses and their operation modes and structure. It describes different types of viruses like macro viruses, email viruses, and Trojan horses. It then discusses recent malicious attacks like Code Red and Nimda. The document outlines various virus countermeasures like prevention, detection, and reaction techniques. It describes advanced techniques like digital immune systems, behavioral blocking software, and antivirus software programs. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of installing antivirus applications, regularly scanning for viruses, gaining knowledge about how viruses work, and using basic internet security applications.
This document discusses physical security for protecting enterprise resources including people, data, and facilities. It covers assessing threats and vulnerabilities, choosing a secure site location, designing security for the building structure and environment, implementing physical and administrative controls, and ensuring life safety measures like fire detection and suppression. Key considerations include perimeter security, access control, environmental factors, emergency procedures, and compliance with standards to help ensure security.
The document discusses incident handling and provides details about each step of the incident handling life cycle. It begins with an introduction on the importance of incident handling plans. It then defines what constitutes an incident and provides examples of different incident types and categories. The document outlines the key steps in the incident handling life cycle as preparation, identification, detection, analysis, containment, eradication, recovery, and follow up. For each step, it provides details on goals, definitions, and best practices.
The development of intelligent network forensic tools to focus on specific type of network traffic analysis is a challenge in terms of future perspective.
This will reduce time delays, less computational resources requirement; minimize attacks, providing reliable and secured evidences, and efficient investigation with minimum efforts
The document discusses types of threat actors and attack vectors in cybersecurity. It defines threat actors as script kiddies, hacktivists, insider threats, competitors, and advanced persistent threat groups. It also discusses attributes of threat actors like location, intent, and capabilities. The document then explains vulnerabilities, risks, types of hackers, and common attack vectors like direct access, removable media, email, supply chain attacks, remote/wireless access, cloud computing, and web/social media platforms.
This document provides an overview of access control, including identification, authentication, and authorization. It discusses different types of access controls like administrative, technical, and physical controls. It also covers specific access control methods like passwords, biometrics, smart cards, and tokens. Identification establishes a subject's identity, while authentication proves the identity. Authorization then controls the subject's access to resources based on their proven identity. The document categorizes access controls as preventive, detective, corrective, recovery, compensating, and directive. It provides examples of different administrative, technical, and physical controls that fall into each category.
02 Types of Computer Forensics Technology - NotesKranthi
The document discusses various types of computer forensics technology used by law enforcement, military, and businesses. It describes the Computer Forensics Experiment 2000 (CFX-2000) which tested an integrated forensic analysis framework to determine motives and identity of cyber criminals. It also discusses specific computer forensics software tools like SafeBack for creating evidence backups and Text Search Plus for quickly searching storage media for keywords. The document provides details on different types of computer forensics technology used for remote monitoring, creating trackable documents, and theft recovery.
The document discusses the OS Credential Dumping technique used by attackers to obtain login and password information from the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) process memory. It describes three main methods attackers use - dumping LSASS memory using Windows Task Manager, ProcDump tool, or Comsvcs.dll. Detection rules are provided to monitor for these activities in Splunk, including monitoring for dumping files, ProcDump and Comsvcs.dll execution, and LSASS process access. Finally, it mentions attackers can use Mimikatz to extract passwords from the dumped LSASS memory files.
Network forensics is the capture, recording, and analysis of network events and traffic in order to discover the source of security attacks or other problem incidents. It involves systematically capturing and analyzing network traffic and events to trace and prove a network security incident. Network forensics provides crucial network-based evidence that can be used to successfully prosecute criminals. It is a difficult process that depends on maintaining high-quality network information.
Presentation made by Dr Tabrez Ahmad in Biju Pattanaik State Police Academy Bhubaneswar. To train DSP,s on Cyber Crime Investigation and Cyber Forensics.
Web application attacks can take many forms, including cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, parameter tampering, command injection, session management issues, cookie poisoning, directory traversal, cross-site request forgery, and buffer overflows. XSS is a vulnerability that allows malicious JavaScript code to be injected and run in a user's browser, potentially accessing data. SQL injection involves inserting SQL commands into a database query to gain unauthorized access. Parameter tampering modifies URL parameters to change expected behavior.
Introduction to Cyber Forensics Module 1Anpumathews
This document provides an introduction to cyber forensics. It discusses computer forensics techniques used to determine and reveal technical criminal evidence, often involving extracting electronic data for legal purposes. The document outlines several modules that will be covered, including information security investigations, corporate cyber forensics, the scientific method in forensic analysis, and investigating large scale data breach cases. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of cyber forensics and some common cyber forensic techniques.
Sneha Chauhan presented on cyber crime and security techniques. The presentation discussed how the growth of the internet in India has led to new opportunities but also disadvantages like cyber crime. Several types of cyber crimes were defined, including hacking, denial of service attacks, and software piracy. The presentation provided safety tips to prevent cyber crime and outlined cyber security techniques such as using antivirus software, firewalls, and maintaining backups. It also discussed public key cryptography and private key cryptography.
Types of Computer Forensics Technology, Types of Military Computer Forensic Technology, Types of Law Enforcement, Computer Forensic Technology, Types of Business Computer Forensic Technology, Specialized Forensics Techniques, Hidden Data and How to Find It, Spyware and Adware, Encryption Methods and Vulnerabilities, Protecting Data from Being Compromised Internet Tracing Methods, Security and Wireless Technologies, Avoiding Pitfalls with Firewalls Biometric Security Systems
This document discusses cyber forensics and investigating large scale data breaches. It begins by defining cyber forensics as an electronic discovery technique used to determine and reveal technical criminal evidence, often involving extracting electronic data for legal purposes. It then discusses challenges in investigating corporate networks due to different operating systems, file systems, and administrative access used. When investigating large data breaches, security exploits and employee devices are common entry points, while pace of growth and lack of evidence erasure complicate progress. The Yahoo breach example turned tides by providing data to investigators that aided geopolitical understanding. Immediate actions include response and isolation, while tools like COFEE, SIFT, and ProDiscover aid forensic analysis at different levels.
Cyber security is the protection of internet-connected systems, networks, and data from malicious attacks. It involves protecting systems and information through techniques like network security, cloud security, and information security. Cyber security has become increasingly important as more critical infrastructure and personal data are accessed online. Its goals are to maintain confidentiality of information, integrity of data and systems, and availability of networks and information. Common cyber threats include malware, phishing, man-in-the-middle attacks, distributed denial of service attacks, and others. Strong cyber security strategies and processes help organizations protect sensitive data and systems from cyber attacks.
The presentation is all about computer forensics. the process , the tools and its features and some example scenarios.. It will give you a great insight into the computer forensics
This document discusses packet sniffing and methods for detecting packet sniffers. It defines packet sniffing as monitoring all network packets and describes common packet sniffer tools like tcpdump. It explains that packet sniffers can be used for both legitimate and malicious purposes, such as password theft or network mapping. The document outlines two key methods for detecting packet sniffers - MAC detection and DNS detection. MAC detection works by sending packets with invalid MAC addresses and checking if any hosts respond in promiscuous mode. DNS detection exploits the behavior of sniffers performing DNS lookups on spoofed source IP addresses. Both methods were found to accurately detect the presence of packet sniffers on a network.
Cyber Security introduction. Cyber security definition. Vulnerabilities. Social engineering and human error. Financial cost of security breaches. Computer protection. The cyber security job market
A more in-depth analysis of cyber forensics; but explained eloquently for the beginner, by Chaitanya Dhareshwar - Cyber Crime Investigator, Technocrat and Entrepreneur.
Learn what cyber forensics is all about and how you can begin using the basic tools of forensics in your day to day life. Not only does it make the world a safer place, your data remains significantly more secure.
Every step you take towards cyber security in this lawless internet allows you to achieve greater knowledge unhindered.
Best Practices For Seizing Electronic Evidence -- DoJDavid Sweigert
This document provides guidance for first responders on handling digital evidence at crime scenes. It discusses the types of electronic devices that may contain digital evidence, including computers, storage devices, handheld devices, and peripheral equipment. It emphasizes the importance of properly recognizing, documenting, collecting, packaging, transporting, and storing digital evidence to preserve its integrity. Due to the fragile nature of digital data and legal restrictions, first responders are advised only to secure devices and seek assistance from forensic experts in examining their contents. The document aims to help law enforcement identify and process digital evidence while avoiding altering or destroying important information.
iStart - Cybercrime scene investigationHayden McCall
This document discusses how cybercriminals pose an increasing threat to organizations and how security intelligence software is helping to address this threat. It notes that every organization has likely been hacked but most do not discover it for months. New approaches like big data analytics, increased information sharing between organizations, and a focus on early detection over prevention are highlighted as promising strategies for enhancing security and narrowing the window that cybercriminals have to operate within networks undetected. However, skills shortages remain a challenge as security and big data skills are in high demand.
This document discusses physical security for protecting enterprise resources including people, data, and facilities. It covers assessing threats and vulnerabilities, choosing a secure site location, designing security for the building structure and environment, implementing physical and administrative controls, and ensuring life safety measures like fire detection and suppression. Key considerations include perimeter security, access control, environmental factors, emergency procedures, and compliance with standards to help ensure security.
The document discusses incident handling and provides details about each step of the incident handling life cycle. It begins with an introduction on the importance of incident handling plans. It then defines what constitutes an incident and provides examples of different incident types and categories. The document outlines the key steps in the incident handling life cycle as preparation, identification, detection, analysis, containment, eradication, recovery, and follow up. For each step, it provides details on goals, definitions, and best practices.
The development of intelligent network forensic tools to focus on specific type of network traffic analysis is a challenge in terms of future perspective.
This will reduce time delays, less computational resources requirement; minimize attacks, providing reliable and secured evidences, and efficient investigation with minimum efforts
The document discusses types of threat actors and attack vectors in cybersecurity. It defines threat actors as script kiddies, hacktivists, insider threats, competitors, and advanced persistent threat groups. It also discusses attributes of threat actors like location, intent, and capabilities. The document then explains vulnerabilities, risks, types of hackers, and common attack vectors like direct access, removable media, email, supply chain attacks, remote/wireless access, cloud computing, and web/social media platforms.
This document provides an overview of access control, including identification, authentication, and authorization. It discusses different types of access controls like administrative, technical, and physical controls. It also covers specific access control methods like passwords, biometrics, smart cards, and tokens. Identification establishes a subject's identity, while authentication proves the identity. Authorization then controls the subject's access to resources based on their proven identity. The document categorizes access controls as preventive, detective, corrective, recovery, compensating, and directive. It provides examples of different administrative, technical, and physical controls that fall into each category.
02 Types of Computer Forensics Technology - NotesKranthi
The document discusses various types of computer forensics technology used by law enforcement, military, and businesses. It describes the Computer Forensics Experiment 2000 (CFX-2000) which tested an integrated forensic analysis framework to determine motives and identity of cyber criminals. It also discusses specific computer forensics software tools like SafeBack for creating evidence backups and Text Search Plus for quickly searching storage media for keywords. The document provides details on different types of computer forensics technology used for remote monitoring, creating trackable documents, and theft recovery.
The document discusses the OS Credential Dumping technique used by attackers to obtain login and password information from the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) process memory. It describes three main methods attackers use - dumping LSASS memory using Windows Task Manager, ProcDump tool, or Comsvcs.dll. Detection rules are provided to monitor for these activities in Splunk, including monitoring for dumping files, ProcDump and Comsvcs.dll execution, and LSASS process access. Finally, it mentions attackers can use Mimikatz to extract passwords from the dumped LSASS memory files.
Network forensics is the capture, recording, and analysis of network events and traffic in order to discover the source of security attacks or other problem incidents. It involves systematically capturing and analyzing network traffic and events to trace and prove a network security incident. Network forensics provides crucial network-based evidence that can be used to successfully prosecute criminals. It is a difficult process that depends on maintaining high-quality network information.
Presentation made by Dr Tabrez Ahmad in Biju Pattanaik State Police Academy Bhubaneswar. To train DSP,s on Cyber Crime Investigation and Cyber Forensics.
Web application attacks can take many forms, including cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, parameter tampering, command injection, session management issues, cookie poisoning, directory traversal, cross-site request forgery, and buffer overflows. XSS is a vulnerability that allows malicious JavaScript code to be injected and run in a user's browser, potentially accessing data. SQL injection involves inserting SQL commands into a database query to gain unauthorized access. Parameter tampering modifies URL parameters to change expected behavior.
Introduction to Cyber Forensics Module 1Anpumathews
This document provides an introduction to cyber forensics. It discusses computer forensics techniques used to determine and reveal technical criminal evidence, often involving extracting electronic data for legal purposes. The document outlines several modules that will be covered, including information security investigations, corporate cyber forensics, the scientific method in forensic analysis, and investigating large scale data breach cases. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of cyber forensics and some common cyber forensic techniques.
Sneha Chauhan presented on cyber crime and security techniques. The presentation discussed how the growth of the internet in India has led to new opportunities but also disadvantages like cyber crime. Several types of cyber crimes were defined, including hacking, denial of service attacks, and software piracy. The presentation provided safety tips to prevent cyber crime and outlined cyber security techniques such as using antivirus software, firewalls, and maintaining backups. It also discussed public key cryptography and private key cryptography.
Types of Computer Forensics Technology, Types of Military Computer Forensic Technology, Types of Law Enforcement, Computer Forensic Technology, Types of Business Computer Forensic Technology, Specialized Forensics Techniques, Hidden Data and How to Find It, Spyware and Adware, Encryption Methods and Vulnerabilities, Protecting Data from Being Compromised Internet Tracing Methods, Security and Wireless Technologies, Avoiding Pitfalls with Firewalls Biometric Security Systems
This document discusses cyber forensics and investigating large scale data breaches. It begins by defining cyber forensics as an electronic discovery technique used to determine and reveal technical criminal evidence, often involving extracting electronic data for legal purposes. It then discusses challenges in investigating corporate networks due to different operating systems, file systems, and administrative access used. When investigating large data breaches, security exploits and employee devices are common entry points, while pace of growth and lack of evidence erasure complicate progress. The Yahoo breach example turned tides by providing data to investigators that aided geopolitical understanding. Immediate actions include response and isolation, while tools like COFEE, SIFT, and ProDiscover aid forensic analysis at different levels.
Cyber security is the protection of internet-connected systems, networks, and data from malicious attacks. It involves protecting systems and information through techniques like network security, cloud security, and information security. Cyber security has become increasingly important as more critical infrastructure and personal data are accessed online. Its goals are to maintain confidentiality of information, integrity of data and systems, and availability of networks and information. Common cyber threats include malware, phishing, man-in-the-middle attacks, distributed denial of service attacks, and others. Strong cyber security strategies and processes help organizations protect sensitive data and systems from cyber attacks.
The presentation is all about computer forensics. the process , the tools and its features and some example scenarios.. It will give you a great insight into the computer forensics
This document discusses packet sniffing and methods for detecting packet sniffers. It defines packet sniffing as monitoring all network packets and describes common packet sniffer tools like tcpdump. It explains that packet sniffers can be used for both legitimate and malicious purposes, such as password theft or network mapping. The document outlines two key methods for detecting packet sniffers - MAC detection and DNS detection. MAC detection works by sending packets with invalid MAC addresses and checking if any hosts respond in promiscuous mode. DNS detection exploits the behavior of sniffers performing DNS lookups on spoofed source IP addresses. Both methods were found to accurately detect the presence of packet sniffers on a network.
Cyber Security introduction. Cyber security definition. Vulnerabilities. Social engineering and human error. Financial cost of security breaches. Computer protection. The cyber security job market
A more in-depth analysis of cyber forensics; but explained eloquently for the beginner, by Chaitanya Dhareshwar - Cyber Crime Investigator, Technocrat and Entrepreneur.
Learn what cyber forensics is all about and how you can begin using the basic tools of forensics in your day to day life. Not only does it make the world a safer place, your data remains significantly more secure.
Every step you take towards cyber security in this lawless internet allows you to achieve greater knowledge unhindered.
Best Practices For Seizing Electronic Evidence -- DoJDavid Sweigert
This document provides guidance for first responders on handling digital evidence at crime scenes. It discusses the types of electronic devices that may contain digital evidence, including computers, storage devices, handheld devices, and peripheral equipment. It emphasizes the importance of properly recognizing, documenting, collecting, packaging, transporting, and storing digital evidence to preserve its integrity. Due to the fragile nature of digital data and legal restrictions, first responders are advised only to secure devices and seek assistance from forensic experts in examining their contents. The document aims to help law enforcement identify and process digital evidence while avoiding altering or destroying important information.
iStart - Cybercrime scene investigationHayden McCall
This document discusses how cybercriminals pose an increasing threat to organizations and how security intelligence software is helping to address this threat. It notes that every organization has likely been hacked but most do not discover it for months. New approaches like big data analytics, increased information sharing between organizations, and a focus on early detection over prevention are highlighted as promising strategies for enhancing security and narrowing the window that cybercriminals have to operate within networks undetected. However, skills shortages remain a challenge as security and big data skills are in high demand.
The document discusses several digital forensics frameworks that outline procedures for conducting digital investigations. It describes the FORZA framework in detail, which includes different layers representing contextual information, legal considerations, technical preparations, data acquisition, analysis, and legal presentation. Other frameworks covered include an enhanced digital investigation process model, an event-based digital forensic investigation framework, and a computer forensics field triage process model. Key phases of each framework, such as readiness, deployment, physical crime scene investigation, and digital crime scene investigation are also outlined.
Disaster Recovery planning within HIPAA frameworkDavid Sweigert
This document provides guidance on developing contingency plans to address critical business processes that support HIPAA transactions. It defines key terms like contingency planning, disaster recovery planning, and continuity of operations plans. It discusses performing a risk analysis to identify critical processes and potential failures. Alternatives and workarounds are identified for different scenarios. The document provides guidance on developing a continuity of operations plan, including identifying triggers, response teams, procedures, training, and updating the plan over time. It emphasizes the importance of testing contingency plans periodically.
This document provides guidance on preventing and handling malware incidents for desktops and laptops. It discusses understanding malware threats, implementing prevention techniques, and responding to incidents. Recommendations are provided for each phase of the incident response lifecycle: preparation, detection/analysis, containment/eradication/recovery, and lessons learned. Key prevention techniques include policy, awareness training, vulnerability mitigation, threat mitigation using antivirus software, and defensive architecture methods like sandboxing. The document emphasizes the importance of detection, analysis and identifying infected hosts to minimize damage from incidents.
The document provides answers from OCR to questions asked during a webinar about OCR's 2016 HIPAA desk audits. OCR clarifies that entities cannot delete files already uploaded for the audit but can upload multiple files. If the wrong file is uploaded it cannot be deleted but an explanation can be provided. OCR will only consider documentation submitted and will provide a recording of the webinar but may not respond to all clarification requests. Entities selected include health plans and providers and onsite audits will be notified in late fall. The audit is intended to provide guidance on HIPAA compliance and no fines or corrective actions will directly result.
Wireless Disassociation and Deauthentication AttacksDavid Sweigert
This document proposes a lightweight solution called the "Letter-envelop protocol" to defend against deauthentication/disassociation attacks on 802.11 wireless networks. The protocol uses a one-way hard function based on prime factorization to authenticate management frames. When a device wants to disconnect, it sends the frame along with a "letter" that divides the previously exchanged "envelope" number, proving its identity. The protocol modifies the association process to exchange envelopes without requiring new cryptographic capabilities from legacy devices. Experimental results show the protocol effectively prevents spoofing of disconnect frames.
Healthcare Contingency Operations by DHHS ASPRDavid Sweigert
This document outlines four capabilities that the nation's health care system should undertake to prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies: Foundation for Health Care and Medical Readiness; Health Care and Medical Response Coordination; Continuity of Health Care Service Delivery; and Medical Surge. It describes objectives and activities for each capability for health care organizations, health care coalitions, and emergency response agencies to work towards. The document is intended to provide guidance to these organizations to help patients receive needed care during emergencies and promote resilience after emergencies.
HIPAA Security Rule consent agreement with OCRDavid Sweigert
This resolution agreement resolves a breach of protected health information involving Care New England Health System and its covered entities. It requires Care New England to pay $400,000, comply with a corrective action plan, and revise its privacy and security policies and procedures. The corrective action plan mandates training for staff, updating business associate agreements, and reporting security incidents. It aims to bring Care New England into compliance with HIPAA rules governing privacy, security, and breach notification.
Example of Security Awareness Training -- Department of AgingDavid Sweigert
This document provides information and guidelines for CDA (California Department of Aging) affiliates regarding information security awareness training. It defines key terms, outlines responsibilities for protecting CDA information assets, describes how to properly classify and handle different types of information, and emphasizes the importance of incident reporting. The training is designed to help CDA affiliates understand security responsibilities and properly integrate security practices into daily work when accessing, collecting, or storing CDA information.
This document is a handbook for computer security incident response teams (CSIRTs) that provides guidance on forming and operating a CSIRT. It covers basic issues such as defining the CSIRT's mission, services, policies and quality assurance. It also provides detailed information on implementing an incident handling service and considerations for team operations such as security, continuity and staffing. The handbook is intended to help new and existing CSIRTs by sharing knowledge gained from the experiences of the authors and other experts in the field.
This document summarizes a white paper proposing a new policy called NOIR to address the problem of insider spies. The paper has two parts: Part One discusses the true psychology of insider spies based on the author's experience consulting for the defense of three captured spies. It identifies ten life stages that insider spies typically go through. Part Two proposes NOIR, a new government entity aimed at stopping ongoing espionage and preventing future spying by better understanding insider spy psychology and creating opportunities for reconciliation. NOIR would have several branches focused on these goals in a small, independent and inexpensive way.
Use of reverse proxies to counter attacks -- TCP flow analysisDavid Sweigert
This document summarizes Matthew Weant's 2013 master's thesis from the Naval Postgraduate School, which developed a method for fingerprinting reverse proxy servers using timing analysis of TCP flows. The thesis collected TCP session data from global vantage points while actively probing a list of servers. By analyzing packet round trip times within HTTP requests, the research aimed to classify whether each server was a reverse proxy or not. Key findings included developing algorithms to parse TCP flows and identify relevant timing windows, collecting data from different website categories, and analyzing results to discern reverse proxies through threshold ratios of timing metrics. The thesis evaluated the approach on case studies and popular websites to identify reverse proxies with reasonable accuracy.
Cyber war netwar and the future of cyberdefense David Sweigert
This document provides an updated definition of "Netwar" based on the original concept introduced in 1993 by Arquilla and Ronfeldt.
1. The document summarizes the original definitions of "Cyberwar" and "Netwar", noting that Cyberwar targets information systems while Netwar targets societal perceptions.
2. It then proposes a new working definition of modern Netwar as intentional activities to influence human perception through overt or hidden channels, with the goal of facilitating changes in another actor's perceptions for one's own benefit.
3. Netwar does not necessarily involve physical force, illegal data modification, or law violations, but can utilize legal speech, economic actions, and information manipulation to influence perceptions
Cyber Threats that impact the US Energy InfrastructureDavid Sweigert
This intelligence assessment from the Department of Homeland Security analyzes the cyber threat landscape facing the US energy sector. It finds that while advanced persistent threat actors like nation-states are targeting the sector, the risk of a damaging cyber attack is low as their activity is focused on espionage. The majority of malicious activity comes from opportunistic cybercrime rather than targeted attacks. Media reports have led to some misperceptions about the threat level due to overuse of the term "cyber attack". The assessment concludes the risk of a disruptive attack on US energy infrastructure remains low.
Intrusion Detection and Discovery via Log Correlation to support HIPAA Securi...David Sweigert
This document discusses log correlation and network forensics. It covers ensuring log integrity, managing timestamps, normalization and filtering of logs. Log integrity can be compromised during transmission between acquisition and collection points. Normalization is needed to correlate different log formats. Correlation and filtering tools use either a top-down or bottom-up approach to interpret logs. Ensuring log reliability and integrity is important for network forensics investigations and attributions.
Use of Cyber Proxy Forces in Unconventional WarfareDavid Sweigert
The unrest in Baltimore in April 2015 was effectively responded to due to relationships built through prior interagency planning and training. The Maryland National Guard, Maryland Emergency Management Agency, and Baltimore City Police developed trust and understanding through exercises on responding to civil disturbances. This facilitated coordination and unified response during Operation Baltimore Rally, minimizing impacts. Planning shifted to focus on specific hazards, improving response plans. Interagency coordination increased through leader engagement and staff integration. When unrest occurred, the established relationships supported an effective response.
The document summarizes the Emergency Services Sector's (ESS) efforts to secure voice and data systems against cyber threats. It describes how the sector used the Cybersecurity Assessment and Risk Management Approach (CARMA) to conduct a cyber risk assessment of critical functions and infrastructure. The assessment identified priorities like SCADA intrusion and database breaches. It provided a framework to evaluate risks, interdependencies, and develop strategies to mitigate threats through programs, research and metrics. The process fostered collaboration across ESS and enhanced cybersecurity awareness.
Russian Hacker Cyber Threats to US Voting InfrastructureDavid Sweigert
This intelligence assessment from the Department of Homeland Security discusses cyber threats and vulnerabilities to US election infrastructure. It finds that while some elements of election systems may be vulnerable, there is no indication that adversaries are planning cyber operations to change the outcome of the US election. It judges that criminal hackers are likely to continue targeting voter registration databases and personal information. The assessment provides an overview of US computer-enabled election infrastructure and processes, and assesses the potential impact of various cyber incidents.
Overview of SMB, NetBIOS and other network attacksDavid Sweigert
This document is a master's thesis submitted to Blekinge Institute of Technology that analyzes network security threats and vulnerabilities. It proposes developing and implementing a network security monitoring solution.
The thesis was written by Nadeem Ahmad and M. Kashif Habib in 2010. It acknowledges their university supervisor Karel De Vogeleer and examiner Professor Adrian Popescu. The abstract indicates it will address questions about network security implementations and management, and give an idea of the current state of network security.
The thesis contains several chapters that will analyze networks and protocols, security threats and vulnerabilities, security attacks, security countermeasures techniques and tools, security solutions, and present results from simulations testing the proposed security monitoring solution
Research and discuss two operating systems and how incident response.pdfoptokunal1
Research and discuss two operating systems and how incident response processes may differ in
properly shutting down the systems for transport to the laboratory.
Solution
Computer Incident Response and Computer Forensics Overview carried out in different
operating system. As follows below:
Introduction
When a compromise of security or an unauthorized/illegal action associated with a
computer is suspected, it is important that steps are taken to ensure the protection of the
data within the computer and/or storage media. The stored data is needed to determine
the level of security compromise and location of potential evidence concerning the
unauthorized or illegal act.
The initial response to a computer security incident may be more important than later
technical analysis of the computer system because of the actions taken by incident
response team members. Actions taken by the incident response team impact subsequent
laboratory examinations of the computer and/or media. Of most importance is that the
first responder act appropriately.
In the event of a suspected computer incident, care must be taken to preserve evidence in
its original state. While it may seem that simply viewing files on a system would not
result in alteration of the original media, opening a file changes it. From a legal sense, it
is no longer the original evidence and may be inadmissible in any subsequent legal or
administrative proceedings.
This paper will focus on the incident response and computer forensics on the personal or
desktop computers. The incident response and forensic procedures and techniques for
servers may additional knowledge and tools.
Incident Response
Every organization should have an incident response team. This team may consist of one
person in an organization or several persons. In the event of suspected computer crime or
violations of user policies, the team should be activated. The team should have written
procedures for incident response, including what conditions warrant calling in local
and/or federal law enforcement authorities. Violations of user policies may result in
administrative actions whereas suspected computer crimes may require that law
enforcement authorities be called in. The incident team needs to protect evidence for
either situation. For administrative actions, the procedures described in this paper may be
sufficient. However, for suspected computer crimes, the law enforcement officials may
instruct the incident team to wait for their arrival.
The activities/procedures for securing a suspected computer incident scene include
· Securing the scene
· Shutting down the computer
· Labeling the evidence
· Documenting the evidence
· Transporting the evidence
· Providing chain-of-custody documentation
The computer incident response team should keep in mind that what begins as a
collection of evidence for violation of administrative policy violations may escalate into
collection of evidence for more serious violations. The computer may hav.
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This document provides an overview of computer forensics. It defines computer forensics as identifying, preserving, analyzing and presenting digital evidence in a legally acceptable manner. The objective is to find evidence related to cyber crimes. Computer forensics has a history in investigating financial fraud, such as the Enron case. It describes the types of digital evidence, tools used, and steps involved in computer forensic investigations. Key points are avoiding altering metadata and overwriting unallocated space when collecting evidence.
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"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
This document discusses computer forensics and its importance. It begins by defining computer forensics as the process of identifying, preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence. It then describes the four main components of computer forensics as identifying evidence, preserving evidence integrity, analyzing evidence, and presenting evidence in a legally acceptable manner. The document emphasizes that computer forensics is important for recovering lost or deleted data, advising on data security, examining computer usage, investigating technical crimes, and presenting evidence in court. It outlines the standard computer forensics methodology and process of acquiring, identifying, evaluating, and presenting digital evidence.
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"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
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Best Practices For Seizing Electronic Evidence v.3: A Pocket Guide for First Responders USSS
1. Best Practices
For Seizing Electronic Evidence
v.3
A Pocket Guide for First Responders
U.S.Department of
Homeland Security
United States
Secret Service
2. This third edition of the Best Practices for Seizing Electronic Evidence was updated
as a project of the United States Secret Service and participating law enforcement
agencies. A working group of various law enforcement agencies was convened to
identify common issues encountered in today's electronic crime scenes.
Representatives from the following agencies designed and developed this manual:
Alabama District Attorney's Association - Office of Prosecution Services
Los Angeles Police Department
Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
Medford Police Department, Massachusetts
Presque Isle Police Department, Maine
Rockland County Sheriff's Department, New York
Ventura County District Attorney's Office, California
United States Secret Service
For additional copies, please contact the local office of the United States Secret Service.
The committee wishes to thank those departments and agencies who provided their
personnel and resources in support of the publication of this guide. This guide has
also been endorsed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
OFFICER SAFETY
The safety of the officer is paramount in the investigation of any crime. Today,
virtually every crime has an electronic component in terms of computers and
electronic technology being used to facilitate the crime. Computers used in crimes
may contain a host of evidence related to the crime being investigated, whether it is
a conventional crime or a terrorist act. In light of this, law enforcement officers and
investigators should not become complacent with individuals or their environment
simply because the crime may involve a computer.
During the investigation of electronic crimes or the seizure of computers and
electronic items, be aware that as in any other crime, unexpected changes to a
subject's involvement in a case may occur resulting in unexpected individual and
environmental threats to an officer's safety.
Utilizing proper procedures and tactics will ensure your personal safety as well as
the safety of others at the electronic crime scene.
BEST PRACTICES FOR SEIZING
ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE
3. GOLDEN RULES
There are general principles to follow when responding to any crime scene
in which computers and electronic technology may be involved. Several of
those principles are as follows:
Officer safety - secure the scene and make it safe.
If you reasonably believe that the computer is involved in the crime
you are investigating, take immediate steps to preserve the evidence.
Do you have a legal basis to seize this computer (plain view, search
warrant, consent, etc.)?
Do not access any computer files. If the computer is off, leave it off.
If it is on, do not start searching through the computer.
If the computer is on, go to the appropriate sections in this guide on
how to properly shut down the computer and prepare it for
transportation as evidence.
If you reasonably believe that the computer is destroying evidence,
immediately shut down the computer by pulling the power cord from
the back of the computer.
If a camera is available, and the computer is on, take pictures of the
computer screen. If the computer is off, take pictures of the
computer, the location of the computer and any electronic media
attached.
Do special legal considerations apply (doctor, attorney, clergy,
psychiatrist, newspapers, publishers, etc)?
GOLDEN RULES
4. Stand-Alone Home
Personal Computer
For proper evidence preservation,
follow these procedures in order.
• If networked (attached to router
and modem), see instructions on
next page.
• Do not use computer or attempt to
search for evidence.
• Photograph computer front and back as well as cords and connected devices, as
found. Photograph surrounding area prior to moving any evidence.
• If computer is “off”, do not turn “on”.
• If computer is “on” and something is displayed on the monitor, photograph the
screen.
• If computer is “on” and the screen is
blank, move mouse or press space bar
(this will display the active image on the
screen). After image appears,
photograph the screen.
• Unplug power cord from back of tower.
• If the laptop does not shutdown
when the power cord is removed, locate and remove
the battery pack. The battery is commonly placed on
the bottom, and there is usually a button or switch that
allows for the removal of the battery. Once the battery
is removed, do not return it to or store it in the laptop. Removing the
battery will prevent accidental start-up of the laptop.
• Diagram and label cords to later identify connected devices.
• Disconnect all cords and devices from tower.
• Package components and transport / store components as fragile cargo.
• Seize additional storage media (see storage media section).
• Keep all media, including tower, away from magnets, radio transmitters and other
potentially damaging elements.
• Collect instruction manuals, documentation and notes.
• Document all steps involved in the seizure of a computer and components.
• See section on important investigative questions.
EVIDENCE PRESERVATION
5. Networked Home
Personal Computer
For proper evidence
preservation, follow these
procedures in order.
• Unplug power to router or
modem.
• Do not use computer or attempt
to search for evidence.
• Photograph computer front and
back as well as cords and
connected devices, as found.
Photograph surrounding area prior to moving any evidence.
• If computer is “off”, do not turn “on”.
• If computer is “on” and something is displayed on the monitor, photograph the
screen.
• If computer is “on” and the screen is blank, move mouse or press space bar
(this will display the active image on the screen). After image appears,
photograph the screen.
• Unplug power cord from back of tower.
• Diagram and label cords to later identify
connected devices.
• Disconnect all cords and devices from
tower.
• Package components (including
router and modem) and transport /
store components as fragile cargo.
• Seize additional storage media (see storage media
section).
• Keep all media, including tower, away from magnets, radio
transmitters and other potentially damaging elements.
• Collect instruction manuals, documentation and notes.
• Document all steps involved in the seizure of a computer and components.
• See section on important investigative questions.
EVIDENCE PRESERVATION
6. Storage Media
Storage media is used to store
data from electronic devices.
These items may vary in
memory quantity.
• Collect instruction manuals,
documentation and notes.
• Document all steps involved in
seizure of storage media.
• Keep away from magnets, radio
transmitters and other
potentially damaging devices.
Network Server /
Business Network
• Consult a computer specialist for further
assistance
• Secure the scene and do not let anyone
touch except personnel trained to handle
network systems.
• Pulling the plug could:
- Severely damage the system
- Disrupt legitimate business
- Create officer and department
liability
EVIDENCE PRESERVATION
7. PDA, Cell Phone &
Digital Camera
Personal digital assistants, cell
phones and digital cameras may
store data directly to internal
memory or may contain removable
media. The following section details
the proper seizure and preservation
of these devices and associated
removable media.
• If the device is “off”, do not turn “on”.
• With PDAs or cell phones, if device
is on, leave on. Powering down
device could enable password, thus
preventing access to evidence.
• Photograph device and screen
display (if available).
• Label and collect all cables (to
include power supply) and
transport with device.
• Keep device charged.
• If device cannot be kept charged,
analysis by a specialist must be
completed prior to battery
discharge or data may be lost.
• Seize additional storage media
(memory sticks, compact flash, etc).
• Document all steps involved in
seizure of device and components.
EVIDENCE PRESERVATION
8. PURPOSE
In today's society, people utilize various electronic media and computers in
numerous aspects of their lives. Criminals also use a host of electronic media and
computers in facilitation of their unlawful activities. Modern and current technology
permits suspects to commit crimes internationally and remotely, obtain intelligence
and conduct counter-intelligence with near anonymity. Instant communication and
electronic mail provides a venue for communication between suspects as well as
victims.
As such, computers and other electronic media can be used to commit crimes,
store evidence of crimes and provide information on suspects and victims.
This field guide is designed to assist the patrol officer, detective and investigator in
recognizing how computers and electronic devices may be used as an instrument
of a crime or as a storage device for evidence in a host of federal and state crimes.
It will also assist these individuals in properly securing evidence and transporting it
for examination at a later time by a digital evidence forensic examiner.
We recommend that the patrol officer, detective and investigator consult and seek
assistance from their agency's resources or other agencies that seize electronic
media. This may include your local District Attorney, State Prosecutor or Assistant
United States Attorney.
PURPOSE
9. AUTHORITY FOR SEIZING EVIDENCE
This guide assumes that the patrol patrol officer, detective or investigator is
legally present at a crime scene or other location and has the legal authority to
seize the computer, hardware, software or electronic media.
If you have a reason to believe that you are not legally present at the location or
the individual (suspect or victim) does not have the legal ability to grant consent
then immediately contact the appropriate legal counsel in your jurisdiction.
PLAIN VIEW
The plain view exception to the warrant requirement only gives the legal authority
to SEIZE a computer, hardware, software and electronic media, but does NOT
give the legal authority to conduct a SEARCH of this same listed electronic
media.
CONSENT
When obtaining consent, be certain that your document has language specific to
both the seizure and the future forensic examination of the computer hardware,
software, electronic media and data by a trained computer forensic examiner or
analyst.
If your department or agency has a consent form relevant to computer or
electronic media and its analysis by a computer forensic examiner, it should be
used. If you do not have a form and are drafting a consent form, consult with
your District Attorney, State Prosecutor or Assistant United States Attorney for
advice regarding proper language and documentation.
SEARCH WARRANT
Search warrants allow for the search and seizure of electronic evidence as
predefined under the warrant. This method is the most preferred and is
consistently met with the least resistance both at the scene and in a court of law.
Search warrants for electronic storage devices typically focus on two primary
sources of information:
Electronic Storage Device Search Warrant
• Search and seizure of hardware, software, documentation, user notes and
storage media.
AUTHORITY
10. • Examination / search and seizure of data.
Service Provider Search Warrants
• Service records, billing records, subscriber information, etc.
• Obtain identification information for further investigative purpose.
Special Issues
Role of the computer
• The search warrant should state the computer's role in the crime and why it will
contain evidence.
Nexus
• Establish why you expect to find electronic evidence at the search location.
Specify evidence sought
• Specifically describe the evidence you have probable cause to search for and
any evidence of ownership of the computer.
Boiler plate language
• Adapt all search language to the specific facts of your case. Avoid using boiler
plate language.
Non-Disclosure
• May be necessary to protect the integrity of the investigation, to protect
informants or to prevent the disclosure of trade secrets / intellectual property.
Special Master
• Special legal considerations involving doctors, attorneys, spouses, publishers,
clergy, etc.
AUTHORITY
11. The following is a general reference guideline for consent forms pertaining to
computers and electronic media. Consult your District Attorney or Assistant
U.S. Attorney regarding consent language applicable to your jurisdiction.
CONSENT TO SEARCH ELECTRONIC MEDIA
I, __________________, hereby authorize __________________, who has
identified himself / herself as a law enforcement officer, and any other person(s),
including but not limited to a computer forensic examiner, he / she may designate to
assist him / her, to remove, take possession of and / or conduct a complete search
of the following: computer systems, electronic data storage devices, computer data
storage diskettes, CD-ROMs, or any other electronic equipment capable of storing,
retrieving, processing and / or accessing data.
The aforementioned equipment will be subject to data duplication / imaging and a
forensic analysis for any data pertinent to the incident / criminal investigation.
I give this consent to search freely and voluntarily without fear, threat, coercion or
promises of any kind and with full knowledge of my constitutional right to refuse to
give my consent for the removal and / or search of the aforementioned equipment /
data, which I hereby waive. I am also aware that if I wish to exercise this right of
refusal at any time during the seizure and or search of the equipment / data, it will
be respected.
This consent to search is given by me this ________ day of, __________________
20__________, at ____________ am / pm.
Location items taken from: ____________________________________________
Consenter Signature: ________________________________________________
Witness Signature: __________________________________________________
Witness Signature: __________________________________________________
AUTHORITY
12. Home Networking Basic Elements
As seen in this picture, a home network is often comprised of a modem, router and
desktop or laptop computers.
The typical purpose of a home network is to allow multiple computers to share a
single internet connection, such as DSL, cable or dial-up. A home network also
permits multiple users to share information with other computers on the network.
When confronting a home network, you should disable the network's connection to
the internet as soon as practical. This is accomplished by disconnecting the power
source from the modem and / or router.
In many instances home networks are connected via wireless routers or access
points, which can be easily hidden.
Increasingly, many home networks also serve as small offices or businesses.
When confronting these types of home networks, you should contact a computer
specialist and have him or her present or readily available to provide assistance
with seizing the computer and digital evidence.
HOME NETWORKING ELEMENTS
Internet
Wired
Workstations
Wireless
Workstations
Modem Router
Wireless
Access Point
13. The following is a list of crimes which may involve the use of a computer or
other electronic media. Listed below are the crimes and potential evidence
which may be recovered from various types of electronic evidence.
CRIMES AND DIGITAL EVIDENCE
Computer Fraud Investigations:
• Account data from online auctions
• Accounting software and files
• Address books
• Calendar
• Chat Logs
• Customer information
• Credit card data
• Databases
• Digital camera software
• E-mail, notes and letters
• Financial and asset records
Child Abuse and Pornography Investigations:
• Chat logs
• Digital camera software
• E-mails, notes and letters
• Games
• Graphic editing and viewing software
• Images
• Internet activity logs
• Movie files
• User created directory and file names
which classify images
Network Intrusion Investigations:
• Address books
• Configuration files
• E-mails, notes and letters
• Executable programs
• Internet activity logs
• Internet protocol address & usernames
• Internet relay chat logs
• Source code
• Text files and documents with
usernames and passwords
Homicide Investigations:
• Address books
• E-mails, notes and letters
• Financial asset records
• Internet activity logs
• Legal documents and wills
• Medical records
• Telephone records
• Diaries
• Maps
• Photos of victim / suspect
• Trophy photos
14. CRIMES AND DIGITAL EVIDENCE
Domestic Violence Investigations:
• Address books
• Diaries
• E-mails, notes and letters
• Financial asset records
• Telephone records
Financial Fraud and Counterfeiting Investigations:
• Address books
• Calendar
• Currency images
• Check and money order images
• Customer information
• Databases
• E-mails, notes and letters
• False identification
• Financial asset records
• Images of signatures
• Internet activity logs
• On-line banking software
• Counterfeit currency images
• Bank logs
• Credit card numbers
E-Mail Threats, Harassment and Stalking Investigations:
• Address books
• Diaries
• E-mails, notes and letters
• Financial asset records
• Images
• Internet activity logs
• Legal documents
• Telephone records
• Victim background research
• Maps to victim locations
Narcotics Investigations:
• Address books
• Calendar
• Databases
• Drug recipes
• E-mails, notes and letters
• False ID
• Financial asset records
• Internet activity logs
• Prescription form images
Software Piracy Investigations:
• Chat logs
• E-mails, notes and letters
• Image files of software certificates
• Internet activity logs
• Software serial numbers
• Software cracking utilities
• User created directories and file names
which classify copyrighted software
15. CRIMES AND DIGITAL EVIDENCE
Telecommunication Fraud Investigations:
• Cloning software
• Customer database records
• Electronic serial numbers
• Mobile identification numbers
• E-mails, notes and letters
• Financial asset records
• Internet activity logs
Identity Theft Investigations:
• Hardware and Software Tools
- Backdrops
- Credit card reader / writer
- Digital camera software
- Scanner software
• Identification Templates
- Birth certificates
- Check cashing cards
- Digital photo images
- Driver’s licenses
- Electronic signatures
- Counterfeit vehicle registrations
- Counterfeit insurance documents
- Social security cards
• Internet Activity Related to ID Theft:
- E-mail and newsgroup postings
- Deleted documents
- On-line orders
- On-line trading information
- Internet activity logs
• Negotiable Instruments
- Business checks
- Cashier’s checks
- Credit card numbers
- Counterfeit court documents
- Counterfeit gift certificates
- Counterfeit loan documents
- Counterfeit sales receipts
- Money orders
- Personal checks
16. INVESTIGATIVE QUESTIONS
PURPOSE: This section is to provide assistance to the patrol officer, detective or
investigator in identifying particular types of electronic crimes as well as providing
general questions which should be asked during the initial phases of the
investigation.
In conjunction with these investigative questions, the following information
should be provided / documented to assist in the forensic examination of the
electronic media:
• Case Summary - investigative reports, witness statements
• Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses - if available
• Key Word List - names, locations, identities
• Nicknames - all nicknames used by victim or suspect
• Passwords - all passwords used by victim or suspect
• Points of Contact - name of investigator making request
• Supporting Documents - consent form, search warrant
• Type of Crime - provide specific information
General Investigative Questions that may be asked regarding a crime
involving computers and electronic evidence are as follows:
• When and where was the computer obtained? Was it new or used?
• Who has access to the computer hardware and software?
• Where is the computer's electronic media (compact disks, floppy disks, thumb
drives, etc) stored?
• Whose fingerprints might be found on the electronic media?
• If other people have access to the computer, hardware or software can they access
everything on the computer or only certain files, folders or programs?
• How many people use the computer? Who are they?
• What is the level of computer experience of each computer user?
• What times of the day do the individual users have access to the computer?
• What are the user names on the computers?
• What programs are used by each computer user?
• Does the computer require a user name and password? What are they?
• Is there any software that requires a username or password?
• How does the computer have access to the internet (DSL, Cable, Dial-Up, LAN,
etc)?
INVESTIGATIVE QUESTIONS
17. • Does the victim or suspect have an e-mail account? Who is the service provider
(Yahoo, AOL, Gmail, Hotmail, etc)?
• If e-mails are involved in the case, ask the victim and suspect for their e-mail
addresses.
• Which e-mail client (program) does the suspect or victim use?
• Does the victim or suspect remotely access their computer (can they get into their
computer when away from the office or home)?
• Do any of the users use on-line or remote storage?
• Have any programs been used to “clean” the computer?
• Does the computer contain encryption software or hard drive wiping utilities?
• Is the computer always on?
Electronic Crime Specific Questions target specific offenses and
are as follows:
Identity Theft / Financial Crimes:
Victim Questions:
• Are you aware of any unusual activity on any of your accounts?
• What accounts have been compromised?
• Have you provided any personal information to any organization or individual?
• For what purpose was that information provided?
• Have you recently completed any credit applications or loan documents?
• Do you maintain any of your personal information on your computer?
• Have any bills or other financial statements not regularly arrived via mail?
• Have you checked your credit reports?
Suspect / Target Questions:
• Where is your computer software (CDs, floppy disks, etc)?
• Does the computer contain any software for making checks or other financial
documents?
• Does the computer contain any software to manipulate photographs?
• Does the computer contain any scanned or manipulated identification?
• Was the computer used in doing any on-line purchases?
INVESTIGATIVE QUESTIONS
18. Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC):
Victim Questions:
• Has the victim been on-line in any chat rooms?
• Does the victim use the internet, e-mail or chat from any other computers? If so,
at what locations?
• Did the victim provide any information to anyone on line regarding their true
name, age and location?
• What is the victim's e-mail address or on-line chat room name?
• Who is on the victim's “buddy list” in chat rooms?
• Does the victim save / archive chat room logs?
• What type of chat / e-mail client does the victim use?
• What were the specific sexual acts observed in the images or the electronic
communications?
• Has the victim received any pictures or gifts from the suspect?
Suspect / Target Questions:
• Where are all of the suspect's computers?
• Does the suspect remotely store data (external hard drive, on-line storage, etc)?
• What is the suspect's on-line identity or chat room name?
• Has the suspect electronically communicated with any person?
• How does the suspect communicate with other persons? (chat, e-mails, etc.)
• Has the suspect viewed any child pornography using the computer? If so, how
did the suspect obtain the child pornography?
• Did the suspect send child pornography to any other person in the suspect's state
or in another state?
• Did the suspect realize that they were viewing images of children as opposed to
computer generated images of children?
Intrusions / Hacking: (Network Questions)
Home Networks
• Can you physically trace all of the network cables back to their respective
computers?
• Can each computer be associated to an individual user?
• Is the network connected to the internet?
• How is the network connected to the internet (DSL, Cable, Dial-up, etc)?
• Where is the DSL / cable modem located? Is it currently connected?
• Who is the internet service provider (ISP)?
• Is there more than one computer that can connect to the internet?
• Is there any wireless networking in place?
INVESTIGATIVE QUESTIONS
19. Business Networks
• Who first observed the illegal activity?
• Obtain the type of illegal activity and contact information for all witnesses.
• Identify the network administrator and obtain contact information. (The network
administrator should not be contacted by the first responder.)
• Are any employees / former employees considered to be a suspect?
• Is there a printed diagram of the network available?
• Are computer logs being maintained?
• Can the computer logs be immediately secured for further investigation?
• Have any other law enforcement agencies been contacted?
Crimes Involving E-Mails
Victim Questions:
• Identify victim e-mail addresses and internet service provider (ISP) information.
• Identify all usernames and e-mail accounts used by the victim.
• Obtain any printed copies of e-mails that the victim has received. Do not turn on
the computer to print e-mails.
Suspect / Target Questions:
• Identify suspect e-mail addresses and internet service provider (ISP) information.
• Identify all usernames and e-mail accounts used by the suspect.
• Obtain all passwords and associated software / usernames used by the suspect.
Instant Messaging / Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Crimes
Victim Questions:
• Ask if the victim had logging or archiving activated during chat sessions.
• Identify the victim's online screen name and e-mail addresses.
• Obtain copies of any material the victim has already printed.
• What type of software / chat client is used by the victim?
Suspect/Target Questions:
• Identify the suspect's online screen name and e-mail addresses.
• Obtain all passwords and associated software / usernames used by the suspect.
INVESTIGATIVE QUESTIONS
22. GLOSSARY
Glossary and Explanation of Terms
BACKUP: A copy of information off a computer.
BOOT: To load the first piece of software to start a computer.
BYTE: A unit of data generally consisting of 8 bits.
KILOBYTE (KB): A Kilobyte is 1024 bytes.
MEGABYTE (MB): A Megabyte is 1024 Kilobytes.
GIGABYTE (GB): A Gigabyte is 1024 Megabytes.
CD-R: Compact disk to which data can be written to but not erased.
CD-RW: Compact disk to which data can be written and erased.
CPU: Central processing unit. It is the "brain" that performs all arithmetic, logic
and control functions.
DDOS: Distributed denial of service. An assault on a network that floods it with so
many additional requests that regular traffic is slowed or completely interrupted.
DONGLE: A device that attaches to a computer to control access to a particular
application. Dongles provide one of the most effective means of copyright
protection.
DVD: Digital versatile disc or digital video disc. Similar in appearance to a
compact disk, but can store larger amounts of data (typically a minimum of 4.7GB
of data).
ENCRYPTION: The process of scrambling or encoding information in an effort to
guarantee that only the intended recipient can read the information.
FIREWALL: A firewall allows or blocks traffic into and out of a private network or
the user's computer. A firewall is a method for keeping computers secure from
intruders.
HARD DISK: The hard disk is usually inside the PC. It stores information in the
same way as floppy disks but can hold far more data. Popular types of hard disks
are IDE, SCSI and SATA.
HARDWARE: The physical parts of a computer that can be picked up.
ISP: Internet service provider. A company that sells access to the Internet via
telephone or cable line to your home or office.
23. GLOSSARY
MEMORY: The electronic holding place for instructions and data that a computer's
microprocessor can reach quickly.
MODEM: A device that connects a computer to a data transmission line.
MONITOR: A device on which the computer displays information.
OPERATING SYSTEM: This software is usually loaded into the computer memory
upon switching the machine on. It is a prerequisite for the operation of any other
software.
PERSONAL ORGANIZER or PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA): These
are pocket-sized machines usually containing phone and address lists, diaries and
other information.
PIRATE SOFTWARE: Software that has been illegally copied.
RAM: Random access memory. The computer's short-term memory that is lost
when the computer is turned off.
REMOVABLE MEDIA: Floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, cartridges and tapes that store
data and can be easily removed.
REMOVABLE MEDIA CARDS: Small data storage media which are more
commonly found in other digital devices such as cameras, PDAs and music
players.
ROUTER: A network device that forwards packets from one network to another.
USB STORAGE DEVICES: Small storage devices accessed using a computer's
USB ports. They store large volumes of data files. They are easily removed,
transported and concealed. They are about the size of a car key or highlighter pen.
WARDRIVING: Driving around an area with a laptop and a wireless network
adapter in order to locate unsecured wireless networks.
WIRELESS NETWORK CARD: An expansion card present in a computer that
allows a cordless connection between that computer and other devices on a
computer network. The card communicates by radio signals to other devices
present on the network.
ZIP DRIVE / DISK: A 3.5-inch removable disk drive. The drive is bundled with
software that can catalogue disks and lock files for security.
24. Online Identity Theft Guide
PREVENTION
• Never give out any of the following information to unknown sources:
Date / Place of Birth Social Security Number
Credit Card Number Mother's Maiden Name
Address Phone Number
• Review credit reports at least once a year.
• Ensure secure online transactions by locating the closed lock icon at the bottom
right side of your web browser before disclosing personal information.
• Unless absolutely necessary, do not store any financial information on a
computer.
• Prior to discarding a computer, destroy all information contained on the hard
drive. A wiping utility is necessary, as formatting will not safely destroy data.
• Use strong passwords and do not allow programs to save passwords.
• Use virus protection software and firewalls to prevent the loss of personal
information from your computer or the introduction of malware.
RESPONSE
• Contact bank or credit card issuer to report fraud.
• Place a fraud alert with the following credit agencies:
Equifax - 800-525-6285
Experian - 888-397-3742
TransUnion - 800-680-7289
• File an identity theft complaint with your local police department and the Federal
Trade Commission (FTC) at 877-382-4357.