Chlorine gas is a pulmonary irritant that causes acute damage to the upper and lower respiratory tract. It has been used as a chemical weapon and is still involved in some attacks. Exposure to chlorine gas leads to inflammation of the airways and lungs and can cause pulmonary edema. Symptoms range from irritation to death depending on concentration. Treatment involves oxygen, fluids, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. High risk patients may require hospitalization for monitoring due to risk of respiratory failure.
Water pollution is an appalling problem, powerful enough to lead the world on a path of destruction. Water is an easy solvent, enabling most pollutants to dissolve in it easily and contaminate it. The most basic effect of water pollution is directly suffered by the organisms and vegetation that survive in water, including amphibians. On a human level, several people die each day due to consumption of polluted and infected water.
Water pollution is an appalling problem, powerful enough to lead the world on a path of destruction. Water is an easy solvent, enabling most pollutants to dissolve in it easily and contaminate it. The most basic effect of water pollution is directly suffered by the organisms and vegetation that survive in water, including amphibians. On a human level, several people die each day due to consumption of polluted and infected water.
Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up 78.09% (by volume) of the air we breathe. It is non-flammable and it will not support combustion. Nitrogen gas is slightly lighter than air and slightly soluble in water. It is commonly thought of and used as an inert gas, but it is not truly inert.
Nitrogen gas is also used to provide an unreactive atmosphere. It is used in this way to preserve foods, and in the electronics industry during the production of transistors and diodes. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products.
Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up 78.09% (by volume) of the air we breathe. It is non-flammable and it will not support combustion. Nitrogen gas is slightly lighter than air and slightly soluble in water. It is commonly thought of and used as an inert gas, but it is not truly inert.
Nitrogen gas is also used to provide an unreactive atmosphere. It is used in this way to preserve foods, and in the electronics industry during the production of transistors and diodes. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products.
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of COPD
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. The main symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. COPD is caused by exposure to inhaled irritants, most often cigarette smoke, leading to chronic inflammation and structural changes in the lungs.
The predominant form of COPD is chronic bronchitis, which involves chronic cough and sputum production for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years. This is associated with inflammation and eventual thickening of the bronchial tubes. Emphysema is another form of COPD characterized by permanent enlargement of airspaces and destruction of lung parenchyma.
The airflow limitation in COPD is due to a combination of parenchymal destruction (emphysema) and small airways disease (chronic bronchitis). The obstruction is generally progressive and irreversible. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, exposure history, and spirometry showing irreversible airflow limitation.
COPD treatment aims to reduce symptoms, improve exercise tolerance, prevent exacerbations, and slow disease progression. Smoking cessation is essential. Medications used include bronchodilators and inhaled steroids. Supplemental oxygen may be required in advanced disease. Exacerbations are treated with antibiotics, oral steroids, and other supportive therapies. Patients often have decreased quality of life and COPD is a leading cause of mortality worldwide.
Chloromethanes namely methyl chloride (CH3Cl), methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), Chloroform (CHCl3) and Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) are produced by direct chlorination of Cl2 in a gas phase reaction without any catalyst.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Background
◦ Chlorine gas is a pulmonary irritant with intermediate water solubility that causes acute damage in the upper
and lower respiratory tract.
◦ Currently, occupational exposures constitute the highest risk for serious toxicity from high-concentration
chlorine.
◦ Mixing of chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite) with ammonia or acidic cleaning agents is a common source
of household exposure.
◦ Chlorine gas has also been used repeatedly as a chemical weapon. [3]
◦ An estimated 93,800 tons of chlorine gas was produced during World War I, with more than half produced by
Germany.
◦ Chlorine was abandoned as a warfare agent when the use of gas masks was introduced and more effective
compounds were created and deployed.
◦ However, on at least three occasions in January and February 2007, insurgents in Iraq incorporated chlorine
tanks in vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) attacks. Most of the deaths from the attacks were
caused by the explosion, but many people were treated and hospitalized for chlorine exposure. [5]
◦ The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has confirmed that since 2013, chlorine
gas has been the agent used in numberous chemical attacks in Syria affecting thousands of civilians and
[3]
3. Pathophysiology
◦ Chlorine is a greenish-yellow
◦ Prolonged exposure to chlorine gas may occur because its moderate
water solubility delays onset of upper airway symptoms for several
minutes. In addition, chlorine gas is heavier than air in its pure form,
causing it to remain near ground level and increasing exposure time.
◦ As the concentration of chlorine gas exposure increases, the severity of
symptoms and rapidity of onset increase. The IDHL (immediately
dangerous to life or health) is 10 ppm.
◦ Concentrations above 400 ppm are often fatal. [7]
4. ◦ Chlorine is moderately soluble in water and reacts in combination to form hypochlorous (HOCl)
and hydrochloric (HCl) acids. Elemental chlorine and its derivatives, hydrochloric and
hypochlorous acids, may cause biological injury.
◦ The chemical reactions of chlorine combining with water and the subsequent derivative reactions
with HOCl and HCl are as follows:
◦ a1) Cl2 + H2 O ⇔ HCl (hydrochloric acid) + HOCL (hypochlorous acid) or
◦ a2) Cl2 + H2 O ⇔ 2 HCl + [O-] (nascent oxygen)
◦ b) HOCl ⇔ HCl + [O-]
◦ Chlorine gas, when mixed with ammonia, reacts to form chloramine gas. In the presence of water,
chloramines decompose to ammonia and hypochlorous acid or hydrochloric acid. [8]
◦ Because of their high water solubility, chloramine exposures result in rapid symptom
development. However, for mechanistic reasons that are not clear, chlorine 88 nitrogenous
compounds result in less severe symptoms at onset. Because these initial symptoms are often
mild, however, they may not prompt immediate retreat, thus resulting in prolonged exposure, with
pulmonary and ocular symptoms predominating.
◦ Because of its intermediate water solubility and deeper penetration, elemental chlorine frequently
causes acute damage throughout the respiratory tract.
5. ◦ Cellular injury is believed to result from the oxidation of functional groups in cell
components, from reactions with tissue water to form hypochlorous and hydrochloric
acid, and from the generation of free oxygen radicals.
◦ The predominant targets of the acids are the epithelia of the ocular conjunctivae and upper
respiratory mucous membranes.
◦ The immediate effects of chlorine gas toxicity include acute inflammation of the
conjunctivae, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Irritation of the airway mucosa
leads to local edema secondary to active arterial and capillary hyperemia. Plasma
exudation into the alveoli results in pulmonary congestion and edema.
◦ Pathologic findings are nonspecific. They include the following [16] :
• Pulmonary edema
• Pneumonia
• Pneumonitis
• Hyaline membrane formation
• Multiple pulmonary thrombosis
• Ulcerative tracheobronchitis
6. ◦ Dyspnea and Hypoxemia
◦ burns and corneal abrasions have occurred. Acids formed by the chlorine gas
reaction with the conjunctival mucous membranes are partially buffered by the
tear film and the proteins present in tears. Consequently, acid burns to the eye
are typically limited to the epithelial and basement membrane, rarely extending
to the deep endothelial cells.
◦ Acid burns to the periphery of the cornea and conjunctiva often heal
uneventfully. Burns to the center of the cornea may lead to corneal ulcer
formation and subsequent scarring.
◦ Solutions that are able to generate chlorine (eg, sodium hypochlorite bleach)
may cause corrosive injury if ingested. [7]
7. Exposure
◦ Chlorine liquid is presently used in cleaning agents (eg, bleach, disinfectants), in
water purification, and in the manufacture of items such as plastics. It is used in the
following industries:
• Pesticide
• Refrigerant
• Paper and pulp
• Textile
• Metallurgy
• Pharmaceutical
• Cosmetic
• Battery
8. ◦ In the United States, chlorine is the most common inhalational irritant.
◦ Most individuals exposed to chlorine gas recover without significant sequelae.
Even exposure to high-concentration chlorine gas is unlikely to result in
significant, prolonged pulmonary disease.
◦ Morbidity from moderate and severe exposures is typically caused by
noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
◦ In serious exposures, sloughing of the pulmonary mucosa occurs in 3-5 days,
and oozing areas become covered with mucopurulent exudate. This chemical
pneumonitis is often complicated by secondary bacterial invasion.
◦ Resolution of pulmonary abnormalities in most individuals occurs over the
course of 1 week to 1 month after the exposure. Smokers and persons with
asthma are most likely to demonstrate persistence of obstructive pulmonary
defects.
◦ some patients with injured pulmonary epithelium have progressed to develop
pulmonary fibrosis.
10. Treatment
◦ the patient’s clothing should be removed if it has been contaminated with liquid
chlorine.
◦ Provide supplemental oxygen (humidified if possible) as necessary; depending on
the patient’s oxygen requirements, it may be delivered by nasal cannula, face mask,
nonrebreather mask, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, or intubation.
Severe respiratory distress indicates the need for endotracheal intubation.
◦ Fluid restriction may be required and diuretics may be used to treat impending
pulmonary edema.
◦ Treat initial bronchospasm with beta agonists such as albuterol. Ipratropium may be
added. Poor responses may require terbutaline or aminophylline. Nebulized
lidocaine (4% topical solution) may provide analgesia and reduce coughing.
11. ◦ Other medications that may be used in the treatment of chlorine gas exposure
include nebulized sodium bicarbonate and inhaled or systemic corticosteroids;
however, evidence of efficacy is mixed. No evidence supports the use of
prophylactic antibiotics.
◦ Patients with skin or eye exposure to chlorine require copious irrigation with
saline. Consider ophthalmologic consultation for patients with significant
ocular involvement.
◦ Consider admission and observation for the following patients, even if they are
initially asymptomatic, as they are at increased risk of progression to
respiratory failure:
• Patients exposed to large concentrations in an enclosed environment
13. • studies showed that Cl-lipids
could initiate acute or
long-lasting injury due to their
reaction with protein side chains,
DNA, and lipids of the cells that
lining the airway epithelium.
• chlorofatty alcohols, are
considered proinflammatory
• chloramines, could activate
inflammatory cascades through
stimulation of mitogen-activated
protein Kinase and activation of
nuclear factor-κB via IκBα
oxidation, causing inflammatory
cells infiltration in alveolar space.
• In addition, chloramines could
inhibit Na+-dependent alveolar
fluid clearance and result in
pulmonary oedema.
14. ◦ N-acetyl cysteine, dimethylthiourea, aerosolized ascorbate, and deferoxamine
have been shown to alleviate Cl2 -induced injury in animal models of different
species.
◦ Cyclic AMP-elevating agents have been shown to protect against Cl2 -induced
lung injury too. Arformoterol mitigates the Cl2 toxicity on airway reactivity and
alveolar fluid clearance by increasing lung cyclic AMP level. Rolipram inhibits
degradation of the intracellular signaling molecule cyclic AMP, which alleviates
pulmonary edema, inflammation, and AHR.