Benign bone tumors can be classified based on their location, rate of growth, perioseal reaction, and matrix mineralization. Common cartilage tumors include osteochondroma, enchondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxoid fibroma, and fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma. Osteochondroma is characterized by a cartilage-capped bony projection and most commonly affects the distal femur, proximal humerus, proximal tibia and proximal femur. Enchondroma forms mature hyaline cartilage and typically affects the small tubular bones of the hands and feet. Chondroblastoma presents before skeletal maturity with a sclerotic border and scattered calcifications. Treatment
Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor Like Conditions priyanka rana
Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
The document discusses various benign bone tumors and tumor-like conditions. It describes their histology, locations, imaging appearance and distinguishing characteristics. Some of the key tumors mentioned include osteochondroma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma and chondroblastoma. Plain radiography, CT and MRI are important imaging modalities to evaluate the location, margins, matrix and other characteristics to arrive at a proper diagnosis of benign bone lesions.
This document provides information on various types of malignant bone tumors. It classifies tumors based on the WHO classification and discusses bone-forming tumors, cartilage-forming tumors, giant cell tumor, marrow tumors, vascular tumors, and other connective tissue tumors. It provides details on osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and primary lymphoma of bone including areas of involvement, clinical presentation, radiological features, diagnosis, and treatment options.
This document discusses various benign bone tumors. It begins by defining a neoplasm and classifying tumors as benign, potentially malignant, or malignant. It then discusses the epidemiology and classification of benign bone tumors. Specific benign bone tumors discussed in detail include bone island, osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, chondroma, chondroblastoma, and chondromyxoid fibroma. For each tumor, the document outlines characteristics such as typical age, location, radiographic appearance, and distinguishing features.
This document provides information on classifying primary bone tumors based on location and radiographic appearance. Key points include:
- Location within the bone (epiphyseal, diaphyseal, metaphyseal) and age of the patient help classify tumors.
- Features like margins, extent of bone destruction/formation, and presence of a matrix provide clues about tissue type and aggressiveness.
- Common sites for different tumors are listed to aid diagnosis.
- Patterns of bone destruction (lytic, motheaten) and periosteal reactions further characterize lesions.
This document discusses the radiological approach to evaluating bone tumors. Key points include:
1) The goals are to not overtreat benign tumors, undertreat malignant tumors, or misdirect biopsies.
2) Location, age of patient, characteristics of the tumor such as matrix and borders can help narrow the differential diagnosis.
3) A systematic evaluation of plain radiographs considers features like zone of transition, periosteal reaction, and presence of mineralized matrix to characterize the tumor.
This document provides an overview of malignant bone tumors, including their classification, occurrence, imaging appearance, and examples. It discusses several primary malignant bone tumors in detail, including osteosarcoma and multiple myeloma. Osteosarcoma most commonly affects teenagers and young adults, presents as aggressive bone destruction with periosteal reaction on x-ray, and has variable appearances on MRI/CT. Multiple myeloma commonly affects older adults, causes lytic lesions scattered throughout the skeleton appearing as "punched out" areas on x-ray, and MRI is most sensitive for detecting its bone involvement. The document outlines radiographic features that can help characterize and differentiate various malignant bone tumors.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of benign bone tumour.Abdellah Nazeer
This document describes several benign bone tumors including osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, unicameral bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, fibrous dysplasia, osteofibrous dysplasia, cortical fibrous defect, myofibroma, desmoplastic fibroma, chest wall hamartoma, osteochondroma, and enchondroma. It defines each tumor, discusses their epidemiology, common sites of involvement, clinical findings, and imaging appearance. Many of the tumors present as lytic lesions on imaging and can cause pain or pathological fractures.
Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor Like Conditions priyanka rana
Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
The document discusses various benign bone tumors and tumor-like conditions. It describes their histology, locations, imaging appearance and distinguishing characteristics. Some of the key tumors mentioned include osteochondroma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma and chondroblastoma. Plain radiography, CT and MRI are important imaging modalities to evaluate the location, margins, matrix and other characteristics to arrive at a proper diagnosis of benign bone lesions.
This document provides information on various types of malignant bone tumors. It classifies tumors based on the WHO classification and discusses bone-forming tumors, cartilage-forming tumors, giant cell tumor, marrow tumors, vascular tumors, and other connective tissue tumors. It provides details on osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and primary lymphoma of bone including areas of involvement, clinical presentation, radiological features, diagnosis, and treatment options.
This document discusses various benign bone tumors. It begins by defining a neoplasm and classifying tumors as benign, potentially malignant, or malignant. It then discusses the epidemiology and classification of benign bone tumors. Specific benign bone tumors discussed in detail include bone island, osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, chondroma, chondroblastoma, and chondromyxoid fibroma. For each tumor, the document outlines characteristics such as typical age, location, radiographic appearance, and distinguishing features.
This document provides information on classifying primary bone tumors based on location and radiographic appearance. Key points include:
- Location within the bone (epiphyseal, diaphyseal, metaphyseal) and age of the patient help classify tumors.
- Features like margins, extent of bone destruction/formation, and presence of a matrix provide clues about tissue type and aggressiveness.
- Common sites for different tumors are listed to aid diagnosis.
- Patterns of bone destruction (lytic, motheaten) and periosteal reactions further characterize lesions.
This document discusses the radiological approach to evaluating bone tumors. Key points include:
1) The goals are to not overtreat benign tumors, undertreat malignant tumors, or misdirect biopsies.
2) Location, age of patient, characteristics of the tumor such as matrix and borders can help narrow the differential diagnosis.
3) A systematic evaluation of plain radiographs considers features like zone of transition, periosteal reaction, and presence of mineralized matrix to characterize the tumor.
This document provides an overview of malignant bone tumors, including their classification, occurrence, imaging appearance, and examples. It discusses several primary malignant bone tumors in detail, including osteosarcoma and multiple myeloma. Osteosarcoma most commonly affects teenagers and young adults, presents as aggressive bone destruction with periosteal reaction on x-ray, and has variable appearances on MRI/CT. Multiple myeloma commonly affects older adults, causes lytic lesions scattered throughout the skeleton appearing as "punched out" areas on x-ray, and MRI is most sensitive for detecting its bone involvement. The document outlines radiographic features that can help characterize and differentiate various malignant bone tumors.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of benign bone tumour.Abdellah Nazeer
This document describes several benign bone tumors including osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, unicameral bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, fibrous dysplasia, osteofibrous dysplasia, cortical fibrous defect, myofibroma, desmoplastic fibroma, chest wall hamartoma, osteochondroma, and enchondroma. It defines each tumor, discusses their epidemiology, common sites of involvement, clinical findings, and imaging appearance. Many of the tumors present as lytic lesions on imaging and can cause pain or pathological fractures.
In this presentation, radiological characteristics of different bone tumors has been explained in detail including MRI, CT scan, Bone scan, and plain radiography.
This document discusses various radiographic features that are evaluated when analyzing bone tumors on x-rays. It describes key locations where certain tumors typically occur, the patient's age, the size of the lesion, how the bone is responding, if the lesion is producing a matrix, whether the cortex is eroded, and if a soft tissue mass is present. It then examines patterns of bone destruction, characteristics of periosteal reactions, zones of transition between lesions and bone, and presence or absence of cortical destruction that provide clues about the aggressiveness and benign or malignant nature of the tumor.
This document summarizes various bone lesions and tumors seen across different age groups and locations. It describes characteristics such as common locations, demographics, radiographic appearances, differential diagnoses, and other relevant clinical information for conditions including fibrous dysplasia, aneurysmal bone cyst, osteosarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and others.
Bone tumour , enchondroma , osteochondromaSagar Savsani
The document provides information on neoplasia and the differences between benign and malignant tumors. It discusses the classification, clinical presentation, investigations, and radiographic evaluation of bone tumors. Some key points include:
- Benign tumors are usually encapsulated, compress surrounding tissue, and have low growth rates, while malignant tumors are poorly circumscribed, invade tissue, and have rapid growth rates.
- Bone tumors are classified based on the WHO system, site of origin, and Enneking's staging which considers grade, tumor size, and metastasis.
- Common presentations are pain, localized swelling, and laboratory findings such as elevated alkaline phosphatase. Imaging like x-rays help identify tumor location, borders, bone destruction
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to analyze bone tumors, including their benefits and limitations. Conventional radiography is still the standard first technique used to determine location, morphology, and suspicious findings. Based on radiography results, further imaging such as CT, MRI, scintigraphy, or angiography may be used to better evaluate tumor extent, involvement of surrounding tissues, and vascular supply. Each additional technique provides more detailed information but also has advantages and disadvantages depending on the tumor characteristics and goals of assessment. Together, imaging tests help diagnose and plan treatment of bone tumors.
Primary malignant bone tumors are rare cancers that can develop in bones. The accurate determination of the type and extent of the tumor is important for diagnosis and treatment planning. Imaging modalities like radiography, CT, and MRI play key roles in detecting bone tumors, determining their nature, assessing their size and spread, and monitoring patients over time. Different bone tumors are more common in different age groups and can originate from different areas of bones.
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by production of osteoid by malignant cells. It most commonly affects the metaphysis of long bones in children and young adults. Common symptoms include pain and swelling. Imaging shows an aggressive bone lesion with permeative borders. Biopsy is required for diagnosis and helps determine tumor grade and stage. Prognosis depends on tumor size, grade, and presence of metastases, with wide resection and chemotherapy offering the best chance of survival.
Avascular necrosis is the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. It most commonly affects the femoral head. Early symptoms include dull, progressive pain in the hip or thigh that worsens with activity or at night. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, with plain X-rays initially appearing normal but later showing signs of bone collapse like the crescent sign. MRI is the most sensitive technique and can detect avascular necrosis as early as 48 hours. Staging systems evaluate the extent of bone involvement and deterioration of the joint space to classify the severity of avascular necrosis. Treatment options depend on the stage of the disease.
The document discusses three benign bone tumors: osteoid osteoma, osteochondroma, and fibrous dysplasia. Osteoid osteoma is a tiny benign bone tumor less than 1 cm in diameter consisting of osteoid and bone. It commonly affects long bones in those under 30 and causes localized pain relieved by aspirin. Osteochondroma is a developmental cartilage-capped bony growth most common in teenagers arising from the ends of long bones. It is usually asymptomatic but can cause pain. Fibrous dysplasia is a developmental disorder replacing bone with fibrous tissue and flecks of bone, most often affecting the femur, tibia and ribs. Large lesions can cause pain or fractures.
1. The document discusses diagnosis and treatment of various bone tumors and tumor-like lesions. Imaging techniques like x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and biopsies are used to diagnose lesions and determine if they are benign or malignant.
2. Both benign and malignant bone tumors are discussed. Common benign tumors include osteoid osteoma, fibrous dysplasia, and enchondroma. Primary malignant tumors covered are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma.
3. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or amputation. The goal is to completely remove malignant tumors while preserving limbs if
Osteosarcomas are malignant bone-forming tumors that typically occur in the metaphysis of long bones in young patients. They can be primary tumors or develop secondary to conditions like Paget's disease. Patients usually present with bone pain and swelling. Treatment requires aggressive surgical resection and chemotherapy, with the goal of cure. Imaging plays an important role in evaluating tumor extent, involvement of surrounding tissues, and distant staging.
This document discusses how to analyze bone tumors based on plain X-rays. It describes 7 key factors to examine: [1] location of the lesion in the bone, [2] age and size of the lesion, [3] how the lesion is affecting the bone, [4] how the bone is responding, [5] if the lesion is producing matrix, [6] if the cortex is eroded, and [7] if there is a soft tissue mass. It then provides detailed information on analyzing each of these factors, such as characteristic locations for different tumors, how the size and age of a patient can indicate aggressiveness, and patterns of bone destruction and matrix mineralization that suggest benign versus malignant processes.
This document discusses how to classify primary bone tumors based on location and age of the patient using plain radiographs. Key factors include the location of the lesion within the bone (epiphyseal, metaphyseal, diaphyseal), the extent of the lesion, and features of the lesion and bone's response that provide clues to the tissue type. Common bone tumors are listed for each location. Characteristic patterns of bone destruction and periosteal reactions are also described.
This document provides information on bone tumors, including their classification, locations, and radiographic features. It discusses benign bone forming tumors like bone islands and osteoblastomas. It also covers cartilage forming tumors such as enchondromas and osteochondromas, as well as fibrous lesions including fibrous dysplasia. Malignant tumors described include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. For each tumor type, the document provides details on incidence, anatomical distribution, and characteristic imaging appearance to aid in diagnosis.
The document describes several primary malignant bone tumors including:
1. Multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and chordoma.
2. It provides details on characteristics such as common age of onset, tumor location preferences, radiographic features on plain films and MRI/CT, and histological features.
3. Specific subtypes are also described like parosteal osteosarcoma, telangiectatic osteosarcoma, solitary plasmacytoma, and adamantinoma.
The document discusses bone tumors. It begins by stating that the most common bone tumor is secondary tumors from other sites, while the most common primary bone tumor is multiple myeloma. It then covers the WHO classification of bone tumors including bone-forming, cartilage-forming, marrow, vascular, and other tumors. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging like radiographs, CT, MRI and bone scans, as well as laboratory tests and biopsy. Staging is discussed including the Enneking system based on aggressiveness and spread. Management depends on staging and includes wide excision for low grade lesions and more radical resection or palliative treatment for high grade or metastatic tumors.
Presentation1.pptx, interpretation of x ray on bone tumour.Abdellah Nazeer
Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor that appears as a bony protrusion on x-ray, with cortical and medullary bone continuity between the lesion and underlying bone. While this relationship is clearly seen on long bones, it can be more difficult to identify on flat bones or in sessile lesions. Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that appears on x-ray as mottled, osteolytic lesions with poorly defined edges and periosteal reactions like sunburst patterns. Bone metastases typically appear as either osteolytic or osteoblastic lesions on x-ray.
Primary bone tumors are most common in the first three decades of life during periods of bone growth. Benign tumors are more frequent than malignant ones, with the most common benign tumors being osteochondroma, fibro-osseous lesions, and enchondroma. Osteosarcoma and multiple myeloma have the highest incidence among primary malignant bone tumors. These tumors most often occur in the distal femur and proximal tibia, which have the highest bone growth rates. While many bone tumors are benign, osteosarcoma is a highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis if not treated aggressively with chemotherapy and surgery.
This document summarizes information about evaluating benign bone lesions on radiographs. It discusses diagnostic criteria including age, location, margins, and matrix. Common benign bone tumors are described such as simple bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts, osteoid osteoma, and enchondroma. Location is an important factor, for example enchondromas often occur in hands and feet. Classification is discussed based on matrix type such as cystic, osseous, chondroid, and fibro-osseous lesions. Radiologic features of specific tumors and mimics are presented. The conclusion emphasizes that attention to age, location, and radiographic features helps narrow the differential diagnosis.
Simple and aneurysmal Bone cyst - Definition, Classfication, Investigations, ...orthoslides
This document provides information on simple bone cysts and aneurysmal bone cysts. Simple bone cysts typically occur in children before bone growth plates close and present as asymptomatic lesions. Aneurysmal bone cysts can occur at any age and commonly present with pain, swelling, or fracture. They appear multilocular on imaging with fluid-fluid levels. Both lesions are benign but aneurysmal bone cysts have a higher recurrence rate after treatment with curettage and grafting due to their vascular nature.
In this presentation, radiological characteristics of different bone tumors has been explained in detail including MRI, CT scan, Bone scan, and plain radiography.
This document discusses various radiographic features that are evaluated when analyzing bone tumors on x-rays. It describes key locations where certain tumors typically occur, the patient's age, the size of the lesion, how the bone is responding, if the lesion is producing a matrix, whether the cortex is eroded, and if a soft tissue mass is present. It then examines patterns of bone destruction, characteristics of periosteal reactions, zones of transition between lesions and bone, and presence or absence of cortical destruction that provide clues about the aggressiveness and benign or malignant nature of the tumor.
This document summarizes various bone lesions and tumors seen across different age groups and locations. It describes characteristics such as common locations, demographics, radiographic appearances, differential diagnoses, and other relevant clinical information for conditions including fibrous dysplasia, aneurysmal bone cyst, osteosarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and others.
Bone tumour , enchondroma , osteochondromaSagar Savsani
The document provides information on neoplasia and the differences between benign and malignant tumors. It discusses the classification, clinical presentation, investigations, and radiographic evaluation of bone tumors. Some key points include:
- Benign tumors are usually encapsulated, compress surrounding tissue, and have low growth rates, while malignant tumors are poorly circumscribed, invade tissue, and have rapid growth rates.
- Bone tumors are classified based on the WHO system, site of origin, and Enneking's staging which considers grade, tumor size, and metastasis.
- Common presentations are pain, localized swelling, and laboratory findings such as elevated alkaline phosphatase. Imaging like x-rays help identify tumor location, borders, bone destruction
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to analyze bone tumors, including their benefits and limitations. Conventional radiography is still the standard first technique used to determine location, morphology, and suspicious findings. Based on radiography results, further imaging such as CT, MRI, scintigraphy, or angiography may be used to better evaluate tumor extent, involvement of surrounding tissues, and vascular supply. Each additional technique provides more detailed information but also has advantages and disadvantages depending on the tumor characteristics and goals of assessment. Together, imaging tests help diagnose and plan treatment of bone tumors.
Primary malignant bone tumors are rare cancers that can develop in bones. The accurate determination of the type and extent of the tumor is important for diagnosis and treatment planning. Imaging modalities like radiography, CT, and MRI play key roles in detecting bone tumors, determining their nature, assessing their size and spread, and monitoring patients over time. Different bone tumors are more common in different age groups and can originate from different areas of bones.
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by production of osteoid by malignant cells. It most commonly affects the metaphysis of long bones in children and young adults. Common symptoms include pain and swelling. Imaging shows an aggressive bone lesion with permeative borders. Biopsy is required for diagnosis and helps determine tumor grade and stage. Prognosis depends on tumor size, grade, and presence of metastases, with wide resection and chemotherapy offering the best chance of survival.
Avascular necrosis is the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. It most commonly affects the femoral head. Early symptoms include dull, progressive pain in the hip or thigh that worsens with activity or at night. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, with plain X-rays initially appearing normal but later showing signs of bone collapse like the crescent sign. MRI is the most sensitive technique and can detect avascular necrosis as early as 48 hours. Staging systems evaluate the extent of bone involvement and deterioration of the joint space to classify the severity of avascular necrosis. Treatment options depend on the stage of the disease.
The document discusses three benign bone tumors: osteoid osteoma, osteochondroma, and fibrous dysplasia. Osteoid osteoma is a tiny benign bone tumor less than 1 cm in diameter consisting of osteoid and bone. It commonly affects long bones in those under 30 and causes localized pain relieved by aspirin. Osteochondroma is a developmental cartilage-capped bony growth most common in teenagers arising from the ends of long bones. It is usually asymptomatic but can cause pain. Fibrous dysplasia is a developmental disorder replacing bone with fibrous tissue and flecks of bone, most often affecting the femur, tibia and ribs. Large lesions can cause pain or fractures.
1. The document discusses diagnosis and treatment of various bone tumors and tumor-like lesions. Imaging techniques like x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and biopsies are used to diagnose lesions and determine if they are benign or malignant.
2. Both benign and malignant bone tumors are discussed. Common benign tumors include osteoid osteoma, fibrous dysplasia, and enchondroma. Primary malignant tumors covered are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma.
3. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or amputation. The goal is to completely remove malignant tumors while preserving limbs if
Osteosarcomas are malignant bone-forming tumors that typically occur in the metaphysis of long bones in young patients. They can be primary tumors or develop secondary to conditions like Paget's disease. Patients usually present with bone pain and swelling. Treatment requires aggressive surgical resection and chemotherapy, with the goal of cure. Imaging plays an important role in evaluating tumor extent, involvement of surrounding tissues, and distant staging.
This document discusses how to analyze bone tumors based on plain X-rays. It describes 7 key factors to examine: [1] location of the lesion in the bone, [2] age and size of the lesion, [3] how the lesion is affecting the bone, [4] how the bone is responding, [5] if the lesion is producing matrix, [6] if the cortex is eroded, and [7] if there is a soft tissue mass. It then provides detailed information on analyzing each of these factors, such as characteristic locations for different tumors, how the size and age of a patient can indicate aggressiveness, and patterns of bone destruction and matrix mineralization that suggest benign versus malignant processes.
This document discusses how to classify primary bone tumors based on location and age of the patient using plain radiographs. Key factors include the location of the lesion within the bone (epiphyseal, metaphyseal, diaphyseal), the extent of the lesion, and features of the lesion and bone's response that provide clues to the tissue type. Common bone tumors are listed for each location. Characteristic patterns of bone destruction and periosteal reactions are also described.
This document provides information on bone tumors, including their classification, locations, and radiographic features. It discusses benign bone forming tumors like bone islands and osteoblastomas. It also covers cartilage forming tumors such as enchondromas and osteochondromas, as well as fibrous lesions including fibrous dysplasia. Malignant tumors described include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. For each tumor type, the document provides details on incidence, anatomical distribution, and characteristic imaging appearance to aid in diagnosis.
The document describes several primary malignant bone tumors including:
1. Multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and chordoma.
2. It provides details on characteristics such as common age of onset, tumor location preferences, radiographic features on plain films and MRI/CT, and histological features.
3. Specific subtypes are also described like parosteal osteosarcoma, telangiectatic osteosarcoma, solitary plasmacytoma, and adamantinoma.
The document discusses bone tumors. It begins by stating that the most common bone tumor is secondary tumors from other sites, while the most common primary bone tumor is multiple myeloma. It then covers the WHO classification of bone tumors including bone-forming, cartilage-forming, marrow, vascular, and other tumors. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging like radiographs, CT, MRI and bone scans, as well as laboratory tests and biopsy. Staging is discussed including the Enneking system based on aggressiveness and spread. Management depends on staging and includes wide excision for low grade lesions and more radical resection or palliative treatment for high grade or metastatic tumors.
Presentation1.pptx, interpretation of x ray on bone tumour.Abdellah Nazeer
Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor that appears as a bony protrusion on x-ray, with cortical and medullary bone continuity between the lesion and underlying bone. While this relationship is clearly seen on long bones, it can be more difficult to identify on flat bones or in sessile lesions. Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that appears on x-ray as mottled, osteolytic lesions with poorly defined edges and periosteal reactions like sunburst patterns. Bone metastases typically appear as either osteolytic or osteoblastic lesions on x-ray.
Primary bone tumors are most common in the first three decades of life during periods of bone growth. Benign tumors are more frequent than malignant ones, with the most common benign tumors being osteochondroma, fibro-osseous lesions, and enchondroma. Osteosarcoma and multiple myeloma have the highest incidence among primary malignant bone tumors. These tumors most often occur in the distal femur and proximal tibia, which have the highest bone growth rates. While many bone tumors are benign, osteosarcoma is a highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis if not treated aggressively with chemotherapy and surgery.
This document summarizes information about evaluating benign bone lesions on radiographs. It discusses diagnostic criteria including age, location, margins, and matrix. Common benign bone tumors are described such as simple bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts, osteoid osteoma, and enchondroma. Location is an important factor, for example enchondromas often occur in hands and feet. Classification is discussed based on matrix type such as cystic, osseous, chondroid, and fibro-osseous lesions. Radiologic features of specific tumors and mimics are presented. The conclusion emphasizes that attention to age, location, and radiographic features helps narrow the differential diagnosis.
Simple and aneurysmal Bone cyst - Definition, Classfication, Investigations, ...orthoslides
This document provides information on simple bone cysts and aneurysmal bone cysts. Simple bone cysts typically occur in children before bone growth plates close and present as asymptomatic lesions. Aneurysmal bone cysts can occur at any age and commonly present with pain, swelling, or fracture. They appear multilocular on imaging with fluid-fluid levels. Both lesions are benign but aneurysmal bone cysts have a higher recurrence rate after treatment with curettage and grafting due to their vascular nature.
This document discusses osteoid osteoma, a relatively common benign bone tumor. It is characterized by a small nidus less than 1.5 cm in diameter that typically causes persistent night pain relieved by salicylates. Diagnosis is usually made through imaging like CT or MRI that identify the central nidus. Treatment options include long-term anti-inflammatories, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation to destroy the nidus, or surgical removal of the nidus through curettage or en bloc resection. The document also briefly discusses other bone forming tumors like osteoblastoma, osteoma, and their signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Primary malignant bone tumors are rare. Imaging such as radiography, CT, and MRI play an important role in detecting, characterizing, staging, and following up on bone tumors. The document discusses several primary bone tumors seen at different ages such as osteosarcoma, which commonly arises in the metaphysis of long bones in teenagers; chondrosarcoma, which arises in flat bones in those over 40; and Ewing sarcoma, which typically affects the diaphysis of long bones in children and adolescents. Imaging features of these tumors are provided along with other bone tumors like chordoma, lymphoma, and fibrosarcoma.
- Acute osteomyelitis shows poorly defined osteolytic bone destruction on x-ray. Advanced cases show sequestra (devitalized bone) surrounded by involucrum (periosteal new bone).
- MRI is best for diagnosing osteomyelitis, showing bone marrow edema. CT is better for cortical bone details and detecting gas. Chronic osteomyelitis appears as increased bone density and periosteal new bone formation.
- Diabetic foot osteomyelitis on x-ray shows classic triad of osteolysis, periosteal reaction and bone destruction. MRIs demonstrate associated soft tissue changes, sinus tracts and abscesses.
Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumor most common in young patients, typically causing pain worsened at night. Radiographs show a small lucent nidus surrounded by reactive sclerosis. CT precisely defines the calcified nidus. MRI demonstrates surrounding bone marrow edema. Treatment involves surgical excision or thermocoagulation of the nidus, providing effective pain relief. A multimodality imaging approach is useful to characterize the lesion and differentiate it from other causes of bone pain.
This document discusses various pediatric musculoskeletal disorders and conditions that can affect the knee joint, as seen on imaging such as MRI and radiography. It covers developmental disorders like congenital absence of cruciate ligaments and discoid meniscus. It also discusses infectious diseases like osteomyelitis, inflammatory diseases such as pigmented villonodular synovitis, neoplastic conditions including benign tumors like osteochondroma and malignant tumors like osteosarcoma. A variety of imaging findings are presented for each condition.
This document discusses aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), beginning with its definition as a benign, expansile bone lesion containing blood-filled cystic cavities. It describes ABC's unknown etiology, most common locations in long bones of younger patients, and presentations of pain, swelling or fracture. Imaging findings include expansile lytic lesions on x-ray, and fluid-fluid levels on MRI. Treatment involves preoperative embolization and curettage with bone grafting. ABC's differential diagnosis and potential for recurrence after treatment are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of benign bone tumors. It discusses osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma), chondroblastoma, osteochondroma/exostosis, and enchondroma. For each tumor, it describes characteristics such as common locations, symptoms, radiological features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. Common features of benign bone tumors are also reviewed, including well-defined margins, sclerotic rims, and lack of soft tissue involvement. Treatment methods like curettage, extended curettage, and various reconstruction techniques are presented.
An aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign, expansile bone lesion characterized by blood-filled cavities separated by bone or fibrous tissue with osteoclast giant cells. Most patients are under 20 years old, with common locations in the long bones of the lower extremities. The etiology is unknown but may involve genetic translocations. Imaging shows an expansile, osteolytic lesion with possible fluid-fluid levels. Treatment involves preoperative embolization, curettage with bone grafting, or complete resection to prevent the 20-30% recurrence rate associated with partial resection.
An aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign, expansile bone lesion characterized by blood-filled cavities separated by bone or fibrous tissue with osteoclast giant cells. Most patients are under 20 years old, with common locations in the long bones of the lower extremities. The etiology is unknown but may involve genetic translocations. Imaging shows an expansile, osteolytic lesion with possible fluid-fluid levels. Treatment involves preoperative embolization, curettage with bone grafting, or complete resection to prevent the 20-30% recurrence rate associated with partial resection.
Dr. Pradeep Patil (M.D. Radiodiagnosis) Prof D Y Patil, Kolhapurdypradio
1. The document discusses various types of fractures including their classification based on etiology, location, fracture line, degree of displacement, and bone involved. Common fractures of the upper and lower limbs are described along with their radiographic appearances.
2. Infections of bone such as osteomyelitis are also summarized. Acute osteomyelitis typically involves children and is caused by bacteria spreading from distant sites. Chronic osteomyelitis can lead to bone death, sequestration, and abscess formation. Special forms including Brodie's abscess and tuberculous osteomyelitis are mentioned.
3. Pott's disease, which is tuberculosis of the spine, and tuberculosis d
This document provides an overview of benign bone tumors. It discusses several key factors used in the pre-biopsy diagnosis of bone tumors including patient age, lesion location, and radiological characteristics. Specific benign bone tumors are then described in detail, organized by cell of origin (cartilage tumors, osteogenic tumors, etc). For each tumor, the document outlines typical age, location, appearance on imaging studies, and other distinguishing radiological features. Key points include descriptions of osteochondroma, enchondroma, osteoid osteoma, giant cell tumor, and other common benign bone lesions.
Presentation1, radiological imaging of anterior knee pain.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses radiological imaging of anterior knee pain. It notes that knee MRI is the gold standard for evaluating damage to anatomical structures like ligaments, tendons, meniscus and cartilage. Common causes of anterior knee pain discussed include patellar fractures, osteoarthritis, tendinitis, dislocations and cartilage defects. Specific conditions like osteochondritis dissecans, fat pad syndromes, and bipartite/multipartite patella are described. MRI features of various pathologies are shown through images to aid radiologists in diagnosis.
Enchondroma with Secondary Aneurysmal Bone CystI E
This case report describes an unusual case of an enchondroma with secondary aneurysmal bone cyst formation in the proximal femur of a 13-year-old male. Imaging showed a septated lytic lesion in the intertrochanteric region. Histology revealed lobulated cartilaginous proliferation without atypia surrounded by bone and blood-filled cystic spaces, consistent with a secondary aneurysmal bone cyst arising from the enchondroma. This is a rare occurrence, as cystic changes are not usually seen in enchondromas. The patient will need monitoring due to the higher recurrence risk of aneurysmal bone cysts compared to typical enchondromas.
Primary malignant bone tumors are rare. Imaging such as radiography, CT, and MRI play an important role in detecting, characterizing, staging, and following up on bone tumors. The document discusses several specific bone tumors - osteosarcoma commonly affects children and young adults and presents as a metaphyseal lesion with soft tissue extension. Chondrosarcoma typically affects older adults and presents as an eccentric diaphyseal lesion with popcorn calcifications. Ewing's sarcoma commonly affects children and adolescents and presents as a permeative diaphyseal lesion with onion skin periosteal reaction.
This patient presents with knee pain. Imaging shows a lesion within the epiphysis of the knee. On MRI, the lesion has low signal on T1 and T2 weighted images with a low signal margin and no aggressive features. The most likely diagnosis is chondroblastoma, which is a rare benign epiphyseal tumor seen in children before growth plate closure that appears as a well-defined lytic lesion on radiographs and MRI.
The document discusses various presacral lesions that can be seen on imaging. It describes the anatomy of the presacral space and then covers conditions with osteochondral origin like giant cell tumor and Ewing sarcoma. Neurogenic conditions such as neurofibromas, schwannomas, and perineural cysts are also discussed. Other lesions mentioned include dural ectasia and anterior myelomeningoceles. For each condition, the document provides details on clinical features, imaging appearance on modalities like CT and MRI, and examples of imaging findings.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of spinal cord tumour.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses the radiological imaging and classification of spinal cord tumors. It describes how spinal cord tumors are classified as extra-dural, intra-dural extra-medullary, or intra-medullary. Common benign extra-dural tumors discussed include hemangioma, osteoid osteoma, osteochondroma, eosinophilic granuloma, and epidural lipomatosis. Imaging findings for diagnosing these tumors with x-ray, CT, and MRI are provided. Malignant primary tumors of the spine discussed include chordoma, lymphoma, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. Metastatic tumors to the spine are also mentioned.
An aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign bone tumor characterized by blood-filled cavities separated by bone and fibrous tissue. It most commonly affects children and young adults near the metaphysis of long bones. The cause is unknown but believed to involve a vascular malformation that results in bone erosion and expansion. Diagnosis is made based on imaging showing an expansile lytic lesion with septations and sometimes fluid-fluid levels, and confirmed with histology. Treatment involves curettage, bone grafting, and sometimes embolization or radiation for difficult cases. Recurrence rates after treatment are around 20-30%.
1) The document discusses various fetal lung abnormalities that can be evaluated by ultrasound such as pulmonary hypoplasia, congenital pulmonary airway malformation, bronchial atresia, and congenital lobar emphysema.
2) It describes the sonographic findings, differential diagnosis, and management considerations for each condition.
3) Factors that influence prognosis are discussed such as lesion size and presence of complications like hydrops or mediastinal shift. Prenatal counseling is important as some conditions can lead to high mortality.
This document summarizes multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It discusses the etiology, pathology, clinical presentation, imaging features, diagnostic criteria, variants, and differential diagnosis of MS. Key points include: MS is characterized by inflammatory demyelinating lesions ("plaques") in the brain and spinal cord; risk factors include genetic and environmental factors; clinical presentation varies from relapsing-remitting to progressive forms; MRI is important for diagnosis and demonstrates disseminated hyperintense lesions; and differential diagnosis includes ADEM, Susac syndrome, and CNS tumors.
This document discusses metabolic and endocrine skeletal diseases. It describes the composition of bone tissue and the cells involved in bone production. Various disorders are characterized by abnormalities in bone density, including increased or decreased bone production, resorption, or mineralization. Common radiologic modalities for evaluation include x-ray, CT, bone scintigraphy, MRI, and ultrasound. Specific diseases mentioned include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and others.
Prostate carcinoma is the most common malignancy in males, typically affecting men over 50 years old. On transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), prostate carcinoma usually appears as a hypoechoic lesion in the peripheral zone. Multiparametric MRI with T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences is the most sensitive imaging method for detecting prostate carcinoma, as it can identify restricted diffusion and abnormal enhancement patterns not seen on ultrasound. While imaging is useful for detection and staging of prostate carcinoma, biopsy remains the standard for diagnosis.
This document summarizes various malignant diseases of the kidney, with a focus on renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC accounts for 86% of primary malignant renal tumors and is more common in males aged 50-70 years. Risk factors include smoking, chemical exposure, obesity, and hypertension. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and staging. On CT, most RCCs enhance less than normal renal parenchyma. MRI and ultrasound are also used. Treatment depends on tumor stage and includes nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery. Other renal tumors discussed include oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.
The retroperitoneum is the compartmentalized space located behind the posterior abdominal wall. It is divided into three compartments - the anterior pararenal space, perirenal space, and posterior pararenal space. The perirenal space contains the kidney and related structures. A variety of pathologies can occur in the retroperitoneum including sarcomas like liposarcoma, neurogenic tumors, and benign lesions such as schwannomas or lipomas. Imaging plays an important role in characterizing these retroperitoneal masses.
The document describes the anatomical structures of the temporal bone, including its four parts - squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic. It details the locations and structures of the mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process, external acoustic meatus, middle ear cavity, mastoid antrum, ossicles, inner ear, internal auditory canal, carotid canal, jugular foramen and fossa, and course of the facial nerve. CT and MRI are described as the main imaging techniques used to evaluate the temporal bone, with CT excellent for osseous structures and MRI better for soft tissues.
The document provides an overview of the spleen, including its embryology, anatomy, imaging appearance, variants, and lesions. It discusses the following key points:
- The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells in the dorsal mesogastrium and rotates to the left upper abdomen during development.
- On imaging, the normal spleen is outlined by fat and measures 10-12cm. Ultrasound, CT and MRI can further characterize its appearance and vascularity.
- Variants include accessory spleens, splenic lobulations, and heterotaxy syndromes. Benign lesions discussed include hemangiomas, cysts, and infections. Malignant lesions include lymphomas.
This document summarizes various benign lesions of the stomach and duodenum. It describes the gross anatomy and embryology of the stomach and duodenum. It then discusses several specific benign conditions like idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, duodenal atresia, gastric and duodenal diverticula, gastric and duodenal webs, gastric ulcers, and various inflammatory conditions of the stomach and duodenum including erosive gastritis, antral gastritis, helicobacter pylori gastritis, hypertrophic gastritis, and Menetrier's disease. It provides details on clinical features, investigative findings, treatment and prognosis for many of these conditions.
This document provides information on small bowel enema/enteroclysis procedure. It discusses the indications for the procedure including partial small bowel obstruction and Crohn's disease. It outlines the preparation process and describes how to position the Bilbao Dotter tube through the nose into the duodenum. The document discusses performing the procedure with single or double contrast and imaging techniques. Potential findings and complications are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of abdominal radiological anatomy. It discusses the anatomy of major abdominal organs including the liver, biliary tract, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, and gastrointestinal tract. For each organ, it describes key anatomical features visible on imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI. It also reviews some common anatomical variants seen in these structures.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
10. OSTEOCHONDROMA
Highest incidence is in the second decade
• Lesion is characterized by a cartilage-capped bony
projection on the external surface of a bone.
Commonest locations - distal femur, proximal humerus,
proximal tibia and proximal femur
11. Presentation
Mechanical problems such as an enlarging mass,
pressure on adjoining structures (muscles, nerves,
vessels), or rarely with fracture of the bony stem.
Irritation of overlying soft tissues may result in
adventitial bursa formation, which can mimic
sarcomatous degeneration
Lesions may be classified as either pedunculated or sessile
12.
13. Uninterrupted merging of the cortex of the host
bone with the cortex of the osteochondroma
Medullary portion of the lesion and the
medullary cavity of the adjacent bone
communicate.
Calcifications in the chondro-osseous portion of the
stalk of the lesion and cartilaginous cap
14.
15. CT
• Lack of cortical interruption and the continuity of
cancellous portions of the lesion and the host bone
MRI
• Cartilaginous cap shows high signal intensity on T2-
weighted and gradient echo sequences.
• Narrow band of low signal intensity surrounding the cap
represents the overlying perichondrium
16.
17.
18. COMPLICATIONS
• Pressure on nerves or blood vessels
• Pressure on the adjacent bone with occasional fracture
• Inflammatory changes of the bursa exostotica (“exostosis
bursata”) covering the cartilaginous cap
• Malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma
19.
20. Bursa exostotica. (A) A 25-year-old man with a known solitary osteochondroma of
the distal right femur reported gradually increasing pain. The capillary phase of
an arteriogram reveals a huge bursa exostotica. Inflammation of the bursa, with
the accumulation of a large amount of fluid (bursitis), was the
cause of the patient's symptoms.
21. TREATMENT
• Solitary lesions of osteochondroma usually can
simply be monitored if they do not cause clinical
problems.
• Surgical resection
• lesion becomes painful
• suspected encroachment on adjacent nerves
or blood vessels
• pathologic fracture
22. MULTIPLE OSTEOCARTILAGINOUS
EXOSTOSES
• A/K/A multiple hereditary osteochondromata, familial
osteochondromatosis, or diaphyseal aclasis
• Mcsites - knees, ankles, and shoulders
• The radiographic features are similar to those of single
osteochondromas lesions are more frequently of the
sessile
• CT and 3D CT show spatial distribution of the lesions
23. Anteroposterior radiograph
of the shoulder of a 22-year-
oldman demonstrates
multiple sessile lesions
involving the proximal
humerus, scapula, and ribs.
(B) Involvement
of the distal femur and
proximal tibia is
characteristic of this
disorder
24. Coronal (B) and axial (C) T1-weighted (SE; TR 600/TE 20
msec) MR images demonstrate continuity of the lesions
with the medullary portion of the femora. Note also
dysplastic changes expressed by abnormal tubulation of
the bones
25. ENCHONDROMA / CHONDROMA
• Lesion is characterized by the formation of
mature hyaline cartilage
• Affect the tubular bones of the hands and feet.
Proximal phalanges (40–50%), metacarpals (15–
30%) and middle phalanges (20–30%).
• Typically metaphyseal or diaphyseal.
26. Displacement of embryonic rests of cartilage
from growth plate into metaphysis
Eccentric
Well-circumscribed, lobular or oval lytic lesions,
which may expand the cortex
Size at presentation ranges from 10 to 50 mm
27. CT
Better advantage - scalloped cortex and matrix
calcification
Separation of a lesion from the medullary cavity
28. MRI
Depicts cartilaginous soft-tissue component.
Fat suppression or enhanced gradient-echo
sequences may improve tumor-marrow contrast.
Pitfall - marrow edema mimicking tumor invasion or
vice versa.
29.
30. Enchondroma protuberans
arises in the intramedullary cavity of
a long bone and forms a prominent
exophytic mass on the cortical
surface.
DD
1. Osteochondroma
2. Central chondrosarcoma
31.
32.
33.
34. VARIETIES OF ENCHONDROMA
Calcifying enchondroma
Olliers syndrome
Endosteal chondroma
Parastoeal chondroma - periosteal chondroma may continue to
grow after skeletal maturation
Maffuci syndrome
35. COMPLICATIONS
• Pathological fracture
• Malignant transformation to Chondrosarcoma
Radiographic signs of the transformation
• Thickening of the cortex
• Destruction of the cortex
• Soft-tissue mass
Clinical sign - development of pain
in the absence of fracture at the site
of the lesion.
36. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• Medullary bone infarct (particularly in long bones)
sclerotic rim
• Slowly growing low-grade Chondrosarcoma (large
solitary enchondroma)
Localized thickening of the cortex
Deep endosteal scalloping
Lesions longer than 4 are suggestive of malignancy
37. radiograph of the distal femur (B) and coronal T1-
weighted fat-suppressed MR image obtained after
intravenous injection of gadolinium (C) show deep
endosteal scalloping
no
endosteal
scalloping
of the
cortex,
and the
calcified
area is
surrounde
d by a
thin,
dense
sclerotic
rim, the
hallmark
of a bone
infarct.
38. TREATMENT
Curettage of the lesion with the application of
bone graft is the most common course of
treatment
39. CHONDROBLASTOMA
• Benign lesion occurring before skeletal maturity,
characteristically presenting in the epiphyses of
long bones.
• Located eccentrically, shows a sclerotic border,
and often demonstrates scattered calcifications
of the matrix
40. •Thick, solid periosteal reaction distal to the lesion
in long bones
•CT scan - demonstrate the calcifications
•MRI - reveals a larger area of involvement than can
be seen on radiography, including regional bone
marrow and soft-tissue edema
42. Chondroblastoma. (A) Lateral radiograph and (B) anteroposterior tomogram of the knee show
the typical appearance of a chondroblastoma in the proximal epiphysis of the tibia. Note the
radiolucent, eccentrically located lesion with a thin, sclerotic margin (arrows). There are small,
scattered calcifications in the center of the lesion, which are better seen on the tomogram
43. CT section shows the calcifications clearly CT image shows the sclerotic rim and
chondral calcifications inside the
44. (A) Axial T2-weighted MRI shows sharply marginated lesion with sclerotic border
and central calcifications within the left humeral head. Note the small amount
of joint effusion and peritumoral edema.
(B) sagittal proton density-weighted and (C) axial T2-weighted
MR images of the knee show extension of chondroblastoma located in the
posterior aspect of proximal tibia into the soft tissues
45. TRATMENT & COMPLICATIONS
• Chondroblastomas are usually treated by
curettage and bone grafting. Very few cases are
treated by radiofrequency ablation.
• Rarely pulmonary metastasis can occur.
46. CHONDROMYXOID FIBROMA
• Characterized by the production of chondroid,
fibrous, and myxoid tissues in variable proportions
• Predilection for the bones of the lower extremities-
proximal tibia and distal femur
47. RADIOGRAPH
• Eccentric location
• Sclerotic scalloped margin
• Erosion / Balloning of cortex
• No obvious calcification
• Periosteal new bone formation
48. Chondromyxoid
fibroma.
Anteroposterior (A)
and lateral (B)
radiographs of the
left leg demonstrate
a radiolucent lesion
extending from the
metaphysis into the
diaphysis of the tibia,
with a geographic
type of bone
destruction and a
sclerotic scalloped
border
49. MRI of chondromyxoid fibroma. (A)
Sagittal T1-weighted MRI in a 10-
year-old girl shows a well-demarcated
lesion in the plantar aspect of the
calcaneus, displaying low signal
intensity. (B) An axial T1-weighted
image shows significant amount of
peritumoral edema. (C) Sagittal T2-
weighted MRI shows the lesion
displaying high signal intensity.
A sclerotic border is imaged as a rim of
low signal intensity
50. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Buttress of periosteal new
bone formation in
chondromyxoid fibroma may
be radiographically
indistinguishable from an
aneurysmal bone cyst.
The tumor balloons out from the cortex and is supported
by a solid periosteal buttress resembling that seen in an
aneurysmal bone cyst
51. Popcorn-like, annular, or punctate
calcifications
A lobulated growth pattern with
frequent shallow scalloping of the
endosteal cortex.
Uninterrupted merging of the
lesion's cortex with the host bone
cortex
Continuity of the cancellous
portion of the lesion with the
medullary cavity of the host
Its eccentric epiphyseal location
Sclerotic margin
Scattered calcification
Periosteal reaction
Location close to the growth plate
Sclerotic scalloped margin
Butteres of periosteal new bone
Lack of visible calcifications
Benign
cartilaginous
tumor
53. OSTEOMA
• Slow-growing osteoblastic lesion commonly seen in outer
table of calvarium and in frontal and ethmoid sinuses.
• Radiographic appearance of a dense, ivory-like sclerotic
mass attached to cortex with sharply demarcated borders
• Lesions encountered in long and short tubular bones is
known as a parosteal osteoma.
54. Parosteal osteoma. Dorsovolar radiograph
of the hand demonstrates a parosteal
osteoma of the proximal phalanx of the
middle finger. A typical ivory-like mass is
seen attached to the cortex.
58. OSTEOID OSTEOMA
• Benign osteoblastic
lesion characterized
by a nidus of osteoid
tissue
Limited
growth
potential
Surrounded
by zone of
reactive
bone
formation
Measures
less than
1cm
Purely
radiolucent
or have a
sclerotic
center
60. CLINICAL FEATURE
Most important clinical symptom of osteoid
osteoma is pain that is more severe at night and
is dramatically relieved by salicylates (aspirin)
within approximately 20 to 25 minutes
61.
62. Osteoid osteoma may have
more than one nidus, in
which case it is called a
multicentric or MULTIFOCAL
OSTEOID OSTEOMA
63. CT – OSTEOID OSTEOMA
• Demonstrate the nidus and localize it precisely
• Exact measurement of the size of the nidus
• Vascular groove sign - Vascular channels created by
arterioles supplying the nidus of an osteoid osteoma
64.
65.
66. RADIONUCLIDE BONE SCAN
• Marked increase in isotope uptake
• Useful in cases with symptoms are atypical and
the initial radiographs appear normal
• Three-phase technique is recommended
67. Radionuclide bone scan shows an
increased uptake of isotope in the
supraacetabular portion of the left ilium
69. Stress fracture direction of the
radiolucency is perpendicular
to the long axis of the tibial
cortex.
In osteoid osteoma, the
radiolucent nidus is oriented
parallel to the cortex.
Stress fracture vs Osteoid osteoma
70. In a bone abscess, seen here in the distal femoral
metaphysis, a serpentine tract extends from an abscess
cavity toward the growth plate. This feature
distinguishes the lesion from osteoid osteoma
Cortical abscess. Lateral tomogram of the
tibia shows a radiolucent, serpentine tract
of a cortical bone abscess (arrow) that was
originally misdiagnosed as osteoid osteoma
71.
72. COMPLICATIONS
• Accelerated bone growth
may occur if the nidus is
located near the growth
plate, particularly in young
children
• Arthritis of precocious onset
73. TREATMENT
• Complete en bloc resection of the nidus
• Intralesional curettage
• Fluoroscopically guided or CT-guided percutaneous
extraction
• Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation
• Alternative to surgery
• Mech : thermal necrosis of an approximately 1-cm
sphere of tissue
74.
75. OSTEOBLASTOMA
• lesion is histologically similar to osteoid osteoma
but characterized by a larger size - more than
1.5 cm in diameter and usually more than 2 cm.
• Age – 10 to 30 yrs
• Long bones are frequently involved but have
predilection for vertebral column
76. Osteoblastoma vs Osteoid osteoma
• Osteoblastoma is asymptomatic / pain which is
not relieved by salicylates.
• Tends toward progression and even malignant
transformation
77. RADIOGRAPH
Giant osteoid osteoma - more than 2 cm in diameter
and exhibits less reactive sclerosis and a possibly
more prominent periosteal response than does osteoid
osteoma
A blow-out expansive lesion similar to an aneurysmal
bone cyst with small radiopacities in the center.
common in lesions involving the spine
· An aggressive lesion simulating a malignant tumor
· Periosteal lesion that lacks perifocal bone sclerosis
but exhibits a thin shell of newly formed periosteal
bone
78. (A) Conventional radiograph shows a radiolucent lesion in the sternal end
of the left clavicle (arrow). (B) Axial CT image demonstrates an expansive low-attenuation
tumor (arrows) with high-attenuation foci of new bone formation
79.
80. (C) Axial spin echo T1-weighted MR image demonstrates that the lesion is located posteromedially in the humeral
head. The cortex is destroyed and the tumor extends into the soft tissues. (D) Axial spin echo T2-weighted MR image
shows that the lesion remains of low signal intensity, indicating osseous matrix. The rim of high signal intensity
adjacent to the posterolateral margin of the tumor reflects peritumoral edema.
84. DESMOPLASTIC FIBROMA
• a/k/a intraosseous desmoid tumor
• locally aggressive tumor that occurs in individuals
younger than age 40 years
• C/F – Pain and local swelling
• Long bones (femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, and radius),
pelvis, and mandible are frequent sites of involvement
85. • SITE: Diaphysis but extends into the metaphysis
• Epiphysis is usually spared.
• Desmoplastic fibroma has no characteristic
radiographic features.
86. Expansive ,radiolucent, with sharply defined borders
the cortex of the bone may be thickened or thinned
without significant periosteal response.
Internal pseudotrabeculation is present in 90% of cases
87. Geographic pattern of bone destruction is
noted, with narrow zones of transition and
nonsclerotic margins.
Aggressive lesions of this type are marked by
bone destruction and invasion of the soft tissues
88.
89. Radionuclide bone scan - Increase in uptake of the
radiopharmaceutical agent at site of lesion.
CT - Evaluating cortical breakthrough and tumor
extension into the soft tissues.
MRI - Assessing intraosseous and extraosseous
extension and to characterize the tumor.
90. CT section through the hip joint shows a lobulated appearance
of the tumor and a thick, sclerotic margin. The lesion extends
into the pelvic cavity, displacing the urinary bladder
91. MRI of desmoplastic fibroma. (A) Coronal T1-
weighted MRI shows the tumor in the left
femoral shaft breaking through the cortex
and extending into the soft tissues (arrows).
(B) Axial proton density MR image
demonstrates replacement of the bone
marrow by the tumor (arrow), soft-tissue
involvement, and peritumoral edema.
92. TREATMENT
• Wide excision is the treatment of choice,
• Recurrence rate is high even after complete
excision of the tumor
93. FIBROUS CORTICAL DEFECT AND NONOSSIFYING
FIBROMA
• MC fibrous lesions of bone.
• Predominantly seen in children and adolescents
• Predilection for the long bones- femur and tibia
• More common in boys than in girls
94. FIBROUS CORTICAL DEFECT
Radiolucent lesion is elliptical and confined to the
cortex of a long bone near the growth plate demarcated
by a thin margin of sclerosis
First and second decades of life
Disappear spontaneously
95.
96. OSSIFYING FIBROMA
• When they encroach on the medullary region of a bone, they are
designated nonossifying fibroma
• Eccentrically located
• Scalloped sclerotic border
• Nonossifying fibroma may involve several bones, in which case
the condition is called disseminated nonossifying fibromatosis
97.
98. • SKELETAL SCINTIGRAPHY - minimal to mild increase in
activity.
• COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
• demonstrate to better advantage the cortical
thinning and medullary involvement
• delineate early pathologic fracture more
precisely
99. CT of nonossifying fibroma. Oblique radiograph
of the right tibia of a 14-year-old girl shows an
elliptical radiolucent lesion with sclerotic border.
Axial and coronal reformatted CT images show
low attenuation lesion exhibiting a high-
attenuation scalloped border and extending into
the anterolateral cortex of tibia.
100. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
T1 - Intermediate to low signal intensity
T2 - Intermediate to high signal intensity
After contrast administration, both fibrous cortical
defects and nonossifying fibromas invariably exhibit
hyperintense border and signal enhancement
Mineralization of the lesion during healing appears
predominantly as low signal intensity
101. MRI of nonossifying
fibroma. Anteroposterior
radiograph of the right
fibula of a 14-year-old girl
shows an eccentric well-
defined radiolucent lesion
with sclerotic border. Note
thinning of the medial
cortex and a pathologic
fracture (arrow). Coronal
T1-weighted MRI shows the
lesion exhibiting
intermediate signal
intensity.
102. COMPLICATIONS AND TREATMENT
• Most lesions undergo spontaneous involution (healing) by
sclerosis or remodeling
• Some larger lesions may be complicated by pathologic
fracture
• if a lesion is large, extending across 50% or more of the
medullary cavity, curettage and bone grafting is the
treatment of choice.
103. Spontaneous involution of nonossifying
fibroma in the distal tibia is
characterized by progressive sclerosis of
peripheral parts of the lesion
104. BENIGN FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA
• Radiographic features very similar to those of
nonossifying fibroma.
• Radiolucent, with sharply defined and frequently
sclerotic borders, without any mineralization of
the matrix
105. BFH vs NOF
Benign fibrous histiocytoma presents in older
(usually older than 25 years) than those with
nonossifying fibroma
Produce symptoms such as pain or discomfort
in the involved bone
More aggressive clinical course and may recur
after treatment
106. Benign fibrous histiocytoma. A 37-
year-old man presented with
occasional pain in the right knee.
Oblique radiograph of the knee
demonstrates a lobulated
radiolucent lesion with a well-
defined sclerotic
border, located eccentrically in the
proximal tibia. The diagnosis was
confirmed by excision biopsy
107. Anteroposterior radiograph of
the left proximal humerus in
a 26-year-old woman with
chronic arm pain shows
eccentric, well-defined,
partially sclerotic lesion
108. FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
• A/K/A fibrous osteodystrophy, osteodystrophia
fibrosa, or osteitis fibrosa disseminata
• fibroosseous lesion charecterised by aberrant
development of fibroosseous tissue replacing
normal cancellous bone
109. Fibrous
dysplasia
Monostotic Polyostotic
Characterized by the replacement of normal lamellar
cancellous bone by an abnormal fibrous tissue that contains
small, abnormally arranged trabeculae of immature woven
bone formed by metaplasia of the fibrous stroma.
110. MONOSTOTIC FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
• most commonly affects the femur(femoral
neck) as well as the tibia and ribs.
• arises centrally in the bone.
• Spares the epiphysis in children.
• As the lesion enlarges, it expands the
medullary cavity
111. Radiographic appearance of monostotic fibrous
dysplasia varies, depending on the
proportion of osseous-to-fibrous content
Greater osseous content - Dense and sclerotic
Greater fibrous content - More radiolucent,
with a characteristic ground-glass appearance
112. AP of the distal leg shows a radiolucent
lesion in the diaphysis of the tibia. slight
expansion and thinning of the cortex and
the partial loss of trabecular pattern in
the cancellous bone, which gives the
lesion a ground-glass or smoky
appearance.
113. CT - areas of high attenuation in more
sclerotic lesions and a low-attenuation matrix with
an amorphous ground-glass texture in lesions with
greater fibrous content
MRI - decreased signal on T1 and T2
sequences. The sclerotic rim (rind sign) is invariably
imaged as a band of low signal intensity on T1 anT2
sequences.
114. CT image shows a focus of fibrous dysplasia in
the neck of the femur exhibiting a typical “rind
sign”—thick sclerotic border surrounding a
radiolucent/low-attenuation lesion (arrows).
CT of fibrous dysplasia - CT section shows ground-glass
appearance of the lesion and a sclerotic highattenuation
border
115. LIPOSCLEROSING MYXOFIBROUS TUMOR
•Mimics monostotic fibrous dysplasia, particularly
when located in the intertrochanteric region of the
femur
•Benign fibroosseous lesion characterized by a
complex mixture of histologic elements that include
lipoma, fibroxanthoma, myxoma, myxofibroma, fat
necrosis, bone, and cartilage.
116. AP of the left hip
shows radiolucent
lesion with well-
defined thick
sclerosing border in
the intertrochanteric
region of the femur
(open arrows).
Coronal T2-weighted
MR image shows the
lesion (arrows) to
exhibit heterogeneous
signal intensity.
Peripheral sclerotic
“rind” displays signal
void.
117. POLYOSTOTIC FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
• More aggressive
• Predilection for one side of the body - pelvis is
frequently affected - proximal end of the femur is
a common site of involvement
• Lesions generally progress in number and size
until the end of skeletal maturation.
118. • The articular ends are usually spared
• Cortex is often thinned by the expansive component of
the lesion, and the inner cortical margins may show
scalloping
• Replacement of medullary bone by fibrous tissue leads
to a loss of the trabecular pattern, giving the lesions a
ground-glass, “milky,” or “smoky” appearance
119. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.
Anteroposterior radiograph of the right hip
of an 18-year-old woman shows unilateral
involvement of the ilium and femur. There
is a pathologic fracture of the femoral
neck with a varus deformity
120. CT
• Accurately delineate the extent of bone involvement
• Tissue attenuation values are usually within the 70- to
400-HU range, apparently reflecting the presence of
calcium and microscopic ossification throughout the
abnormal tissue
• Define the extent of craniofacial disease, including
impingement on orbital structures
121. Anteroposterior radiograph of the
proximal left humerus shows
expansive, mostly radiolucent
lesion (arrows) with focal
sclerotic areas at the junction of
the head and neck (open arrow).
The cortex is thinned out.
(B) CT section through the shaft
of the humerus shows a low-
attenuation lesion with minimal
scalloping of the endocortex. (C)
CT section through the shoulder
joint reveals the high-attenuation
areas of sclerosis in the humeral
head and scapula (arrows).
122. Anteroposterior radiograph of the pelvis
shows multiple lesions in the left ilium
and proximal left femur. The
involvement of the sacrum is not well
demonstrated.
CT section of the pelvis precisely shows
the extent of involvement of the ilium
and sacrum. (C) Axial CT image
of one of the thoracic vertebrae and
ribs shows multiloculated appearance
of the lesions, expansion of the
bone, pseudosepta, thinning of the
cortex, and a pathologic fracture.
123. MRI
• T1-weighted images - homogeneous, intermediate or
moderately low signal intensity
• T2 weighted images - the signal is bright or mixed.
• After intravenous injection of gadolinium, most lesions show
central contrast enhancement and some peripheral rim
enhancement
124.
125.
126. COMPLICATIONS
• Pathological fracture
Shepherd's crook – Femoral neck fracture
• Massive cartilage hyperplasia may be seen in this disorder,
resulting in the accumulation of cartilaginous masses in the
medullary portion of the affected bone. This condition is
commonly referred to as fibrochondrodysplasia or
fibrocartilaginous dysplasia. •Sarcomatous transformation
128. MCCUNE-ALBRIGHT SYNDROME
• When polyostotic fibrous dysplasia is
associated with endocrine
disturbances (premature sexual
development, hyperparathyroidism,
and other endocrinopathies) and
abnormal pigmentation marked by
café-au-lait spots of the skin, the
disorder is called McCune-Albright
syndrome
. Radiograph of the lower leg shows expansion of
the tibia and fibula associated with thinning of
the cortex. Note the ground-glass appearance of
the medullary portion of these bones
Axial T2-weighted MRI - abnormal signal
intensity and widening of the scapula and
abnormal signal intensity in the humeral head
129. MAZABRAUD SYNDROME
• characterized by an
association of
polyostotic fibrous
dysplasia with soft-
tissue myxomas
(B) Coronal
T1-weighted
heterogenou
signal
alteration
and
dysplastic
changes of
the right
femur.
Axial T2-
weighted
MRI of the
right thigh
demonstrat
es the
multiple
hyperintens
e
intramuscul
ar myxomas
131. GIANT CELL TUMOR
• Aggressive lesion characterized by richly vascularized
tissue containing proliferating mononuclear stromal cells
and numerous uniformly distributed giant cells of
osteoclast type
• Localized to the articular end of the bone
• Preferred sites include the proximal tibia, distal femur,
distal radius, and proximal humerus
132. purely osteolytic, radiolucent
lesion with narrow zone of
transition lacking sclerotic
margins, revealing geographic
bone destruction and usually no
periosteal reaction
RADIOGRAPH
133.
134. CT - GCT
CT demonstrates
destruction of the
cortex and the
presence of a soft-
tissue mass
135. MRI - GCT
• Better outline the lesion
• Intermediate signal intensity
136.
137. B) Coronal T1
shows the
tumor to be of
intermediate-
to-low signal
intensity. (C)
On coronal T2-
weighted the
lesion becomes
bright,
displaying low-
signal septation
138. Giant cell tumor.
(A) Axial and (B) coronal reformatted CT images of the
right knee show a large tumor destroying the cortex
of the medial femoral condyle and extending into
the soft tissues).
(C) Coronal T1-weighted MRI demonstrates the tumor
exhibiting an intermediate, slightly heterogenous
signal due to the bleeding.
(D) Coronal T1-weighted fat-suppressed MR image
obtained after intravenous administration of
gadolinium shows marked enhancement of the
tumor.
139. DIFFERENTIALS
• Primary ABC
• Brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism
• Benign fibrous histiocytoma
• Large intraosseous ganglion
rarely affects the
articular end of a
bone
occurs in younger
age group
fluid-fluid level
demonstrated
either on CT or on
MRI examination
Skeletal
manifestations
osteopenia
cortical or
subperiosteal
resorption
Resorptive changes
at the distal
phalangeal tufts
loss of the lamina
dura of the teeth.
142. (A) Conventional radiograph of the right wrist of a 32-year-old
woman shows a lytic lesion in the distal radius. (B) After extensive curettage,
postoperative radiograph shows
application of bone chips.
144. SOLITARY BONE TUMOR
• A/K/A unicameral bone cyst
• Attributed to a local disturbance of bone growth
• More common in males than in females
• Seen during the first two decades of life
• Located in the proximal diaphysis of the humerus and
femur
145. • C/F - pain,swelling or stiffness at the nearest
joint
• RADIOGRAPH - radiolucent, centrally located,
well-circumscribed lesion with sclerotic margins
•No periosteal reaction
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING - signal
characteristics of fluid: a low-to-intermediate
signal on T1-weighted images and a bright,
homogeneous signal on T2.
146. The radiolucent
lesion is centrally
located and shows
pseudosepta. Note
the slight thinning
of the cortex and
lack of periosteal
reaction
147.
148. COMPLICATION
Pathological fracture -
piece of fractured cortex
in the interior of the
lesion—the “fallen
fragment” sign indicating
that the lesion is either
hollow or fluid-filled
150. Nonossifying fibroma
Bone abscess. The
periosteal reaction
in the absence of
pathologic fracture
and the extension
of the lesion into
the epiphysis favor
the diagnosis of
bone abscess.
Intraosseous ganglion
151. ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST
• Majority seen in less than 20 yrs of age
• Metaphysis of long bones is a frequent site
• Radiographic hallmark - Multicystic eccentric
expansion (blow-out) of the bone, with a buttress or
thin shell of periosteal response.
152.
153. CT - ABC
• Determining the integrity of the cortex
• Demonstration of fluid-fluid levels -
represent the sedimentation of red
blood cells and serum within the cystic
cavities
• Demonstration of internal ridges
described on radiography as
trabeculation or septation
CT section shows its intracortical location; the lesion
balloons out from the lateral aspect of
the femur but is contained within a thin uninterrupted
shell of periosteal new bone (arrows).
154. CT of aneurysmal bone cyst. Lateral (A) and
oblique (B) radiographs of the right ankle of a 24-
year-old woman show a radiolucent, trabeculated
lesion in the talus. Coronal anterior (C) and
coronal posterior (D) CT sections demonstrate the
internal ridges of the lesion.
155. MRI of aneurysmal bone cyst.
(A) AP radiograph of the left hip shows
an expansive radiolucent lesion
destroying the ischial bone.
(B) CT section demonstrates that
the lesion broke through the medial
cortex
(C) Axial T2-weighted MR image shows
the lesion to be of high signal intensity
Multiple fluid-fluid levels characteristic
of an ABC are well demonstrated.
156. SKELETAL SCINTIGRAPHY
• reflects the vascular nature
of the lesion.
• increased uptake of
radiopharmaceutical in a ring-
like pattern around the
periphery of ABC.
159. ABC
•Eccentric
•Expansile
•Periosteal reaction
•Solid tissue +
SBC
• Central
• Less expansile
• Periosteal reaction only when
pathological fracture occurs
• Hollow fluid filled structure
• Fallen fragment sign
In thin bones, such as the ulna, fibula, metacarpals,
or metatarsals, the characteristic eccentricity of
ABC may be lost and, conversely, SBC may
demonstrate expansive features
160. TREATMENT
• Surgical removal of the entire lesion +/- bone graft
• Selective arterial embolization
• Adjuvant therapy such as liquid nitrogen, phenol, or
polymethylmethacrylate
Recurrence of the lesion is frequent