This document provides an overview of bendable concrete, also known as engineered cementitious composite (ECC). It discusses the development, composition, types, properties, applications, and conclusions regarding ECC. ECC is a mortar-based composite reinforced with short polymer fibers that provides much higher ductility than ordinary Portland cement, with a strain capacity of 3-7% compared to 0.01% for OPC. It uses a low volume of polyvinyl alcohol fibers and has proven to be 50 times more flexible and 40 times lighter than traditional concrete. Applications of ECC include repair of dams and use in seismic-resistant structures like bridges and skyscrapers due to its excellent energy absorption.

1. TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
Mundaragi Road, GADAG- 582101
Seminar on
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Seminar
Under the guidance of
Prof. PraveenKumar. Patil
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engg.,
TCE- Gadag
Submitted by
SUCHIT HOTI
2TG13CV055
“BENDABLE CONCRETE”

3. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• DEVELOPMENT
• COMPOSITION
• TYPES
• PROPERTIES
• COMPARISION
• APPLICATIONS
• CONCLUSION

4. INTRODUCTION
 Bendable Concrete also called as Engineered
Cementitious Composite (ECC), is an mortar-
based composite reinforced with specially
selected short random fibers, usually polymer
fibers.
 Bendable Concrete has a strain capacity in the
range of 3–7% compared to 0.01% for ordinary
Portland cement (OPC). ECC therefore acts more
like a ductile metal than a brittle glass (as OPC
concrete).

5.  Coarse aggregates are not used in Bendable
concrete(hence it is a mortar rather than
concrete). The powder content of ECC is relatively
high. Cementitious materials, such as fly ash, silica
fume, blast furnace slag, silica fume, etc., may be
used in addition to cement to increase the
paste content.
 ECC uses low amounts, typically 2% by
volume, of short, discontinuous poly vinyl
alcohol fibers.
 ECC has proved to be 50 times more flexible
than traditional concrete, and 40 times lighter,

6.  The excellent energy absorbing properties of ECC
make it especially suitable for critical elements in
seismic zones and design criteria for skyscrapers.

7. DEVLEOPMENT
 Bendable concrete, unlike common fiber
reinforced concrete, is a family of
micromechanically designed material.
 ECC is not a fixed material design, The ECC
material family is expanding. The development
of an individual mix design of ECC requires
special efforts by systematically engineering of
the material at nano, micro, macro and
composite scales.

8. COMPOSITION
• Silica sand
• Cement
• Fly Ash
• Water
• High Range Water Reducer (HRWR)
• Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibers

9.  SILICA SAND
This sand is mostly obtained from QUARTZ
which is an naturally available mineral the
sand is formed by the action of weathering.
• The Nominal size of particles used for ECC
ranges from 600 microns to 2 mm.

10.  CEMENT
Cement used for ECC is commonly
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
 FLY ASH
 WATER
 High Range Water Reducer (HRWR)
These are type of superplastisizers which reduce
the water content up to 12-30%.
1) Sulphonated Melamine
2) Sulphonated Naphthalene
3) Modified Lingosulphates
4) Polycarboxylate Derivatives

11.  POLY VINYL ALCOHOL FIBERS
The nominal sizes of the fibers used
usually ranges from 12 mm in length and 39
μm in diameter.

12. TYPES
BENDABLE
CONCRETE
Self compacting
ECC
Green ECC
Light Weight
ECC
Sprayable ECC
Self healing
ECC
Extrudable ECC

13. SPRAYABLE ECC

14. LIGHT WEIGHT ECC

15. SELF COMPACTING ECC

16. PROPERTIES
 TENSILE PROPERTY
Use of small fibers leads to decreased crack width
due to fibers and cementing matrix
 CORROSION RESISTANCE
Due to very small cracks it is very difficult to
corroding particles to penetrate and attack the
reinforced steel
 SELF HEALING
Un reacted cement particles recently
exposed due to cracking, hydrate and form a number
of products(Calcium Silicate Hydrate, calcite, )etc.
that expand and fill in the crack

18. Properties FRC Common HPFRCC ECC
Design Methodology N.A. Use high Vf
Micromechanics based,
minimize Vf for cost and
processibility
Fiber
Any type, Vf usually less
than 2%; df for steel ~ 500
micrometer
Mostly steel, Vf usually >
5%; df ~ 150 micrometer
Tailored, polymer fibers, Vf
usually less than 2%; df < 50
micrometer
Matrix Coarse aggregates Fine aggregates
Controlled for matrix
toughness, fine sand
Interface Not controlled Not controlled
Chemical and frictional
bonds controlled for bridging
properties
Mechanical Properties Strain-softening: Strain-hardening: Strain-hardening:
Tensile strain 0.1% <1.5% >3% (typical); 8% max
Crack width Unlimited
Typically several hundred
micrometres, unlimited
beyond 1.5% strain
Typically < 100
micrometers during
strain-hardening

22. APPLICATIONS
• The Mitaka Dam near Hiroshima was repaired using ECC in
2003 The surface of the 60-year-old dam was severely
damaged, showing evidence of cracks, spilling, and some
water leakage. A 20 mm-thick layer of ECC was applied by
spraying over the 600 m2 surface
• The 95 m (312 ft.) Glorio Roppongi high-rise apartment
building in Tokyo contains a total of 54 ECC coupling beams
(two per story) intended to mitigate earthquake damage.] The
properties of ECC (high damage tolerance, high energy
absorption, and ability to deform under shear) give it superior
properties in seismic resistance applications when compared
to ordinary Portland cement. Similar structures include the
41-story Nabeaure Yokohama Tower (four coupling beams per
floor.)

23. • The 1 km (0.62 mi) long Mihara Bridge in Hokkaido, Japan, The
steel-reinforced road bed contains nearly 800 m of ECC
material. The tensile ductility and tight crack control behavior
of ECC led to a 40% reduction in material used during
construction.
• Similarly, a 225-mm thick ECC bridge deck on interstate
94 in Michigan was completed in 2005. 30 m3 of material
was used, delivered on-site in standard mixing trucks.
Due to the unique mechanical properties of ECC, this
deck also used less material than a proposed deck made
of ordinary Portland cement. Both the University of
Michigan and the Michigan Department of
Transportation are monitoring the bridge in an attempt
to verify the theoretical superior durability of ECC; after
four years of monitoring, performance remained
undiminished.

25. CONCLUSION
• Compressive strength decreases with the
increase in the cementitious material i.e. fly
ash, silica fume, etc.
• Incorporation of Slag into matrix can
effectively increase compressive strength at all
ages, especially at early age
• The water to cementitious material (w/c) ratio
0.27 gives the best result.

26. • Compared with the standard mixing sequence,
by adjusting mixing sequence increases the
tensile strain capacity and ultimate tensile
strength of ECC and improves the fiber
distribution.
• Increasing the specimen size and exposure
temperature decreased the compressive
strength and stiffness.
• In Hybrid fibers mixture the compressive
strength decreases with decreasing flexural
strength.

27. • The ductility in direct shear depends on the
fiber orientation and is significantly improved
when the fibers are perpendicular to the shear
plane.
• The Polycarboxylate based super plasticizer
mortar mixes give more workability and
higher compressive strength at all ages
compare with sulphonated melamine
formaldehyde based Super plasticizer.

28. REFERENCES
1. Alberti M G, Enfedaque A, Galvez J C, Canovas M F and Osorio I R (2014), “Polyolefin
fiber reinforced concrete enhanced with steel-hooked fibres in low proportions”,
Journal of Materials and Design, Vol. 60, pp. 57–65.
2. Bensaid Boulekbache, Mostefa Hamrat, Mohamed Chemrouk and Sofiane Amziane
(2012), “Influence of yield stress and compressive strength on direct shear
behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete”, Journal of Construction and Building
Materials, Vol. 27, pp. 6–14.
3. Jian Zhou, Shunzhi Qian, Guang Ye, Oguzhan Copuroglu, Klaas van Breugel and
Victor C Li (2012), “Improved fibre distribution and mechanical properties of
engineered cementitious composites by adjusting the mixing sequence”, Journal of
Cement & Concrete Composites, Vol. 34, pp. 342–348.
4. Jun Zhang, Zhenbo Wang and Xiancun Ju (2013), “Application of ductile fibre
reinforced cementitious composite in joint less concrete pavements”, journal of
Composites, Part B, Vol. 50, pp. 224– 231.
5. Maulin Bipinchandra Mavani M E (2012), Thesis, “Fresh/Mechanical/ Durability
Properties and Structural Performance of Engineered Cementitious Composite
(ECC)”, Ryerson University.
6. Victor C. Li University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 “ Engineered Cementitious
Composites (ECC) – Material, Structural, and Durability Performance”

29. THANK YOU