Behavioural therapy seeks to identify and change unhealthy or self-destructive behaviors through techniques like systematic desensitization, flooding, and operant conditioning. It is based on the assumptions that all behaviors are learned and can be unlearned. Techniques include pairing rewards with desired behaviors, exposing patients to anxiety-provoking stimuli to reduce anxiety responses, and using punishment or removal of rewards to decrease undesired behaviors. Homework is also used to reinforce learning outside of sessions.
Group therapy is a type of psychotherapy wherein therapisr treats a group of people together. Group members meet at regular sessions to resolve their symptoms or conflicts.
Appropriate for GNM, B.Sc. Nursing, P.B.B.Sc.Nursing & M.Sc. Nursing
Behavior therapy, also known as behavior modification or behavior change therapy, is a psychological approach used in mental health nursing to address and modify maladaptive or undesirable behaviors in individuals dealing with various mental health conditions. The aim is to help patients develop more adaptive and functional behaviors, reduce distress, and improve their overall well-being. Behavior therapy is based on the principles of learning theory, particularly classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning.
Behavior therapy in mental health nursing is often tailored to each patient's unique needs, diagnosis, and circumstances. The approach focuses on collaboration, patient education, reinforcement, and gradual progression to help individuals overcome behavioral challenges and improve their quality of life. Mental health nurses play a crucial role in implementing and facilitating behavior therapy interventions, closely monitoring progress, and providing ongoing support to patients.
Group therapy is a type of psychotherapy wherein therapisr treats a group of people together. Group members meet at regular sessions to resolve their symptoms or conflicts.
Appropriate for GNM, B.Sc. Nursing, P.B.B.Sc.Nursing & M.Sc. Nursing
Behavior therapy, also known as behavior modification or behavior change therapy, is a psychological approach used in mental health nursing to address and modify maladaptive or undesirable behaviors in individuals dealing with various mental health conditions. The aim is to help patients develop more adaptive and functional behaviors, reduce distress, and improve their overall well-being. Behavior therapy is based on the principles of learning theory, particularly classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning.
Behavior therapy in mental health nursing is often tailored to each patient's unique needs, diagnosis, and circumstances. The approach focuses on collaboration, patient education, reinforcement, and gradual progression to help individuals overcome behavioral challenges and improve their quality of life. Mental health nurses play a crucial role in implementing and facilitating behavior therapy interventions, closely monitoring progress, and providing ongoing support to patients.
Psychotherapy or talk therapy is a way to help people with a broad variety of mental illness and emotional difficulties by talking with a mental health professional.
Behavior therapy is a form of psychotherapy. It is essential for all the budding psychologists to study and understand. it is a part of academic writing course .
Behavioral therapy is an umbrella term for types of therapy that treat mental health disorders. This type of therapy seeks to identify and help change potentially self destructive or unhealthy behaviors.
Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy which is based on theories of learning and aims at changing maladaptive behavior and substituting it with adaptive behavior.
Individual psychotherapy is a one to one therapy wherein the therapist identifies the root cause of symptoms that are hidden in the subconsciousness by using the principles of psychoanalysis. The client is helped to gain insight about these represeed thoughts and feelings and thus acquiring better resolution of the mental conflicts
It is a form of treatment for problem in which a trained person deliberately establishes a professional relationship with the patient, with the objective of removing or modifying existing symptoms and promoting positive personality, growth and development.
Psychotherapy or talk therapy is a way to help people with a broad variety of mental illness and emotional difficulties by talking with a mental health professional.
Behavior therapy is a form of psychotherapy. It is essential for all the budding psychologists to study and understand. it is a part of academic writing course .
Behavioral therapy is an umbrella term for types of therapy that treat mental health disorders. This type of therapy seeks to identify and help change potentially self destructive or unhealthy behaviors.
Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy which is based on theories of learning and aims at changing maladaptive behavior and substituting it with adaptive behavior.
Individual psychotherapy is a one to one therapy wherein the therapist identifies the root cause of symptoms that are hidden in the subconsciousness by using the principles of psychoanalysis. The client is helped to gain insight about these represeed thoughts and feelings and thus acquiring better resolution of the mental conflicts
It is a form of treatment for problem in which a trained person deliberately establishes a professional relationship with the patient, with the objective of removing or modifying existing symptoms and promoting positive personality, growth and development.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Behavioural therapy is an umbrella term
for types of therapy that treat mental
health disorders.This form of therapy
seeks to identify and help to change
potentially self destructive and unhealthy
behaviour.
3. DEFINITION
"It is a form of treatment for problems in
which a trained person deliberately
establishes a professional relationship
with the client , with objective of
removing or modifying existing symptoms
and promoting positive personality ,
growth and development."
4. ASSUMPTIONS :
All behaviours are learned.
Human beings are passive organisms that can
be conditioned and shaped to do anything if
they are rewarded or reinforced.
Maladaptive behaviour can be unlearned and
replaced by adaptive behaviour if person is
being reinforced for that desired behaviour.
5. TECHNIQUES:
Systemic Desensitisation.
Flooding
Aversion therapy
Operant conditioning procedures for increasing
adaptive behaviour.
Operant conditioning procedures for teaching
new behaviour.
Operant conditioning procedures for decreasing
maladaptive behaviour.
6. 1. Systemic Desensitisation
It consists of 3 main steps:
Relaxation training
There are many methods for inducing
relaxation such as -
Jacobson's progressive muscle relaxation.
Hypnosis
Mediation or yoga.
Mental imagery.
Biofeedback.
7. Hierarchy Construction
Here tha patient is asked to list all the
conditions which provokes anxiety .Then he
is asked to list all of them in descending
order of anxiety provocation.
8. Desensitisation of stimulus
This can be either done in reality or through
imagination.
At first, the lowest item in hierarchy is
confronted. The patient is advised to signal
whenever anxiety is produced.With each
signal is asked to relax .
After a few trails the patient is able to
control his anxiety gradually.
9. 2. FLOODING
The patient is directly exposed to the phobic
stimulus and the escape is made impossible.
By prolonged contact with the phobic
stimulus,the therapist guidance and
encouragement and his modelling behaviour
reduces anxiety.
10. 3.Aversion Therapy
Pairing of the pleasant stimulus with an
unpleasant response so that even in the
absence of the unpleasant response the
pleasant stimulus becomes unpleasant by
association.
Punishment is presented immediately after a
specific behaviour response and the
response is eventually inhibited.
11. 4. Operant conditioning procedures for
increasing adaptive behaviour.
Positive Reinforcement
When a behavioural response is followed by a
generally rewarding event such as food , praise,
or gifts the it tends to be strengthened and
occurs more frequently.
12. Token economy
This program involves giving token awards for
appropriate or desire behaviour performed by
patient .This token can be later exchanged for
rewards.
13. 5. Operant conditioning procedures for
teaching new behaviour.
Modeling
Modeling is a method of teaching by
demonstration wherein the therapist shows
how a specific behaviour is to be
performed.
In modeling the patient observes another
patient indulging in target behaviour and
getting rewards.
14. Chaining
It is used when person is failed to perform
simple tasks.
The task is broken into small steps and each
step is taught to the patient .
In forward chaining one starts from first step
and so on.
In backward chaining one starts with the last
step and goes on to the first.
15. 6 . Operant conditioning procedures for
decreasing maladaptive behaviour.
Extinction/Ignoring
Extinction means removal of inattention
rewards permanently following a problem
behaviour.
This includes actions like not looking at the
patient or having ni physical contact with
the patient. This is usually used when
patient is showing odd behavior.
16. Punishment
Aversive stimulus (punishment) is
presented upon the undesirable
behaviour.
The punishment procedures should be
administered immediately and
consistently following undesirable
behaviour.
17. Timeout
It includes removing the patient from
the reward or the reward from the
patient for a particular period of time
following a problem behaviour.
This is used in case of childhood
problems.
18. Restitution
Restitution means restoring the
disturbed situation to a state that is
much better than what it was before
the occurrence of problem behaviour.
19. Response Cost
This procedure is used with the
individuals who are on token programs
for teaching adaptive behaviour.
When undesirable behaviour occur , a
fixed no. Of token are deducted from
their earned token.
20. Homework is an essential component of
behavior therapy. Homework affords patients
the opportunity to be their own therapists
and to solidify the learning that took place
during sessions.
CONCLUSION