The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming concepts. It discusses procedural programming and its limitations. It then introduces key concepts of OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and message passing. It explains how OOP addresses issues like code reuse and maintenance. The document also discusses benefits of OOP and its applications. It concludes by comparing C and C++, highlighting features like classes, objects, and inheritance that make C++ an object-oriented language.
In DBMS (DataBase Management System), the relation algebra is important term to further understand the queries in SQL (Structured Query Language) database system. In it just give up the overview of operators in DBMS two of one method relational algebra used and another name is relational calculus.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
In DBMS (DataBase Management System), the relation algebra is important term to further understand the queries in SQL (Structured Query Language) database system. In it just give up the overview of operators in DBMS two of one method relational algebra used and another name is relational calculus.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
Bug Tracking System is a web-based application that is designed to help quality assurance and programmers keep track of reported software bugs in their work. Bugs will be assigned to a person with a bug id, flag, description, project name.
Operating System : Windows XP or above
User Interface : HTML, CSS
Client-side Scripting : PHP
Back End : MySQL
Web Server : Apache Tomcat 7.0.22
IDE : NetBeans 7.1
loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
Object Oriented Programming Lab Manual Abdul Hannan
Object oriented programing Lab manual for practicing and improve the coding skills of object oriented programming.
Published by Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad.
An overview of object oriented programming including the differences between OOP and the traditional structural approach, definitions of class and objects, and an easy coding example in C++. This presentation includes visual aids to make the concepts easier to understand.
Bug Tracking System is a web-based application that is designed to help quality assurance and programmers keep track of reported software bugs in their work. Bugs will be assigned to a person with a bug id, flag, description, project name.
Operating System : Windows XP or above
User Interface : HTML, CSS
Client-side Scripting : PHP
Back End : MySQL
Web Server : Apache Tomcat 7.0.22
IDE : NetBeans 7.1
loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
Object Oriented Programming Lab Manual Abdul Hannan
Object oriented programing Lab manual for practicing and improve the coding skills of object oriented programming.
Published by Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad.
An overview of object oriented programming including the differences between OOP and the traditional structural approach, definitions of class and objects, and an easy coding example in C++. This presentation includes visual aids to make the concepts easier to understand.
Introduction to C++ : Object Oriented Technology, Advantages of OOP, Input- output in
C++, Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers, Data Types C++, Derives data types. The void data
type, Type Modifiers, Typecasting, Constant
Intro to JAVA
Basics of Oops
Features of Oops
Applications of Oops
How to create a JAVA program
How to Edit a Java Program
Compiling a Java program
Java Class file
Run or Executing a Java program
Command line arguments
Rai University provides high quality education for MSc, Law, Mechanical Engineering, BBA, MSc, Computer Science, Microbiology, Hospital Management, Health Management and IT Engineering.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. The following issued need to
be addressed to face the crisis:
How to represent real-life entities of problems in
system design?
How to design system with open interfaces?
How to ensure reusability and extensibility of
modules?
How to develop modules that are tolerant of any
changes in future?
3. The following issued need to be
addressed to face the crisis:
How to improve software productivity and
decrease software cost?
How to improve the quality of software?
How to manage time schedules?
7. Characteristics of Procedure-
Oriented Programming
Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms).
Large programs are divided into smaller programs
known as functions.
Most of the functions share global data.
Data move openly around the system from function to
function.
Functions transform data from one form to another.
Employs top-down approach in program design
8. Basic Concepts of Object Oriented
Programming
Objects
Classes
Data abstraction and encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Dynamic binding
Message passing
10. Classes
A class is thus a collection of objects similar types.
For examples, Mango, Apple and orange members of
class fruit.
Fruit Mango;
Will create an object mango belonging to the class
fruit.
11. Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
The wrapping up of data and function into a single
unit (called class) is known as encapsulation.
The data is not accessible to the outside world, and
only those functions which are wrapped in the class
can access it.
12. Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
These functions provide the interface between the
object’s data and the program.
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential
features without including the background details or
explanation
13. Inheritance
Inheritance is the process by which objects of
one class acquired the properties of objects of
another classes.
14. Polymorphism
Polymorphism means the ability to take more than on
form.
An operation may exhibit different behavior is
different instances. The behavior depends upon the
types of data used in the operation.
15. Polymorphism
The process of making an operator to exhibit different
behaviors in different instances is known as operator
overloading.
Using a single function name to perform different
type of task is known as function overloading.
16. Dynamic Binding
Dynamic binding means that the code associated with
a given procedure call is not known until the time of
the call at run time.
It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance.
A function call associated with a polymorphic
reference depends on the dynamic type of that
reference.
17. Message Passing
An object-oriented program consists of a set of
objects that communicate with each other.
The process of programming in an object-oriented
language, involves the following basic steps:
18. Message Passing
1.Creating classes that define object and their behavior,
2. Creating objects from class definitions, and
3. Establishing communication among objects.
19. Benefits of OOP
Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant
code extend the use of existing
Classes.
We can build programs from the standard working
modules that communicate with one another, rather
than having to start writing the code from scratch.
This leads to saving of development time and higher
productivity.
The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to
build secure program that can not be invaded by code
in other parts of a programs.
20. Benefits of OOP
It is possible to have multiple instances of an object
to co-exist without any interference.
It is possible to map object in the problem domain to
those in the program.
It is easy to partition the work in a project based on
objects.
The data-centered design approach enables us to
capture more detail of a model can implemental form.
Object-oriented system can be easily upgraded from
small to large system.
• Software complexity can be easily managed.
21. Application of OOP
Real-time system
Simulation and modeling
Object-oriented data bases
Hypertext, Hypermedia, and expertext
AI and expert systems
Neural networks and parallel programming
Decision support and office automation systems
CIM/CAM/CAD systems
22. Difference Between C and C++
C C++
1.C is Procedural Language.
1. C++ is non Procedural i.e Object
oriented Language.
2. No virtual Functions are present
in C
2. The concept of virtual Functions
are used in C++.
3. In C, Polymorphism is not
possible.
3. The concept of polymorphism is
used in C++.
Polymorphism is the most
Important Feature of OOPS.
4. Operator overloading is not
possible in C.
4. Operator overloading is one of
the greatest Feature of C++.
5. Top down approach is used in
Program Design.
5. Bottom up approach adopted in
Program Design.
6. No namespace Feature is present
in C Language.
6. Namespace Feature is present in
C++ foravoiding Name collision.
C C++
1.C is Procedural Language.
1. C++ is non Procedural i.e Object
oriented Language.
2. No virtual Functions are present
in C
2. The concept of virtual Functions
are used in C++.
3. In C, Polymorphism is not
possible.
3. The concept of polymorphism is
used in C++.
Polymorphism is the most
Important Feature of OOPS.
4. Operator overloading is not
possible in C.
4. Operator overloading is one of
the greatest Feature of C++.
5. Top down approach is used in
Program Design.
5. Bottom up approach adopted in
Program Design.
6. No namespace Feature is present
in C Language.
6. Namespace Feature is present in
C++ foravoiding Name collision.
23. Difference Between C and C++
C C++
7. Multiple Declaration of global
variables are allowed.
7. Multiple Declaration of global
varioables are not allowed.
•8. In C
•scanf() Function used for Input.
•printf() Function used for output.
•8. In C++
Cin>> Function used for Input.
•Cout<< Function used for output.
9. Mapping between Data and
Function is difficult and
complicated.
9. Mapping between Data and
Function can be used using
"Objects"
10. In C, we can call main()
Function through other Functions
10. In C++, we cannot call main()
Function through other functions.
11. C requires all the variables to
be defined at the starting of a
scope.
11. C++ allows the declaration of
variable anywhere in the scope i.e
at time of its Firstuse.
12. No inheritance is possible in C. 12. Inheritance is possible in C++
24. C++ Keywords
asm
Insert an assembly
instruction
auto declare a local variable
bool declare a boolean variable
break break out of a loop
case part of a switch statement
catch handles thrown exceptions
char declare a character variable
class declare a class
const declare immutable data
const_cast cast from const variables
continue bypass iterations of a loop
25. C++ Keywords
default
default handler in a case
statement
delete free memory
do looping construct
double
declare a double precision
floating-point variable
dynamic_cast perform runtime casts
else
alternate case for an if
statement
enum create enumeration types
explicit
only use constructors when
they exactly match
extern
tell the compiler about variables
26. Header file in C++
<cstdlib>
General purpose utilities:
program control,
dynamic memory allocation,
random numbers, sort and search
<csignal> Functions and macro constants for sign
<csetjmp> Macro (and function) that saves (and ju
<cstdarg> Handling of variable length argument l
<typeinfo> Runtime type information utilities
<typeindex> (since C++11) std::type_index
<type_traits> (since C++11) Compile-time type information
27. Header file in C++
<bitset> std::bitset class template
<functional>
Function objects, designed for
use with the
standard algorithms
<utility> Various utility components
<ctime> C-style time/date utilites
<chrono> (since C++11) C++ time utilites
<cstddef>
typedefs for types such as
size_t, NULL and others
<initializer_list> (since C+
+11)
std::initializer_list class
template
<tuple> (since C++11) std::tuple class template
29. Variables in C++
Charater type
Character types char
char16_t
Not smaller than char.
At least 16 bits.
char32_t
Not smaller
than char16_t. At least
32 bits.
wchar_t
Can represent the largest
supported character set.
Integer types (signed) signed char
signed short int
Not smaller than char.
At least 16 bits.
signed int
Not smaller than short.
At least 16 bits.
signed long int
Not smaller than int. At
least 32 bits.
30. Reference Variables in C++
The declaration of the form:
<Type> & <Name>
where <Type> is type and <Name> isan identifier
whose type is reference to <Type>.
31. Reference Variables in C++
Examples:
int A = 5;
int& rA = A;
extern int& rB;
int& foo ();
void bar (int& rP);
class MyClass { int& m_b; /* ... */ };
int funcX() { return 42 ; }; int (&xFunc)() = funcX;
const int& ref = 65;
32. Bool Data Type
The Boolean data type is used to declare a
variablewhose value will be set as true (1) or false
(0).
To declare such a value, you use the bool keyword.
The variable can then be initialized with the starting
value.
33. Bool Data Type
A Boolean constant is used to check the state
of a variable, an expression, or a function, as
true or false.
Example:
boolGotThePassingGrade=true;
34. Importance of function prototyping in
C++.
#include <stdio.h>
int fac(int n); /* Prototype */
int main(void) { /* Calling function */
printf("%dn", fac()); /* ERROR: fac is missing an
argument! */
return 0; }
int fac(int n) { /* Called function */
if (n == 0)
return 1;
else
return n * fac(n - 1); }
35. Function Overloading
Function overloading means two or more
functions can have the same name but either the
number of arguments or the data type of
arguments has to be different.
37. Function Overloading
long volume(long l, int b, int h)
{
return l*b*h;
}
int main()
{
std::cout << volume(10);
std::cout << volume(2.5, 8);
std::cout<<volume(100,75,15);
38. Default Argumernt
the programmer to specify default arguments that
always have a value, even if one is not specified when
calling the function.
For example, in the following function declaration:
int my_func(int a, int b, int c=12);
result = my_func(1, 2, 3);
result = my_func(1, 2);
39. Inline Function
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
inline void hello()
{
cout<<"hello";
}
int main() {
hello(); //Call it like a normal function... cin.get();
}
40. Scope Resolution Operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
char c = 'a';
int main()
{
char c = 'b';
cout << "Local c: " << c << "n";
cout << "Global c: " << ::c << "n";
return 0;
}
41. Acess Specifier
There are 3 access specifiers for a class/struct/Union
in C++.
These access specifiers define how the members of
the class can be accessed.
Any member of a class is accessible within that
class(Inside any member function of that same class).
Moving ahead to type of access specifiers, they are:
42. Acess Specifier
An Source Code Example:
class MyClass{
public: int a;
protected: int b;
private: int c; };
int main()
{
MyClass obj;
obj.a = 10;
obj.b = 20;
obj.c = 30;
43. Acess Specifier
• Public - The members declared as Public are
accessible from outside the Class through an object of
the class.
• Protected - The members declared as Protected are
accessible from outside the class BUT only in a class
derived from it.
• Private - These members are only accessible from
within the class. No outside Access is allowed.