In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
The plants get sick too and the reasons behind this may be biotic or abiotic. There is a list of non-living factors making plants infected/diseased including A. Soil i- pH and ii-struce, B. Temperature i- extreme, ii-low, C. Moisture i-higher water content, ii- lower water content, D. Fertility i- nutrient excess, ii-nutrient deficiency.
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
The plants get sick too and the reasons behind this may be biotic or abiotic. There is a list of non-living factors making plants infected/diseased including A. Soil i- pH and ii-struce, B. Temperature i- extreme, ii-low, C. Moisture i-higher water content, ii- lower water content, D. Fertility i- nutrient excess, ii-nutrient deficiency.
plant pathogen interaction
different types of pathogens
gene for gene hypothesis
direct receptor model
Elicitor receptor model
suppersor repressor model
gaurd hypothesis
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
plant pathogen interaction
different types of pathogens
gene for gene hypothesis
direct receptor model
Elicitor receptor model
suppersor repressor model
gaurd hypothesis
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
CHAPTER 15Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2015). Elements of Ecolo.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 15
Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2015). Elements of Ecology (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
15.1 Parasites Draw Resources from Host Organisms
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species. One species—the parasite—benefits from a prolonged, close association with the other species—the host—which is harmed. Parasites increase their fitness by exploiting host organisms for food, habitat, and dispersal. Although they draw nourishment from the tissues of the host organism, parasites typically do not kill their hosts as predators do. However, the host may die from secondary infection or suffer reduced fitness as a result of stunted growth, emaciation, modification of behavior, or sterility. In general, parasites are much smaller than their hosts, are highly specialized for their mode of life, and reproduce more quickly and in greater numbers than their hosts.
The definition of parasitism just presented may appear unambiguous. But as with predation the term parasitism is often used in a more general sense to describe a much broader range of interactions (see Section 14.1). Interactions between species frequently satisfy some, but not all, parts of this definition because in many cases it is hard to demonstrate that the host is harmed. In other cases, there may be no apparent specialization by the parasite or the interaction between the organisms may be short-lived. For example, because of the episodic nature of their feeding habits, mosquitoes and hematophagic (blood-feeding) bats are typically not considered parasitic. Parasitism can also be used to describe a form of feeding in which one animal appropriates food gathered by another (the host), which is a behavior termed cleptoparasitism (literally meaning “parasitism by theft”). An example is the brood parasitism practiced by many species of cuckoo (Cuculidae). Many cuckoos use other bird species as “babysitters”; they deposit their eggs in the nest of the host species, which raise the cuckoo young as one of their own (see Chapter 12 opening photograph). In the following discussion, we use the narrower definition of parasite as given in the previous paragraph, which includes a wide range of organisms—viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and an array of invertebrates, among them arthropods. A heavy load of parasites is termed an infection, and the outcome of an infection is a disease.
Parasites are distinguished by size. Ecologically, parasites may be classified as microparasites and macroparasites. Microparasites include viruses, bacteria, and protists. They are characterized by small size and a short generation time. They develop and multiply rapidly within the host and are the class of parasites that we typically associate with the term disease. The infection generally lasts a short time relative to the host’s expected life span. Transmission from host to host is most often direct, although other species may serve as carriers.
Macroparasite ...
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BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Baski parasitism and its types
1. AMRITA SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT PATHOLOGY (3+1)
PARASITISM AND ITS TYPE
COURSE TEACHER
Dr.PARTHASARATHY S
(PATHOLOGY)
STUDENT NAME
BASKAR S
CB.AG.U4AGR19018
2. •PARASITISM
A Organism which depends on another
organism for living is known as parasitism.
Parasites depends host plant for water, food
materials , minerals and it grows (multiply) on
host plants .
Benefitted organism - parasite
Harmed organism - host
3. Parasitism is derived
from a latin word “Parasitos” which means one
who eats at the table of another .
Haustorium – specialised organ which connect to
host’s xylem and phloem and drain it’s
nutrients and water.
5. ECTOPARASITE
A parasite which live on the external
surface of the host is known as ectoparasite
It uptake nutrients from epidermal and
mesophyll cells .
Example
Erysiphe polygoni
6.
7. ENDOPARASITE
A parasite which live on internal tissues (inside
the cells of host) is
known as endoparasites.
Example
Leveillula taurica
TWO TYPES
1. Intercellular
2. Intracellular
8.
9. DESTRUCTIVE PARASITE
A Parasite which draw nutrients from host by
killing the host is known as destructive parasites
.
Example
Most of the soil borne pathogens
Rhizoctonia
Macrophomina
Verticillium
13. FACULTATIVE PARASITE
These are the organisms which are usually
saprophyte in their mode of life but under certain
conditions ,they become a parasite .
Example
Pythium sp.
Fusarium sp.
Rhizopus sp.
14.
15. FACULTATIVE SAPROHYTES
These are the organisms which are usually
parasite in their mode of life but under certain
conditions, they become a saprophyte .
Example
Phytophthora sp. , Mucor sp.
Venturia sp.
16.
17.
18. BROAD CATEGORIES OF PARASITISM
In 1974,Everett Stanely Luttrell (American Pathologist)
(1916 – 1988) classified parasitism into three broad
categories .
They are
Biotrophs
Hemibiotrophs
Perthotrophs
19.
20. BIOTROPHS
These parasites are obligate/ true parasites .
They grow only on living host and complete their
entire life cycle in single living host in which plant
cell remain alive .
Examples
Mildews, Viruses, Viroids
21. HEMIBIOTROPHS
In this , pathogen attack living tissues and it
continues to grow.
Plant cells remain alive initially and then
pathogen kill the plant tissues for reproduction .
Examples
Cercospora sp. , Alternaria sp.
Helminthosporium sp.
22.
23. PERTHOTROPH / NECROTROPH
Pathogen kill the tissue in advance of penetration
and it lives saprophytically .
It kills the tissue by secreting certain enzymes
and toxics .
Examples
Claviceps , Venturia ,
Phytophthora , Agrobacterium