The document provides an overview of protozoology, which is the study of protozoa. It defines protozoa as microscopic, unicellular eukaryotic organisms that may be free-living or parasitic. The document outlines several general characteristics of protozoa, including their means of locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, and response to environmental conditions. It also discusses classification of protozoa and examples of important protozoan parasites that infect humans, such as Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium falciparum.
Introduction Parasitology. Parasites in the human body.zizwanijmtambo
Introduction to parasitology in biomedical sciences include definition of parasitology, course overview, examples and summarized explanations on topics in parasitology. The types of parasites and their effect on the human body and it's systems
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
Introduction Parasitology. Parasites in the human body.zizwanijmtambo
Introduction to parasitology in biomedical sciences include definition of parasitology, course overview, examples and summarized explanations on topics in parasitology. The types of parasites and their effect on the human body and it's systems
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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4. GENERAL CHARACTERS:
1. Minute, microscopic animals, but a few are
visible to the naked eye.
2. Body is unicellular or acellular containing one
or more nucleus.
3. The protoplasm is differentiated into organelles.
They have acellular or protoplasmic level of
organization.
4. Locomotion is effected by finger-like
pseudopodia, whip-like flagella or hair-like cilia.
5. Locomotor organelles are absent in some forms.
PROTOZOA
5. 6. Nutrition may be holozoic, holophytic,
saprophytic, mixotrophic or parasitic.
7. Digestion is intracellular and occurs
inside food vacuoles.
8. Respiration and excretion occurs
through general body surface.
9. Freshwater forms have contractile
vacuoles for osmoregulation.
GENERAL CHARACTERS:
PROTOZOA
6. 10. Reproduction asexual and sexual.
• Asexual reproduction is by:
• binary fission.
• multiple fission.
• budding.
• Sexual reproduction occurs by:
• Conjugation.
• Syngamy (fusion of gametes).
11. Encystment occurs in freshwater and many
parasitic forms. It helps in dispersal and to
resist unfavourable conditions.
E.g. Amoeba, Entamoeba, Euglena and Paramecium.
GENERAL CHARACTERS:
PROTOZOA
7. The association between two different
species may be called SYMBIOSIS
Three types of symbiotic relationships
SYMBIOSIS: two types of organisms living
together.
an association in which both are so
dependent upon other, that is
benefit to both organisms.
Good example are the flagellated protozoans in gut of termite.
8. from the Latin for “eating at the
same table” an association in
which the parasite is deriving
benefit without causing injury to
its host.
Good example might be Entamoeba gingivlis in the human
mouth.
is a relationship in which the
parasite is deriving benefit and
causing injury to its host.
Example: Entamoeba histolytica & Humans.
9. PARASITE: An organism which
derives benefit at the expense of its
host. (Ascaris & Humans)
HOST: That organism which is
necessary for the development of a
parasite. (Snail & Schistosoma)
HYPERPARASITE:
An organism which serving as a host
for another parasitic species.
(Plasmodium in female Anopheles Mosquito)
Describing of the some Terms of Parasitology:
10. TYPES OF PARASITES:
ENDOPARASITE: lives within its host.
e.g., (Ascaris in Humans)
ECTOPARASITE: lives on the surface of its host.
e.g., (Mosquitoes & Humans)
TEMPORARY PARASITE: is a free-living, but seeks
its host from time to time for food. (Mosquitoes & Humans)
PERMANENT PARASITE: remains all or most of its
life in or on its host. e.g., (Ascaris in Humans)
OBLIGATE PARASITE: stage necessary for
completion of life cycle. e.g., Entamoeba histolytica.
FACULTATIVE PARASITE : Normally free-living,
but can exist as a parasite, e.g., Strongyloides
stercoralis.
ACCIDENTAL PARASITE: A parasite found in an
abnormal host, e.g., Fasciola gigantica.
Terms Describing Parasites
11. TYPES OF HOSTS:
DEFINITIVE HOST: host in which the parasite
reaches sexual maturity and undergoes
reproduction. , e.g., Humans for Schistosomes.
INTERMEDIATE HOST: A host in which the
parasite undergoes larval development but does
not reach sexual maturity. , e.g., Bulinus snails
for Schistosoma haematobium.
RESERVOIR HOST: a host that makes the
parasite available for the transmission to
another host and is usually not affected by the
infection. e.g., Rodents & Leishmania.
VECTOR: Any agent, e.g. an arthropod, that
transmits a disease organism.
Terms Describing Hosts
14. The effect of the parasite on the host:
Nutritional effect.
Mechanical effect.
Toxic effect (toxins secreted).
Secondary infection.
The effect depends on several factors:
1. Number of parasite.
2. Size of parasite.
3. Shape of parasite.
4. Activity of parasite.
5. Site of infection (habitat).
15. Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections:
1. Clinical diagnosis.
2. Laboratory diagnosis.
Treatment of Parasitic Infections:
1. Medical and surgical treatment.
2. Chemotherapy.
3. Adequate nutrition.
Prevention and Control:
1. Reduction in sources.
2. Health education.
3. Control of reservoir hosts and vector.
16. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
• Binomial nomenclature
(Both names in Latin)
Suggested a system of classification that could be used
all over the world
• Had been confusion since some organisms had different names in different countries
• Every organism has its own
name
Ex. Homo sapiens
Classification of Parasites
Carolus Linnaeus began taxonomy in the 18th century
18. How to write the name of a parasite?
• The name of the parasite is written including the
genus and the species. (e.g Plasmodium
falciparum).
• The first letter in the genus name is written as
capital while the first letter in the species name is
written as small letter.
• (Plasmodium falciparum).
• Both names of the genus and the species are
either underlined or written in italic.
– Toxoplasma gondii = underlined.
or:
– Toxoplasma gondii = italic.
21. 21
Classification of protozoa
Sub
kingdom
Phylum Sub-phylum Genus-
examples
Species-
examples
Protozoa
Sarcomastig-
ophora
further divided into
Sarcodina
move by pseudopodia Entamoeba E. histolytica
Mastigophora
move by flagella
Giardia G. lamblia
Apicomplexa
no organelle of
locomotion
Plasmodium
P. falciparum,
P. vivax,
P. malariae,
P. ovale
Ciliophora
move by cillia
Balantidium B. coli
22. INTESTINAL PROTOZOANS
Transmission: direct fecal/oral
route.
Developmental stages:
–Trophozoite:
•motile, feeding stage.
•reproduces by binary fission.
–Cyst: -
•resistant stage, infective for humans.
