basics of research
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The document outlines Dr. Nuaman Ahmad Danawar's research program, which includes three main components: basics of medical research and evidence-based medicine, methods of writing medical research papers, and fundamentals of academic writing. It then discusses key aspects of medical research, such as primary vs. secondary research, different types of research studies including observational and interventional studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, clinical guidelines, and the standard IMRAD format for research papers. The document provides an overview of Dr. Danawar's qualifications and databases commonly used for medical research.
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Basics of Research
Dr. Nuaman Ahmad Danawar outlines his research program which includes three main components: fundamentals of medical research and evidence-based medicine, methods of writing medical research and scientific papers, and basics of academic and scientific writing. The research program aims to teach these essential components of conducting and reporting medical research. Dr. Danawar has extensive qualifications and experience in general and laparoscopic surgery, and has published several medical papers after peer review. He can be contacted for inquiries about his research program.
Introduction to research
This document provides an introduction to medical research. It defines different types of research including primary and secondary research. It describes various research study designs such as in vitro studies, animal studies, case reports, observational studies including cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, as well as clinical trials. It also discusses different types of literature reviews including traditional reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Key differences between these review types include the use of checklists, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality assessments. The document concludes by outlining the typical sections of a research paper and listing some common medical databases.
An overview of clinical research the lay of the land
Many clinicians today feel unable to critically read medical literature due to increasing time constraints. The authors aim to address this by providing a primer on clinical research methods. They describe the main study designs used in clinical research, which fall into experimental and observational categories depending on whether the investigator assigns exposures. Within these are randomized trials, non-randomized trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional and case series reports. Understanding these designs is important for critically evaluating studies and their implications for clinical practice.
LOE and SOR criteria
1. The document discusses levels of evidence (LOE) and strength of recommendation taxonomies (SORT) in evaluating clinical practice guidelines. 2. LOE considers the reliability and bias of different study designs, with randomized controlled trials having the highest LOE. SORT criteria rate the usefulness and applicability of clinical recommendations. 3. Both LOE and SORT provide a quick assessment of evidence quality, and are important for evaluating disease-oriented versus patient-centered outcomes and determining the applicability of guidelines to individual patients.
4. level of evidence
The document discusses various frameworks for rating the level of evidence in studies, including the NHMRC, GRADE, Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, and Sackett scales. It outlines the different levels in each scale, with the highest levels reserved for systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. The lowest levels include case series, case reports, and expert opinion without critical analysis. It also provides guidance on selecting the appropriate study design based on different types of clinical questions regarding therapy, diagnosis, etiology, prognosis, prevention, or costs.
Study design of Prof Zak
How to scientifically conduct a clinical professional research trial? In the current era of Collaborate or parish, we need to keep this design in our mind.
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How to write your synopsis
This document provides guidance on how to write a synopsis for a research study. It discusses key components including timing, choosing a topic, literature review, sample size, and writing the synopsis. It provides details on each section of the synopsis including the title, introduction, objectives, hypothesis, methods, operational definitions, data collection, data analysis, and references. It emphasizes choosing a topic that has not been extensively studied recently and is relevant to the specialty. The document provides examples and guidance for writing each section of the synopsis.
Types and Designs of Clinical Studies
Clinical study types and designs are terms which represent the way in which clinical trials are structured and formulated.
Since we all know that clinical research is an extremely complex topic and not everything can be explained in a simple way, here we’ll focus only on some of the most basic types of clinical study types and designs which involve human subjects or participants.
First of all, you should know that the most basic grouping of study designs is experimental (treatment) studies and observational studies.
As we can suppose from the names, in an observational study, researchers have less control over subjects and they’re just observing what happens to subjects, while in experimental studies, researchers are using different methods (such as randomization) to place subjects in separate groups. This gives experimental studies much more validity than observational studies.
In this guide, we’ll talk about the 2 possible types of studies, as well as different study designs within.
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Basics of Research
Dr. Nuaman Ahmad Danawar outlines his research program which includes three main components: fundamentals of medical research and evidence-based medicine, methods of writing medical research and scientific papers, and basics of academic and scientific writing. The research program aims to teach these essential components of conducting and reporting medical research. Dr. Danawar has extensive qualifications and experience in general and laparoscopic surgery, and has published several medical papers after peer review. He can be contacted for inquiries about his research program.
Introduction to research
This document provides an introduction to medical research. It defines different types of research including primary and secondary research. It describes various research study designs such as in vitro studies, animal studies, case reports, observational studies including cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, as well as clinical trials. It also discusses different types of literature reviews including traditional reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Key differences between these review types include the use of checklists, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality assessments. The document concludes by outlining the typical sections of a research paper and listing some common medical databases.
An overview of clinical research the lay of the land
Many clinicians today feel unable to critically read medical literature due to increasing time constraints. The authors aim to address this by providing a primer on clinical research methods. They describe the main study designs used in clinical research, which fall into experimental and observational categories depending on whether the investigator assigns exposures. Within these are randomized trials, non-randomized trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional and case series reports. Understanding these designs is important for critically evaluating studies and their implications for clinical practice.
LOE and SOR criteria
1. The document discusses levels of evidence (LOE) and strength of recommendation taxonomies (SORT) in evaluating clinical practice guidelines. 2. LOE considers the reliability and bias of different study designs, with randomized controlled trials having the highest LOE. SORT criteria rate the usefulness and applicability of clinical recommendations. 3. Both LOE and SORT provide a quick assessment of evidence quality, and are important for evaluating disease-oriented versus patient-centered outcomes and determining the applicability of guidelines to individual patients.
4. level of evidence
The document discusses various frameworks for rating the level of evidence in studies, including the NHMRC, GRADE, Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, and Sackett scales. It outlines the different levels in each scale, with the highest levels reserved for systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials. The lowest levels include case series, case reports, and expert opinion without critical analysis. It also provides guidance on selecting the appropriate study design based on different types of clinical questions regarding therapy, diagnosis, etiology, prognosis, prevention, or costs.
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How to scientifically conduct a clinical professional research trial? In the current era of Collaborate or parish, we need to keep this design in our mind.
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How to write your synopsis
This document provides guidance on how to write a synopsis for a research study. It discusses key components including timing, choosing a topic, literature review, sample size, and writing the synopsis. It provides details on each section of the synopsis including the title, introduction, objectives, hypothesis, methods, operational definitions, data collection, data analysis, and references. It emphasizes choosing a topic that has not been extensively studied recently and is relevant to the specialty. The document provides examples and guidance for writing each section of the synopsis.
Types and Designs of Clinical Studies
Clinical study types and designs are terms which represent the way in which clinical trials are structured and formulated.
Since we all know that clinical research is an extremely complex topic and not everything can be explained in a simple way, here we’ll focus only on some of the most basic types of clinical study types and designs which involve human subjects or participants.
First of all, you should know that the most basic grouping of study designs is experimental (treatment) studies and observational studies.
As we can suppose from the names, in an observational study, researchers have less control over subjects and they’re just observing what happens to subjects, while in experimental studies, researchers are using different methods (such as randomization) to place subjects in separate groups. This gives experimental studies much more validity than observational studies.
In this guide, we’ll talk about the 2 possible types of studies, as well as different study designs within.
Study design amir
This document discusses different study designs used in epidemiologic research, including descriptive studies, analytic studies, observational studies (case-control and cohort studies), experimental studies (randomized controlled trials), and cross-sectional studies. Case-control studies compare exposures in disease cases versus controls, while cohort studies compare individuals with and without an exposure over time to examine disease incidence. Randomized controlled trials randomly assign participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate interventions.
Case Report Writing
This document discusses case report writing in traditional medicine. It notes that case reports are valuable for documenting unusual clinical presentations, outcomes of interventions, and other observations that could benefit other practitioners. However, case reporting is challenging in traditional medicine due to poor understanding of diagnostic methods, lack of consensus on approaches, and difficulty interfacing traditional medicine with modern science. The document provides guidelines for writing case reports, including examining patients thoroughly, documenting all observations, logically linking interventions to outcomes, and publishing once meaningful trends are identified that could help others. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of detailed documentation and logical analysis to strengthen case reporting in traditional medicine.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in clinical research and experimental design. It defines clinical research as investigations involving human subjects that aim to understand the causes, prevention, diagnosis or treatment of human disease. The document then classifies clinical studies as either observational (e.g. cross-sectional, cohort, case-control) or interventional (e.g. randomized controlled trials). It describes the purpose and methodology of several major study designs, highlights their relative strengths and weaknesses, and provides examples of studies using each design.
Types of clinical study designs
Clinical study designs can be categorized as either experimental (treatment) studies or observational studies. Experimental studies have more validity due to randomization and control groups. Common study designs include randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are considered the gold standard; cohort studies, which follow groups over time; and case-control studies, which identify exposures in individuals with and without an outcome. Parallel and crossover studies differ in that parallel studies assign subjects to separate treatment groups throughout, while crossover studies switch subjects between treatments with washout periods between.
Reporting guidelines
This document provides an overview of various clinical trial reporting guidelines developed by the EQUATOR Network, including CONSORT for randomized controlled trials, STROBE for observational studies, PRISMA for systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and ARRIVE and CARE for animal and case studies respectively. It discusses the goals of the EQUATOR Network, describes the development and components of these guidelines, and reviews evidence on their impact in improving the quality and transparency of research reporting over time, though adoption remains incomplete.
Critical appraisal guideline
This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine and how to critically appraise clinical papers. It discusses how evidence-based medicine involves using both clinical expertise and the best available external evidence in decision making. The origins of evidence-based medicine in the 1970s and 1990s are also reviewed. The document then focuses on how to critically read clinical papers, including the key things to assess for diagnostic tests, clinical course/prognosis, causation, and therapy papers. It provides guidance on an appraisal format and emphasizes the need to both evaluate the study and summarize what it was about. Evidence-based medicine is positioned as an important guide but not a replacement for clinical expertise and judgment.
Clinical research ( Medical stat. concepts)
1. The document discusses types of data and statistical analysis methods used in clinical research. It describes numerical and categorical data, as well as measures used to summarize and describe central tendency, variability, and distributions of data.
2. Hypothesis testing is introduced as a way to evaluate research questions through null hypotheses. The process involves selecting an appropriate statistical test to calculate a p-value to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected or not.
3. Confidence intervals provide a range of values that is likely to include the true population estimate based on sample data, with a specified confidence level, most commonly 95%.
Epcm l18-19 assessing tests
This lecture was given as a part of the Introduction to Epidemiology & Community Medicine Course given for third-year medical students.
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Types Of Clinical Trials And Its Significance Clinical trials means medical research studies involving people. They are divided into different stages, called phases. The earliest phase trials might focus at whether a drug is safe or the side effects it causes. A later phase trial aims to test and compare whether a new treatment is better than existing ones.also checkwhy clinical trials are important in clinical research.
Critical appraisal of randomized clinical trials
The document discusses key concepts in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), including:
1) RCTs are considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions due to their ability to minimize bias through randomization and blinding.
2) Proper randomization aims to create comparable treatment and control groups, conceal allocation to prevent bias, and may involve simple, stratified or blocked methods.
3) Blinding (masking) of participants, investigators and assessors can decrease observation bias and is important for RCT validity, though full blinding is not always possible.
4) Intention-to-treat analysis includes all randomized patients to preserve comparable groups and prevent bias from non-compliance.
Randomized controlled trials. Aboubakr Elnashar
This document discusses randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It defines RCTs as epidemiological experiments that randomly allocate subjects to study and control groups to receive or not receive an experimental procedure or intervention. The document outlines the advantages of RCTs in evaluating treatments and determining causality. It describes the typical steps in conducting an RCT, including developing a protocol, randomizing subjects, administering interventions, following up, and assessing outcomes. It also discusses types of RCTs, ethical considerations, and ways to assess RCT quality.
Critical appraisal
The document provides an overview of critical appraisal of medical research. It discusses study designs such as randomized controlled trials, observational studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It also covers topics like developing PICO(T) questions to frame clinical questions, different types of study questions, evaluating studies using the FRISBE mnemonic, calculating measures of clinical importance, and resources for evidence-based practice.
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This document provides explanations and guidance for authors on how to improve reporting of observational studies using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. The STROBE checklist consists of 22 items covering title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of articles. The document discusses each item of the checklist, providing published examples and references to methodological literature to enhance understanding and use of STROBE. The goal is to ensure clear and transparent reporting of observational studies.
Introduction to ebm_2011-07
Evidence-based medicine involves integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values when making medical decisions. Key aspects of EBM include formulating clear clinical questions, thoroughly searching the literature for relevant evidence, critically appraising the evidence and determining its applicability. Randomized controlled trials provide the highest level of evidence, followed by well-designed observational studies. Different study designs like meta-analyses, randomized trials, cohort and case-control studies each have strengths and limitations in assessing treatment effectiveness.
5. experimental studies
This document provides an overview of experimental study design. It defines experimental studies as those where the investigator actively attempts to modify a dependent variable by introducing an intervention. It describes different types of experimental studies including clinical trials, field trials, and community trials. It then outlines the typical steps in a clinical trial, including deciding on the trial, forming research questions and hypotheses, defining and selecting the study population, determining inclusion/exclusion criteria, calculating sample size, enrolling and randomly allocating participants, implementing the regimen, measuring variables, following up on outcomes, analyzing results, and reporting findings. Finally, it briefly discusses phases of clinical trials and some variants like cross-over and factorial designs.
clinicaltrialhandout1
This document discusses various study designs used in clinical research, including descriptive studies, observational studies, and experimental studies. Descriptive studies like case reports and case series are used to document experiences and generate hypotheses. Observational studies like case-control and cohort studies investigate associations and can be either retrospective or prospective in design. Experimental studies use randomization to test causal relationships. The document provides examples and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each type of study design.
Assignment 2
This document compares and contrasts different types of epidemiological study designs: randomized controlled trials (RCT), cohort studies, case-control studies, case series, and cross-sectional studies. It provides information on key aspects of each type of study such as whether they include a control group, difficulty level, costs, biases, whether they are prospective or retrospective, time required, need for follow up, and strengths and limitations for different research objectives. RCTs are best for examining the effects of interventions while cohort studies can determine risk factors by observing exposure and outcome over time in test and control groups. Case-control studies are useful for rare diseases but prone to biases. Case series report unique findings but lack controls. Cross-sectional studies measure
Dhiwahar ppt
This document provides an overview of critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It defines critical appraisal as carefully examining research to assess its trustworthiness and relevance. RCTs are described as the gold standard for clinical trials, where participants are randomly allocated to groups that receive either a treatment or a control. Key factors to examine in appraising an RCT are described, including sample size, eligibility criteria, baseline characteristics, randomization, blinding, follow-up of participants, data collection, presentation of results, and applicability to local populations. Advantages of critical appraisal and RCTs include providing a systematic way to assess research validity and improving practice, while disadvantages include taking time and not always finding clear answers.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES PPT.pptx
Observational research designs are those in which the researcher/investigator merely observes and does not carry out any interventions/actions.
to change the result. The three most common types of observational studies are cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort (or longitudinal) studies.
In cross-sectional studies, exposure/risk factors and outcomes are determined at a single point in time. You can bid
information on disease prevalence and an overview of likely relationships that can be used to form a hypothesis. Control cases In
studies, participants are selected based on the presence/absence of an outcome and risk factors are identified during the study.
after enrollment of study participants.The relationship between exposure and outcome is reported as an odds ratio. This research; However,
carries a high risk of bias, which should be taken into account when designing the study. Cohort studies are prospective and include participants
were selected based on presence/absence of exposure and results were obtained at the end of the study. This research can deliver The incidence/impact of the disease and the relationship between exposure and outcome are presented as relative risks. They are useful
establish causality.A problem that arises in these studies could be the high fluctuation and dropout of study participants.
Descriptive studies generally describe the magnitude of a problem and characteristics of the population/individuals.
The various types of such studies include
case reports
case series or surveys.
A case report generally describes a patient presenting with an unusual disease, or simultaneous occurrence of more than one condition, or uncommon clinical features in a known disease.
A case series is a collection of similar cases. Such studies, other than providing some advancement to knowledge of a disease, are of limited value. Another method often used in epidemiological health care research is conducting surveys.
Surveys are done during a defined time-period and information on several variables of interest is collected from the target population. They provide estimates of prevalence of the various variables of interest, and their distribution. Such studies could also provide insight into individual opinions and practices. Advantages include ease of conduct and cost efficiency. The disadvantages include low response rates and a variety of biases.
An analytical study tests a hypothesis to determine an association between two or more variables, like causation, risk, or effect. Such studies have two or more study groups for comparison.
The primary focus of this article will be the three most common types of analytical observational studies –
cross-sectional,
case control (also known as retrospective) and
cohort (or longitudinal, also known as prospective) studies.
It may be pertinent to note that the primary objective of most clinical studies is to determine one of the following - burden of disease (prevalence
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This document discusses different study designs used in epidemiologic research, including descriptive studies, analytic studies, observational studies (case-control and cohort studies), experimental studies (randomized controlled trials), and cross-sectional studies. Case-control studies compare exposures in disease cases versus controls, while cohort studies compare individuals with and without an exposure over time to examine disease incidence. Randomized controlled trials randomly assign participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate interventions.
Case Report Writing
This document discusses case report writing in traditional medicine. It notes that case reports are valuable for documenting unusual clinical presentations, outcomes of interventions, and other observations that could benefit other practitioners. However, case reporting is challenging in traditional medicine due to poor understanding of diagnostic methods, lack of consensus on approaches, and difficulty interfacing traditional medicine with modern science. The document provides guidelines for writing case reports, including examining patients thoroughly, documenting all observations, logically linking interventions to outcomes, and publishing once meaningful trends are identified that could help others. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of detailed documentation and logical analysis to strengthen case reporting in traditional medicine.
Reporting guidelines for clinical studies in Ayurveda
This document discusses guidelines for reporting different types of clinical studies in Ayurveda. It describes three types of research questions: descriptive, associational, and causal. It also distinguishes between observational and experimental studies. Observational studies are further divided into descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective, and prospective studies. Case-control and cohort studies are described as specific types of observational studies. Experimental or intervention studies involve testing the effect of an intervention and can be randomized or non-randomized. The CONSORT guidelines are presented for reporting randomized controlled trials. Guidelines for reporting observational studies include the STROBE statement and checklist. CARE guidelines are also discussed for reporting case reports and case series.
Fundamentals of clinical research and experimental design, Prof. Usama M.Fouda
This document provides an overview of key concepts in clinical research and experimental design. It defines clinical research as investigations involving human subjects that aim to understand the causes, prevention, diagnosis or treatment of human disease. The document then classifies clinical studies as either observational (e.g. cross-sectional, cohort, case-control) or interventional (e.g. randomized controlled trials). It describes the purpose and methodology of several major study designs, highlights their relative strengths and weaknesses, and provides examples of studies using each design.
Types of clinical study designs
Clinical study designs can be categorized as either experimental (treatment) studies or observational studies. Experimental studies have more validity due to randomization and control groups. Common study designs include randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are considered the gold standard; cohort studies, which follow groups over time; and case-control studies, which identify exposures in individuals with and without an outcome. Parallel and crossover studies differ in that parallel studies assign subjects to separate treatment groups throughout, while crossover studies switch subjects between treatments with washout periods between.
Reporting guidelines
This document provides an overview of various clinical trial reporting guidelines developed by the EQUATOR Network, including CONSORT for randomized controlled trials, STROBE for observational studies, PRISMA for systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and ARRIVE and CARE for animal and case studies respectively. It discusses the goals of the EQUATOR Network, describes the development and components of these guidelines, and reviews evidence on their impact in improving the quality and transparency of research reporting over time, though adoption remains incomplete.
Critical appraisal guideline
This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine and how to critically appraise clinical papers. It discusses how evidence-based medicine involves using both clinical expertise and the best available external evidence in decision making. The origins of evidence-based medicine in the 1970s and 1990s are also reviewed. The document then focuses on how to critically read clinical papers, including the key things to assess for diagnostic tests, clinical course/prognosis, causation, and therapy papers. It provides guidance on an appraisal format and emphasizes the need to both evaluate the study and summarize what it was about. Evidence-based medicine is positioned as an important guide but not a replacement for clinical expertise and judgment.
Clinical research ( Medical stat. concepts)
1. The document discusses types of data and statistical analysis methods used in clinical research. It describes numerical and categorical data, as well as measures used to summarize and describe central tendency, variability, and distributions of data.
2. Hypothesis testing is introduced as a way to evaluate research questions through null hypotheses. The process involves selecting an appropriate statistical test to calculate a p-value to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected or not.
3. Confidence intervals provide a range of values that is likely to include the true population estimate based on sample data, with a specified confidence level, most commonly 95%.
Epcm l18-19 assessing tests
This lecture was given as a part of the Introduction to Epidemiology & Community Medicine Course given for third-year medical students.
Clinical typ-final
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Critical appraisal of randomized clinical trials
The document discusses key concepts in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), including:
1) RCTs are considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions due to their ability to minimize bias through randomization and blinding.
2) Proper randomization aims to create comparable treatment and control groups, conceal allocation to prevent bias, and may involve simple, stratified or blocked methods.
3) Blinding (masking) of participants, investigators and assessors can decrease observation bias and is important for RCT validity, though full blinding is not always possible.
4) Intention-to-treat analysis includes all randomized patients to preserve comparable groups and prevent bias from non-compliance.
Randomized controlled trials. Aboubakr Elnashar
This document discusses randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It defines RCTs as epidemiological experiments that randomly allocate subjects to study and control groups to receive or not receive an experimental procedure or intervention. The document outlines the advantages of RCTs in evaluating treatments and determining causality. It describes the typical steps in conducting an RCT, including developing a protocol, randomizing subjects, administering interventions, following up, and assessing outcomes. It also discusses types of RCTs, ethical considerations, and ways to assess RCT quality.
Critical appraisal
The document provides an overview of critical appraisal of medical research. It discusses study designs such as randomized controlled trials, observational studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It also covers topics like developing PICO(T) questions to frame clinical questions, different types of study questions, evaluating studies using the FRISBE mnemonic, calculating measures of clinical importance, and resources for evidence-based practice.
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An essay on principles of research, evidence based medicine, more specifically with regards to urology.
Strobe estudios observacionales revision
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Introduction to ebm_2011-07
Evidence-based medicine involves integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values when making medical decisions. Key aspects of EBM include formulating clear clinical questions, thoroughly searching the literature for relevant evidence, critically appraising the evidence and determining its applicability. Randomized controlled trials provide the highest level of evidence, followed by well-designed observational studies. Different study designs like meta-analyses, randomized trials, cohort and case-control studies each have strengths and limitations in assessing treatment effectiveness.
5. experimental studies
This document provides an overview of experimental study design. It defines experimental studies as those where the investigator actively attempts to modify a dependent variable by introducing an intervention. It describes different types of experimental studies including clinical trials, field trials, and community trials. It then outlines the typical steps in a clinical trial, including deciding on the trial, forming research questions and hypotheses, defining and selecting the study population, determining inclusion/exclusion criteria, calculating sample size, enrolling and randomly allocating participants, implementing the regimen, measuring variables, following up on outcomes, analyzing results, and reporting findings. Finally, it briefly discusses phases of clinical trials and some variants like cross-over and factorial designs.
clinicaltrialhandout1
This document discusses various study designs used in clinical research, including descriptive studies, observational studies, and experimental studies. Descriptive studies like case reports and case series are used to document experiences and generate hypotheses. Observational studies like case-control and cohort studies investigate associations and can be either retrospective or prospective in design. Experimental studies use randomization to test causal relationships. The document provides examples and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each type of study design.
Assignment 2
This document compares and contrasts different types of epidemiological study designs: randomized controlled trials (RCT), cohort studies, case-control studies, case series, and cross-sectional studies. It provides information on key aspects of each type of study such as whether they include a control group, difficulty level, costs, biases, whether they are prospective or retrospective, time required, need for follow up, and strengths and limitations for different research objectives. RCTs are best for examining the effects of interventions while cohort studies can determine risk factors by observing exposure and outcome over time in test and control groups. Case-control studies are useful for rare diseases but prone to biases. Case series report unique findings but lack controls. Cross-sectional studies measure
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This document provides an overview of critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It defines critical appraisal as carefully examining research to assess its trustworthiness and relevance. RCTs are described as the gold standard for clinical trials, where participants are randomly allocated to groups that receive either a treatment or a control. Key factors to examine in appraising an RCT are described, including sample size, eligibility criteria, baseline characteristics, randomization, blinding, follow-up of participants, data collection, presentation of results, and applicability to local populations. Advantages of critical appraisal and RCTs include providing a systematic way to assess research validity and improving practice, while disadvantages include taking time and not always finding clear answers.
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Similar to basics of research
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES PPT.pptx
Observational research designs are those in which the researcher/investigator merely observes and does not carry out any interventions/actions.
to change the result. The three most common types of observational studies are cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort (or longitudinal) studies.
In cross-sectional studies, exposure/risk factors and outcomes are determined at a single point in time. You can bid
information on disease prevalence and an overview of likely relationships that can be used to form a hypothesis. Control cases In
studies, participants are selected based on the presence/absence of an outcome and risk factors are identified during the study.
after enrollment of study participants.The relationship between exposure and outcome is reported as an odds ratio. This research; However,
carries a high risk of bias, which should be taken into account when designing the study. Cohort studies are prospective and include participants
were selected based on presence/absence of exposure and results were obtained at the end of the study. This research can deliver The incidence/impact of the disease and the relationship between exposure and outcome are presented as relative risks. They are useful
establish causality.A problem that arises in these studies could be the high fluctuation and dropout of study participants.
Descriptive studies generally describe the magnitude of a problem and characteristics of the population/individuals.
The various types of such studies include
case reports
case series or surveys.
A case report generally describes a patient presenting with an unusual disease, or simultaneous occurrence of more than one condition, or uncommon clinical features in a known disease.
A case series is a collection of similar cases. Such studies, other than providing some advancement to knowledge of a disease, are of limited value. Another method often used in epidemiological health care research is conducting surveys.
Surveys are done during a defined time-period and information on several variables of interest is collected from the target population. They provide estimates of prevalence of the various variables of interest, and their distribution. Such studies could also provide insight into individual opinions and practices. Advantages include ease of conduct and cost efficiency. The disadvantages include low response rates and a variety of biases.
An analytical study tests a hypothesis to determine an association between two or more variables, like causation, risk, or effect. Such studies have two or more study groups for comparison.
The primary focus of this article will be the three most common types of analytical observational studies –
cross-sectional,
case control (also known as retrospective) and
cohort (or longitudinal, also known as prospective) studies.
It may be pertinent to note that the primary objective of most clinical studies is to determine one of the following - burden of disease (prevalence
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The purpose of the journal article summary assignment is for students to improve their
knowledge of evidence-based geriatric nursing practice and evidence-based protocols.
Students will review evidence-based literature and reflect on how the literature impacts
their professional nursing practice. Students will summarize two articles published in a
peer-reviewed journal within the last 10 years. The journal articles must address the
geriatric population. Topics will be chosen from the provided list (unless prior approval is
given), and the topic may not be repeated on the two journal article summaries. The
student should summarize each article and discuss how the findings are significant to
clinical practice. Article summaries should use APA format (double spaced, but no cover
page) and should be no more than 3 pages. The two article summaries are 10% of the total
class grade (2 x 5%).
Journal summaries should use the following format:
• Purpose: Describe the purpose of the article/study.
• Strength of Evidence: Identify the type of evidence used to support the findings, and
the strength of the evidence. If the article is based on research, describe the study
design, setting, subjects, and sample size.
• Results: Summarize the findings of the study.
• Limitations: Identify study limitations that may weaken evidence or limit
generalizability.
• Significance: Describe how the findings are significant to geriatric nursing practice.
Do the findings represent a change in practice and how do the findings inform your
nursing practice (what did you learn)?
Topics for journal article summaries and class presentations choose one of those topic and APA
styles
• Pain
• Heart Failure
• Stroke
• Substance/Alcohol Abuse
• Urinary Incontinence
• Sexuality Issues
• Frailty/Fall Risk
• Iatrogenesis
• Sleep Disturbances
• Nutrition
• Hydration
• Orthostatic Hypotension
• Dementia
• Vision
• Hearing
• Polypharmacy
• Cultural Considerations
• Elder Communities
Solution
Ques-1: Purpose:
The purpose of the article is to examine the evidence-based practice of geriatric patients who
have been suffering from “urinary tract infection induced- urinary incontinence”. So that
catheterization of urinary tract have reduce urinary incontinence in geriatric patients thereby it is
essential implement to procedures to reduce urinary infection induced incontinence using
catheters for overflow incontinence
Ques-2:
Catheterization regimen:
\"RCT\" (simple randomized control design) and randomized trial: These two methods used
synonymously. However, it has illustrated that RCT is pertaining to trail design that include
control groups. In this design, patient groups who are receiving experimental treatment compared
with control groups (placebo groups).
In the above design it has clearly can be seen a randomized RCT was performed in two intensive
units of respiratory care of total 2990 bedded tertiary referral medical ce.
1_Introduction__lecture.pdfectopic pregnancy
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Eblm pres final
This document discusses evidence-based laboratory medicine (EBLM) and its key components. It explains that EBLM involves the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making well-informed decisions in laboratory medicine. The main components of EBLM are individual expertise, best external evidence, and patient values and expectations. It also discusses how to practice EBLM by asking questions, acquiring evidence, critically appraising the evidence, and applying the information while evaluating the process.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
This document discusses different types of epidemiological study designs used to test hypotheses, including observational studies and experimental studies. It provides details on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), describing the basic steps in conducting an RCT which include developing a protocol, selecting and randomizing study populations, implementing interventions, follow up, and outcome assessment. It also discusses other types of experimental epidemiology studies like prevention trials, risk factor trials, cessation experiments, and trials evaluating health services. Non-randomized study designs are also briefly covered.
Evaluating the Medical Literature
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2) A randomized controlled trial studied 61 patients comparing duct tape to cryotherapy treatment for common warts. It found that duct tape was significantly more effective, with an absolute risk reduction of 25%.
3) Key points to evaluate in studies include similarity of patients, interventions and outcomes measured, study design, results, and statistics reported like absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat.
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1. The document discusses various types of clinical research studies including observational studies like case reports, cross-sectional studies, and analytical studies like case-control and cohort studies.
2. Randomized controlled trials are described as the gold standard for clinical trials, with randomization and blinding methods explained to reduce bias.
3. Common study designs like parallel group, dose-ranging, cross-over, and factorial designs are summarized along with an example of the Physician's Health Study factorial design.
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This document provides guidelines for evaluating patients with pulmonary nodules from the American College of Chest Physicians. It summarizes the guideline objectives, target population, diagnostic and management interventions considered, major outcomes, methodology, recommendations, and validation process. The guideline was developed through a systematic review of literature and expert consensus to provide evidence-based recommendations. It defines solitary pulmonary nodules and provides 12 major recommendations on pre-test probability assessment, imaging tests, PET scanning, discussion of risks/benefits with patients, and tissue diagnosis.
Cohort study
This document discusses cohort studies, including:
- Cohort studies follow groups of individuals over time to study how exposures affect disease outcomes.
- They can be prospective, following individuals not yet exposed, or retrospective, looking back at past exposure and disease data.
- Key elements include selecting study subjects, obtaining exposure data, selecting comparison groups, follow-up, and analysis of incidence rates and risk estimates like relative risk and attributable risk.
- Advantages are direct measurement of disease incidence and relative risks, while disadvantages include large sample sizes required.
Pvc respuesta liquidos chest
Central venous pressure (CVP) is commonly used to guide fluid management, but its ability to predict fluid responsiveness is questionable. This systematic review analyzed 24 studies involving 803 patients. The review found a very poor relationship between CVP and blood volume. CVP was also unable to accurately predict a patient's fluid responsiveness, defined as an increase in stroke volume or cardiac index in response to fluid administration. The review demonstrated that CVP should not be used to make clinical decisions about fluid management.
Clinicaltrial 300807
True
Q. 6) What are the key points to look
for while evaluating a clinical trial?
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Introduction to Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)
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basics of research
- 1. Research Program by Dr Nuaman Ahmad Danawar General and laparoscopic surgeon. Member of the royal college of surgeons (RCSI). Diploma in laparoscopic surgery. Syrian and Arab board in general surgery. Member of the society of American gastrointestinal endoscopic surgeons (SAGES). Member of the world association of laparoscopic surgeons (WALS). Researcher and published author. Articles peer-reviewer in the CUREUS journal of medical science- California.
- 2. Basics of medical research and evidence based medicine (EBM) Detention of EBM: Defined as the careful use of the best current related scientific research in making decision on patient’s care to achieve the best outcome. outcome experience research patient
- 3. Research Is looking knowledge. Research types: Primary VS secondary: When you are doing a study, this is a primary research. In contrast, when you are studying the already published studies, this is secondary research.
- 4. Types of research studies: a-in vitro (test tube) b-study on animals. c-ideas, opinions, editorials. d-case report/ series.
- 5. e-Observational studies: cross sectional, case control, and cohort study. Cross sectional: -prevalence study. -studying one point at time (If multiple points at time= longitudinal study). -example: interview or survey questions.
- 6. Case control: -focus on the case (disease, outcome). -control group. -Going to the past, to see the exposure (risk factors). -Example: exposure < ---------colon cancer
- 7. Cohort study: -Focus on the exposure (risk factors), i.e., what are the risk factors leading to colon cancer? Prospective cohort: looking to the future. Retrospective cohort: looking to the past.
- 8. f-Clinical trials (interventional or experimental) studies: RCTs VS non RCTs.
- 9. g-Articles review: Article review: means studying or collecting data from the already published studies. It has three types: traditional review, systematic review, and meta- analysis. Traditional review: no guidelines. Randomizing selection of studies about one topic to see the best available evidence.
- 10. Systematic review: following a specific guideline in patient or studies selection, example: PRISMA or Cochrane guidelines. PICO: P:patint. I: intervention. C: control. O: outcome. Example: Early VS late interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy after biliary pancreatitis and ERCP. O: Early Lap chole is better than late lap chole in patient who developed biliary pancreatitis and underwent ERCP.( no statistics= percentages or numbers).
- 11. Meta-analysis: is a systematic review, but in meta-analysis we are using strong statistics and homogeneous data (similar patient and similar type of studies). In simple words, meta-analysis is a systematic review with statistics. Note: PRISMA= preferred reporting in systematic review and meta-analysis.
- 12. h-Clinical guidelines: Usually related to specific instate: ACS, RCS, SAGES summarize the best (BUT NOT THE ONLY) available medical knowledge, and ensure that patients receive appropriate treatment and care. In simple words, clinical guidelines mean the best current evidence in clinical practice.
- 14. The format of research paper: The research paper to be accepted should be written in scientific format: IMRaD Abstract I= introduction M= method. R= result. D= discussion Conclusion References
- 15. What does each section mean? Abstract= the summary of the paper. Introduction= the research question or problem. Method= your way and tools to solve the problem or answer the question. Result= your findings. Discussion= explanation and interpretation of your findings (the meaning of your findings) Conclusion= the learned lesson/s. References= your data source.
- 16. Databases: (sources) PubMed (is the commonest). PubMed Central (PMC) EMBASE Cochrane Library UpToDate Google scholar MEDLINE Medscape
- 17. الطبي البحث برنامج البرنامج مكونات : 1 - الطبي البحث أساسيات , للدليل المستند والطب . 2 - الطبية البحوث كتابة طريقة العلمية والورقات . 3 - العلمية الكتابة أساسيات واألكاديمية . د . دناور نعمان عامة جراحة , مناظير جراحة دبلوم , الكلية زمالة للجراحين الملكية , والعربي السوري البورد , عدة طبية منشورات , النشر قبل الطبية لألبحاث مدقق الطبية العلوم مجلة في - كاليفورنيا . والتواصل لالستعالم : 0096653591247