Basics of Research
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Dr. Nuaman Ahmad Danawar outlines his research program which includes three main components: fundamentals of medical research and evidence-based medicine, methods of writing medical research and scientific papers, and basics of academic and scientific writing. The research program aims to teach these essential components of conducting and reporting medical research. Dr. Danawar has extensive qualifications and experience in general and laparoscopic surgery, and has published several medical papers after peer review. He can be contacted for inquiries about his research program.
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basics of research
The document outlines Dr. Nuaman Ahmad Danawar's research program, which includes three main components: basics of medical research and evidence-based medicine, methods of writing medical research papers, and fundamentals of academic writing. It then discusses key aspects of medical research, such as primary vs. secondary research, different types of research studies including observational and interventional studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, clinical guidelines, and the standard IMRAD format for research papers. The document provides an overview of Dr. Danawar's qualifications and databases commonly used for medical research.
Introduction to research
This document provides an introduction to medical research. It defines different types of research including primary and secondary research. It describes various research study designs such as in vitro studies, animal studies, case reports, observational studies including cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, as well as clinical trials. It also discusses different types of literature reviews including traditional reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Key differences between these review types include the use of checklists, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality assessments. The document concludes by outlining the typical sections of a research paper and listing some common medical databases.
An overview of clinical research the lay of the land
Many clinicians today feel unable to critically read medical literature due to increasing time constraints. The authors aim to address this by providing a primer on clinical research methods. They describe the main study designs used in clinical research, which fall into experimental and observational categories depending on whether the investigator assigns exposures. Within these are randomized trials, non-randomized trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional and case series reports. Understanding these designs is important for critically evaluating studies and their implications for clinical practice.
Case Report Writing
This document discusses case report writing in traditional medicine. It notes that case reports are valuable for documenting unusual clinical presentations, outcomes of interventions, and other observations that could benefit other practitioners. However, case reporting is challenging in traditional medicine due to poor understanding of diagnostic methods, lack of consensus on approaches, and difficulty interfacing traditional medicine with modern science. The document provides guidelines for writing case reports, including examining patients thoroughly, documenting all observations, logically linking interventions to outcomes, and publishing once meaningful trends are identified that could help others. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of detailed documentation and logical analysis to strengthen case reporting in traditional medicine.
Reporting guidelines for clinical studies in Ayurveda
This document discusses guidelines for reporting different types of clinical studies in Ayurveda. It describes three types of research questions: descriptive, associational, and causal. It also distinguishes between observational and experimental studies. Observational studies are further divided into descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective, and prospective studies. Case-control and cohort studies are described as specific types of observational studies. Experimental or intervention studies involve testing the effect of an intervention and can be randomized or non-randomized. The CONSORT guidelines are presented for reporting randomized controlled trials. Guidelines for reporting observational studies include the STROBE statement and checklist. CARE guidelines are also discussed for reporting case reports and case series.
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Reporting guidelines
This document provides an overview of various clinical trial reporting guidelines developed by the EQUATOR Network, including CONSORT for randomized controlled trials, STROBE for observational studies, PRISMA for systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and ARRIVE and CARE for animal and case studies respectively. It discusses the goals of the EQUATOR Network, describes the development and components of these guidelines, and reviews evidence on their impact in improving the quality and transparency of research reporting over time, though adoption remains incomplete.
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basics of research
The document outlines Dr. Nuaman Ahmad Danawar's research program, which includes three main components: basics of medical research and evidence-based medicine, methods of writing medical research papers, and fundamentals of academic writing. It then discusses key aspects of medical research, such as primary vs. secondary research, different types of research studies including observational and interventional studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, clinical guidelines, and the standard IMRAD format for research papers. The document provides an overview of Dr. Danawar's qualifications and databases commonly used for medical research.
Introduction to research
This document provides an introduction to medical research. It defines different types of research including primary and secondary research. It describes various research study designs such as in vitro studies, animal studies, case reports, observational studies including cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, as well as clinical trials. It also discusses different types of literature reviews including traditional reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Key differences between these review types include the use of checklists, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality assessments. The document concludes by outlining the typical sections of a research paper and listing some common medical databases.
An overview of clinical research the lay of the land
Many clinicians today feel unable to critically read medical literature due to increasing time constraints. The authors aim to address this by providing a primer on clinical research methods. They describe the main study designs used in clinical research, which fall into experimental and observational categories depending on whether the investigator assigns exposures. Within these are randomized trials, non-randomized trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional and case series reports. Understanding these designs is important for critically evaluating studies and their implications for clinical practice.
Case Report Writing
This document discusses case report writing in traditional medicine. It notes that case reports are valuable for documenting unusual clinical presentations, outcomes of interventions, and other observations that could benefit other practitioners. However, case reporting is challenging in traditional medicine due to poor understanding of diagnostic methods, lack of consensus on approaches, and difficulty interfacing traditional medicine with modern science. The document provides guidelines for writing case reports, including examining patients thoroughly, documenting all observations, logically linking interventions to outcomes, and publishing once meaningful trends are identified that could help others. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of detailed documentation and logical analysis to strengthen case reporting in traditional medicine.
Reporting guidelines for clinical studies in Ayurveda
This document discusses guidelines for reporting different types of clinical studies in Ayurveda. It describes three types of research questions: descriptive, associational, and causal. It also distinguishes between observational and experimental studies. Observational studies are further divided into descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective, and prospective studies. Case-control and cohort studies are described as specific types of observational studies. Experimental or intervention studies involve testing the effect of an intervention and can be randomized or non-randomized. The CONSORT guidelines are presented for reporting randomized controlled trials. Guidelines for reporting observational studies include the STROBE statement and checklist. CARE guidelines are also discussed for reporting case reports and case series.
Jr 20200916
This study summarizes the outcomes of a surgical technique for pulmonary artery reconstruction in 56 patients who had previously failed pulmonary artery stent procedures. The surgery successfully removed prior stents in 71% of cases and repaired peripheral pulmonary arteries distal to stents in 91% of patients. Following surgery, central pulmonary artery pressures significantly decreased compared to preoperative levels. At 2 years, freedom from death or need for reintervention was 87%. The study concludes that this surgical reconstruction approach can be very effective for managing pulmonary artery stenosis in patients with a history of failed pulmonary artery stenting.
Reporting guidelines
This document provides an overview of various clinical trial reporting guidelines developed by the EQUATOR Network, including CONSORT for randomized controlled trials, STROBE for observational studies, PRISMA for systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and ARRIVE and CARE for animal and case studies respectively. It discusses the goals of the EQUATOR Network, describes the development and components of these guidelines, and reviews evidence on their impact in improving the quality and transparency of research reporting over time, though adoption remains incomplete.
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Clinical research ( Medical stat. concepts)
1. The document discusses types of data and statistical analysis methods used in clinical research. It describes numerical and categorical data, as well as measures used to summarize and describe central tendency, variability, and distributions of data.
2. Hypothesis testing is introduced as a way to evaluate research questions through null hypotheses. The process involves selecting an appropriate statistical test to calculate a p-value to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected or not.
3. Confidence intervals provide a range of values that is likely to include the true population estimate based on sample data, with a specified confidence level, most commonly 95%.
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Stable angina
Coronary heart disease is best addressed by a comprehensive approach aimed at halting atherosclerotic disease and reducing the risk of thrombosis. Unfortunately, our success in optimal risk factor modification in patients with stable CHD remains poor: only 41% of patients achieved all basic goals in the recent ISCHEMIA trial, with success rates likely even lower outside the rigorous clinical trial context. A greater focus on achieving prevention goals in patients with CHD will have a substantial impact on patient outcome and rates of hospitalization and more resources and incentives should be allocated for improved secondary prevention.
The ISCHEMIA trial suggests that even selected, high-risk patients with extensive ischemic burden do not benefit from revascularization barring unacceptable angina despite OMT. As ISCHEMIA excluded patients with unacceptable angina, advanced heart failure, and those with unprotected left main disease, our evaluation may be geared to identify such patients for consideration of revascularization alongside an initial strategy of OMT.
Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease of the arterial circulation, with focal areas of more severe manifestation. From an imaging standpoint, the paradigm of ischemia testing may have come to an end. Recent evidence from COURAGE, PROMISE, SCOT-HEART, and ISCHEMIA has demonstrated that functional testing for inducible myocardial ischemia is inferior to anatomic assessment for risk stratifying and managing patients with suspected or known CHD. Consistent with a large body of evidence, risk from CHD is mediated by the extent of atherosclerotic disease burden and not by the extent of inducible ischemia. Given that 55% of patients had nonobstructive CHD by CT in PROMISE, which was associated with 77% of cardiovascular deaths and myocardial infarctions at follow-up, there is immense opportunity to impact the disease at an earlier stage in a very large population of patients with occult CHD.
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Subjects and methods
This study will evaluate single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy with cholangiography for patients with calcular cholecystitis. A prospective randomized clinical trial will be conducted at Zagazig University Hospitals in Egypt, enrolling a simple randomized sample of approximately 100 patients undergoing the procedure. Laboratory tests, ultrasound, and other imaging will be used to collect data and ensure patients meet inclusion criteria for the study.
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Cross sectional studies
This document discusses cross-sectional study designs. It defines cross-sectional studies as a way to collect information about variables and estimate disease prevalence at a specific point in time. The document distinguishes between descriptive cross-sectional studies, which provide information about variables, and analytical cross-sectional studies, which examine relationships between predictors and outcomes. It provides an example of a hypothetical cross-sectional study on smoking and hypertension using a 2x2 table to calculate risk ratios and interpret the results.
Observational Studies: Case Control & Cohort Studies
Cohort and case-control studies are two common types of observational analytical studies used in medical research. Cohort studies follow groups of individuals over time and compare outcomes between those exposed and unexposed to a particular risk factor. Case-control studies identify cases with an outcome and compare their exposures to controls without the outcome. Both study designs allow researchers to examine multiple exposures and outcomes simultaneously while accounting for potential confounding factors.
Assignment 2
This document compares and contrasts different types of epidemiological study designs: randomized controlled trials (RCT), cohort studies, case-control studies, case series, and cross-sectional studies. It provides information on key aspects of each type of study such as whether they include a control group, difficulty level, costs, biases, whether they are prospective or retrospective, time required, need for follow up, and strengths and limitations for different research objectives. RCTs are best for examining the effects of interventions while cohort studies can determine risk factors by observing exposure and outcome over time in test and control groups. Case-control studies are useful for rare diseases but prone to biases. Case series report unique findings but lack controls. Cross-sectional studies measure
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1. The frequency of patient-centered skills and the quality of performance of these skills were two separate dimensions.
2. A dimension of "complaint orientation" emerged from analyzing intellectual skills focused on gathering medical information.
3. Two dimensions of social skills were identified: "general social skills" and "providing procedural information to patients."
4. The low correlations between scale scores suggest medical competence has a multidimensional structure rather than being a single construct. Assessing competence requires evaluating multiple distinct dimensions.
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observational analytical and interventional studies
This document discusses different types of epidemiological studies, including observational analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies, as well as interventional experimental studies. Cohort studies follow groups over time from exposure to disease outcome, while case-control studies compare cases and controls retrospectively from disease outcome back to exposure. Experimental studies actively manipulate variables to evaluate new drugs, technologies, programs, and more. Both observational and experimental studies have advantages like establishing causality, but also disadvantages like costs or ethical concerns.
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and other references.
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Journal review 11062018
This document summarizes a study that reviewed amended breast pathology reports over a 5-year period to gain insights into errors in the surgical pathology process and identify opportunities for quality improvement. The study found most amendments were due to non-interpretive errors like clerical mistakes, while a minority involved major diagnostic changes. A second review when interpreting immunohistochemistry results emerged as a strategy to detect interpretive errors earlier and prevent potential clinical impacts.
Journal review 09062018
This study reviewed amended breast pathology reports from a large academic medical center over 5 years to classify errors and identify opportunities for quality improvement. Most amendments were due to non-interpretive errors like typographical mistakes. However, some amendments represented major diagnostic changes, including missed diagnoses of invasion or metastasis. A second review when interpreting immunohistochemistry studies was identified as a strategy to detect interpretive errors earlier.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES PPT.pptx
Observational research designs are those in which the researcher/investigator merely observes and does not carry out any interventions/actions.
to change the result. The three most common types of observational studies are cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort (or longitudinal) studies.
In cross-sectional studies, exposure/risk factors and outcomes are determined at a single point in time. You can bid
information on disease prevalence and an overview of likely relationships that can be used to form a hypothesis. Control cases In
studies, participants are selected based on the presence/absence of an outcome and risk factors are identified during the study.
after enrollment of study participants.The relationship between exposure and outcome is reported as an odds ratio. This research; However,
carries a high risk of bias, which should be taken into account when designing the study. Cohort studies are prospective and include participants
were selected based on presence/absence of exposure and results were obtained at the end of the study. This research can deliver The incidence/impact of the disease and the relationship between exposure and outcome are presented as relative risks. They are useful
establish causality.A problem that arises in these studies could be the high fluctuation and dropout of study participants.
Descriptive studies generally describe the magnitude of a problem and characteristics of the population/individuals.
The various types of such studies include
case reports
case series or surveys.
A case report generally describes a patient presenting with an unusual disease, or simultaneous occurrence of more than one condition, or uncommon clinical features in a known disease.
A case series is a collection of similar cases. Such studies, other than providing some advancement to knowledge of a disease, are of limited value. Another method often used in epidemiological health care research is conducting surveys.
Surveys are done during a defined time-period and information on several variables of interest is collected from the target population. They provide estimates of prevalence of the various variables of interest, and their distribution. Such studies could also provide insight into individual opinions and practices. Advantages include ease of conduct and cost efficiency. The disadvantages include low response rates and a variety of biases.
An analytical study tests a hypothesis to determine an association between two or more variables, like causation, risk, or effect. Such studies have two or more study groups for comparison.
The primary focus of this article will be the three most common types of analytical observational studies –
cross-sectional,
case control (also known as retrospective) and
cohort (or longitudinal, also known as prospective) studies.
It may be pertinent to note that the primary objective of most clinical studies is to determine one of the following - burden of disease (prevalence
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Clinical research ( Medical stat. concepts)
1. The document discusses types of data and statistical analysis methods used in clinical research. It describes numerical and categorical data, as well as measures used to summarize and describe central tendency, variability, and distributions of data.
2. Hypothesis testing is introduced as a way to evaluate research questions through null hypotheses. The process involves selecting an appropriate statistical test to calculate a p-value to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected or not.
3. Confidence intervals provide a range of values that is likely to include the true population estimate based on sample data, with a specified confidence level, most commonly 95%.
JC recurrent gbm
This multicenter study examined 503 patients with recurrent glioblastomas who underwent surgical resection. It found that aggressive surgical resection of recurrent glioblastomas, when followed by adjuvant therapy, was associated with increased overall survival. Specifically, survival was longer for patients who were younger, had a higher Karnofsky performance status, underwent a more extensive resection, and had a longer time between initial diagnosis and recurrence. However, the study had limitations as a retrospective analysis subject to selection bias. Repeat resection improved survival, but its benefits compared to nonsurgical therapy require further prospective evaluation.
Stable angina
Coronary heart disease is best addressed by a comprehensive approach aimed at halting atherosclerotic disease and reducing the risk of thrombosis. Unfortunately, our success in optimal risk factor modification in patients with stable CHD remains poor: only 41% of patients achieved all basic goals in the recent ISCHEMIA trial, with success rates likely even lower outside the rigorous clinical trial context. A greater focus on achieving prevention goals in patients with CHD will have a substantial impact on patient outcome and rates of hospitalization and more resources and incentives should be allocated for improved secondary prevention.
The ISCHEMIA trial suggests that even selected, high-risk patients with extensive ischemic burden do not benefit from revascularization barring unacceptable angina despite OMT. As ISCHEMIA excluded patients with unacceptable angina, advanced heart failure, and those with unprotected left main disease, our evaluation may be geared to identify such patients for consideration of revascularization alongside an initial strategy of OMT.
Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease of the arterial circulation, with focal areas of more severe manifestation. From an imaging standpoint, the paradigm of ischemia testing may have come to an end. Recent evidence from COURAGE, PROMISE, SCOT-HEART, and ISCHEMIA has demonstrated that functional testing for inducible myocardial ischemia is inferior to anatomic assessment for risk stratifying and managing patients with suspected or known CHD. Consistent with a large body of evidence, risk from CHD is mediated by the extent of atherosclerotic disease burden and not by the extent of inducible ischemia. Given that 55% of patients had nonobstructive CHD by CT in PROMISE, which was associated with 77% of cardiovascular deaths and myocardial infarctions at follow-up, there is immense opportunity to impact the disease at an earlier stage in a very large population of patients with occult CHD.
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An essay on principles of research, evidence based medicine, more specifically with regards to urology.
Cross sectional study
This document describes different types of epidemiological study designs, including observational studies like cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, and experimental studies like randomized controlled trials. It provides details on descriptive versus analytical epidemiology and cross-sectional studies specifically. Cross-sectional studies measure prevalence at a single point in time by surveying exposures and disease status simultaneously in a population cross-section. They are useful for assessing disease burden, comparing prevalence between populations, and examining trends over time.
Subjects and methods
This study will evaluate single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy with cholangiography for patients with calcular cholecystitis. A prospective randomized clinical trial will be conducted at Zagazig University Hospitals in Egypt, enrolling a simple randomized sample of approximately 100 patients undergoing the procedure. Laboratory tests, ultrasound, and other imaging will be used to collect data and ensure patients meet inclusion criteria for the study.
2. Case study and case series
This document discusses case study and case series study designs in epidemiology. It defines a case study as a detailed presentation of one or a few cases that usually reports a new or unique finding. Case studies are low in evidence but can generate hypotheses. A case series involves the experience of a group of patients with a similar diagnosis and assesses prevalent diseases. It is useful for rare disorders. While case studies and series cannot assess causes, they can characterize averages and prompt further research. The document differentiates between case series and cohort studies, which can establish causes by observing exposed and unexposed groups over time.
Cross sectional studies
This document discusses cross-sectional study designs. It defines cross-sectional studies as a way to collect information about variables and estimate disease prevalence at a specific point in time. The document distinguishes between descriptive cross-sectional studies, which provide information about variables, and analytical cross-sectional studies, which examine relationships between predictors and outcomes. It provides an example of a hypothetical cross-sectional study on smoking and hypertension using a 2x2 table to calculate risk ratios and interpret the results.
Observational Studies: Case Control & Cohort Studies
Cohort and case-control studies are two common types of observational analytical studies used in medical research. Cohort studies follow groups of individuals over time and compare outcomes between those exposed and unexposed to a particular risk factor. Case-control studies identify cases with an outcome and compare their exposures to controls without the outcome. Both study designs allow researchers to examine multiple exposures and outcomes simultaneously while accounting for potential confounding factors.
Assignment 2
This document compares and contrasts different types of epidemiological study designs: randomized controlled trials (RCT), cohort studies, case-control studies, case series, and cross-sectional studies. It provides information on key aspects of each type of study such as whether they include a control group, difficulty level, costs, biases, whether they are prospective or retrospective, time required, need for follow up, and strengths and limitations for different research objectives. RCTs are best for examining the effects of interventions while cohort studies can determine risk factors by observing exposure and outcome over time in test and control groups. Case-control studies are useful for rare diseases but prone to biases. Case series report unique findings but lack controls. Cross-sectional studies measure
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Structure of-medical-competence-and-results-of-an-osce-jacobs-denessen-postma
This study examined the dimensionality of medical competence through analyzing student performance on a history taking assessment. The following dimensions of competence were identified:
1. The frequency of patient-centered skills and the quality of performance of these skills were two separate dimensions.
2. A dimension of "complaint orientation" emerged from analyzing intellectual skills focused on gathering medical information.
3. Two dimensions of social skills were identified: "general social skills" and "providing procedural information to patients."
4. The low correlations between scale scores suggest medical competence has a multidimensional structure rather than being a single construct. Assessing competence requires evaluating multiple distinct dimensions.
Writing case report
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This document discusses different types of epidemiological studies, including observational analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies, as well as interventional experimental studies. Cohort studies follow groups over time from exposure to disease outcome, while case-control studies compare cases and controls retrospectively from disease outcome back to exposure. Experimental studies actively manipulate variables to evaluate new drugs, technologies, programs, and more. Both observational and experimental studies have advantages like establishing causality, but also disadvantages like costs or ethical concerns.
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Content Source : https://www.slideshare.net/walidw2001/medical-research-methodology
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Journal review 11062018
This document summarizes a study that reviewed amended breast pathology reports over a 5-year period to gain insights into errors in the surgical pathology process and identify opportunities for quality improvement. The study found most amendments were due to non-interpretive errors like clerical mistakes, while a minority involved major diagnostic changes. A second review when interpreting immunohistochemistry results emerged as a strategy to detect interpretive errors earlier and prevent potential clinical impacts.
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Observational research designs are those in which the researcher/investigator merely observes and does not carry out any interventions/actions.
to change the result. The three most common types of observational studies are cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort (or longitudinal) studies.
In cross-sectional studies, exposure/risk factors and outcomes are determined at a single point in time. You can bid
information on disease prevalence and an overview of likely relationships that can be used to form a hypothesis. Control cases In
studies, participants are selected based on the presence/absence of an outcome and risk factors are identified during the study.
after enrollment of study participants.The relationship between exposure and outcome is reported as an odds ratio. This research; However,
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were selected based on presence/absence of exposure and results were obtained at the end of the study. This research can deliver The incidence/impact of the disease and the relationship between exposure and outcome are presented as relative risks. They are useful
establish causality.A problem that arises in these studies could be the high fluctuation and dropout of study participants.
Descriptive studies generally describe the magnitude of a problem and characteristics of the population/individuals.
The various types of such studies include
case reports
case series or surveys.
A case report generally describes a patient presenting with an unusual disease, or simultaneous occurrence of more than one condition, or uncommon clinical features in a known disease.
A case series is a collection of similar cases. Such studies, other than providing some advancement to knowledge of a disease, are of limited value. Another method often used in epidemiological health care research is conducting surveys.
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An analytical study tests a hypothesis to determine an association between two or more variables, like causation, risk, or effect. Such studies have two or more study groups for comparison.
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Overview of Diffrent types of studies in clinical research.pptx
An overview of different types of studies in clinical research and how to properly select the type of study that suits your research question
class GERONTOLOGICAL NURSINGJournal Article Summary AssignmentT.pdf
class GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING
Journal Article Summary Assignment:
The purpose of the journal article summary assignment is for students to improve their
knowledge of evidence-based geriatric nursing practice and evidence-based protocols.
Students will review evidence-based literature and reflect on how the literature impacts
their professional nursing practice. Students will summarize two articles published in a
peer-reviewed journal within the last 10 years. The journal articles must address the
geriatric population. Topics will be chosen from the provided list (unless prior approval is
given), and the topic may not be repeated on the two journal article summaries. The
student should summarize each article and discuss how the findings are significant to
clinical practice. Article summaries should use APA format (double spaced, but no cover
page) and should be no more than 3 pages. The two article summaries are 10% of the total
class grade (2 x 5%).
Journal summaries should use the following format:
• Purpose: Describe the purpose of the article/study.
• Strength of Evidence: Identify the type of evidence used to support the findings, and
the strength of the evidence. If the article is based on research, describe the study
design, setting, subjects, and sample size.
• Results: Summarize the findings of the study.
• Limitations: Identify study limitations that may weaken evidence or limit
generalizability.
• Significance: Describe how the findings are significant to geriatric nursing practice.
Do the findings represent a change in practice and how do the findings inform your
nursing practice (what did you learn)?
Topics for journal article summaries and class presentations choose one of those topic and APA
styles
• Pain
• Heart Failure
• Stroke
• Substance/Alcohol Abuse
• Urinary Incontinence
• Sexuality Issues
• Frailty/Fall Risk
• Iatrogenesis
• Sleep Disturbances
• Nutrition
• Hydration
• Orthostatic Hypotension
• Dementia
• Vision
• Hearing
• Polypharmacy
• Cultural Considerations
• Elder Communities
Solution
Ques-1: Purpose:
The purpose of the article is to examine the evidence-based practice of geriatric patients who
have been suffering from “urinary tract infection induced- urinary incontinence”. So that
catheterization of urinary tract have reduce urinary incontinence in geriatric patients thereby it is
essential implement to procedures to reduce urinary infection induced incontinence using
catheters for overflow incontinence
Ques-2:
Catheterization regimen:
\"RCT\" (simple randomized control design) and randomized trial: These two methods used
synonymously. However, it has illustrated that RCT is pertaining to trail design that include
control groups. In this design, patient groups who are receiving experimental treatment compared
with control groups (placebo groups).
In the above design it has clearly can be seen a randomized RCT was performed in two intensive
units of respiratory care of total 2990 bedded tertiary referral medical ce.
1_Introduction__lecture.pdfectopic pregnancy
This document discusses research methodology and critical appraisal of studies. It describes different types of study designs including observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, as well as interventional studies like randomized controlled trials. A hierarchy of evidence is presented with systematic reviews and meta-analyses considered the strongest type of evidence. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists are referenced to help appraise different study designs. Key aspects of cohort and case-control studies are defined.
Eblm pres final
This document discusses evidence-based laboratory medicine (EBLM) and its key components. It explains that EBLM involves the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making well-informed decisions in laboratory medicine. The main components of EBLM are individual expertise, best external evidence, and patient values and expectations. It also discusses how to practice EBLM by asking questions, acquiring evidence, critically appraising the evidence, and applying the information while evaluating the process.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
This document discusses different types of epidemiological study designs used to test hypotheses, including observational studies and experimental studies. It provides details on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), describing the basic steps in conducting an RCT which include developing a protocol, selecting and randomizing study populations, implementing interventions, follow up, and outcome assessment. It also discusses other types of experimental epidemiology studies like prevention trials, risk factor trials, cessation experiments, and trials evaluating health services. Non-randomized study designs are also briefly covered.
Fundamentals of clinical research and experimental design, Prof. Usama M.Fouda
This document provides an overview of key concepts in clinical research and experimental design. It defines clinical research as investigations involving human subjects that aim to understand the causes, prevention, diagnosis or treatment of human disease. The document then classifies clinical studies as either observational (e.g. cross-sectional, cohort, case-control) or interventional (e.g. randomized controlled trials). It describes the purpose and methodology of several major study designs, highlights their relative strengths and weaknesses, and provides examples of studies using each design.
Evaluating the Medical Literature
1) The document discusses evaluating medical literature to answer a clinical question about whether duct tape is an effective treatment for warts in children.
2) A randomized controlled trial studied 61 patients comparing duct tape to cryotherapy treatment for common warts. It found that duct tape was significantly more effective, with an absolute risk reduction of 25%.
3) Key points to evaluate in studies include similarity of patients, interventions and outcomes measured, study design, results, and statistics reported like absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat.
Clinical research (study designs)
1. The document discusses various types of clinical research studies including observational studies like case reports, cross-sectional studies, and analytical studies like case-control and cohort studies.
2. Randomized controlled trials are described as the gold standard for clinical trials, with randomization and blinding methods explained to reduce bias.
3. Common study designs like parallel group, dose-ranging, cross-over, and factorial designs are summarized along with an example of the Physician's Health Study factorial design.
Evidence based Orthopedics
EBM is the practice of integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence from systematic research to maximize the quality and quantity of life for individual patients.
Research
This document provides an overview of the research process. It defines research and describes the main types as qualitative and quantitative. The key steps in designing and conducting research are outlined, including formulating the research question, selecting an appropriate design, defining variables, sampling, data collection and analysis, and reporting findings. Guidelines for selecting a research topic and writing objectives are also presented. Different study designs - descriptive, analytical, experimental and observational - are explained.
Prospective Study of Acute Appendicitis with its Clinical, Radiological Profi...
Acute appendicitis is the most common condition encountered in general surgical practice. Alvarado and Modified Alvarado Scores (MASS) are the commonly used scoring
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be poor in certain populations. Hence, we compared the RIPASA
score with MASS, to find out which is a better diagnostic tool for
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Types of clinical study designs
Clinical study designs can be categorized as either experimental (treatment) studies or observational studies. Experimental studies have more validity due to randomization and control groups. Common study designs include randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which are considered the gold standard; cohort studies, which follow groups over time; and case-control studies, which identify exposures in individuals with and without an outcome. Parallel and crossover studies differ in that parallel studies assign subjects to separate treatment groups throughout, while crossover studies switch subjects between treatments with washout periods between.
How to do clinical research at KEMU
This document provides guidance on how to conduct clinical research at KEMU. It begins by defining key terms like clinical trials and observational studies. It then discusses James Lind's seminal clinical trial from the 18th century that demonstrated citrus fruits could treat scurvy in sailors. The document outlines the basic building blocks of a clinical study, including developing a research question, hypothesis, methods, observations, results, and conclusions. It provides details on study types, the importance of IRB approval, randomization, recruiting participants, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting outcomes and adverse events. Finally, it summarizes a clinical trial that compared the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran to warfarin for treating venous thromboemb
Association between delayed initiation of adjuvant CMF or anthracycline-based...
Association between delayed initiation of adjuvant CMF or anthracycline-based...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) improves survival among patients with operable breast cancer. However, the effect of delay in AC initiation on survival is unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the relationship between time to AC and
survival outcomes. Spn chest 2003
This document provides guidelines for evaluating patients with pulmonary nodules from the American College of Chest Physicians. It summarizes the guideline objectives, target population, diagnostic and management interventions considered, major outcomes, methodology, recommendations, and validation process. The guideline was developed through a systematic review of literature and expert consensus to provide evidence-based recommendations. It defines solitary pulmonary nodules and provides 12 major recommendations on pre-test probability assessment, imaging tests, PET scanning, discussion of risks/benefits with patients, and tissue diagnosis.
Cohort study
This document discusses cohort studies, including:
- Cohort studies follow groups of individuals over time to study how exposures affect disease outcomes.
- They can be prospective, following individuals not yet exposed, or retrospective, looking back at past exposure and disease data.
- Key elements include selecting study subjects, obtaining exposure data, selecting comparison groups, follow-up, and analysis of incidence rates and risk estimates like relative risk and attributable risk.
- Advantages are direct measurement of disease incidence and relative risks, while disadvantages include large sample sizes required.
Pvc respuesta liquidos chest
Central venous pressure (CVP) is commonly used to guide fluid management, but its ability to predict fluid responsiveness is questionable. This systematic review analyzed 24 studies involving 803 patients. The review found a very poor relationship between CVP and blood volume. CVP was also unable to accurately predict a patient's fluid responsiveness, defined as an increase in stroke volume or cardiac index in response to fluid administration. The review demonstrated that CVP should not be used to make clinical decisions about fluid management.
Clinicaltrial 300807
True
Q. 6) What are the key points to look
for while evaluating a clinical trial?
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Basics of Research
- 1. Research Program by Dr Nuaman Ahmad Danawar General and laparoscopic surgeon. Member of the royal college of surgeons (RCSI). Diploma in laparoscopic surgery. Syrian and Arab board in general surgery. Member of the society of American gastrointestinal endoscopic surgeons (SAGES). Member of the world association of laparoscopic surgeons (WALS). Researcher and published author. Articles peer-reviewer in the CUREUS journal of medical science- California.
- 2. Basics of medical research and evidence based medicine (EBM) Detention of EBM: Defined as the careful use of the best current related scientific research in making decision on patient’s care to achieve the best outcome. outcome experience research patient
- 3. Research Is looking knowledge. Research types: Primary VS secondary: When you are doing a study, this is a primary research. In contrast, when you are studying the already published studies, this is secondary research.
- 4. Types of research studies: a-in vitro (test tube) b-study on animals. c-ideas, opinions, editorials. d-case report/ series.
- 5. e-Observational studies: cross sectional, case control, and cohort study. Cross sectional: -prevalence study. -studying one point at time (If multiple points at time= longitudinal study). -example: interview or survey questions.
- 6. Case control: -focus on the case (disease, outcome). -control group. -Going to the past, to see the exposure (risk factors). -Example: exposure < ---------colon cancer
- 7. Cohort study: -Focus on the exposure (risk factors), i.e., what are the risk factors leading to colon cancer? Prospective cohort: looking to the future. Retrospective cohort: looking to the past.
- 8. f-Clinical trials (interventional or experimental) studies: RCTs VS non RCTs.
- 9. g-Articles review: Article review: means studying or collecting data from the already published studies. It has three types: traditional review, systematic review, and meta- analysis. Traditional review: no guidelines. Randomizing selection of studies about one topic to see the best available evidence.
- 10. Systematic review: following a specific guideline in patient or studies selection, example: PRISMA or Cochrane guidelines. PICO: P:patint. I: intervention. C: control. O: outcome. Example: Early VS late interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy after biliary pancreatitis and ERCP. O: Early Lap chole is better than late lap chole in patient who developed biliary pancreatitis and underwent ERCP.( no statistics= percentages or numbers).
- 11. Meta-analysis: is a systematic review, but in meta-analysis we are using strong statistics and homogeneous data (similar patient and similar type of studies). In simple words, meta-analysis is a systematic review with statistics. Note: PRISMA= preferred reporting in systematic review and meta-analysis.
- 12. h-Clinical guidelines: Usually related to specific instate: ACS, RCS, SAGES summarize the best (BUT NOT THE ONLY) available medical knowledge, and ensure that patients receive appropriate treatment and care. In simple words, clinical guidelines mean the best current evidence in clinical practice.
- 14. The format of research paper: The research paper to be accepted should be written in scientific format: IMRaD Abstract I= introduction M= method. R= result. D= discussion Conclusion References
- 15. What does each section mean? Abstract= the summary of the paper. Introduction= the research question or problem. Method= your way and tools to solve the problem or answer the question. Result= your findings. Discussion= explanation and interpretation of your findings (the meaning of your findings) Conclusion= the learned lesson/s. NOT summary. References= your data source.
- 16. Databases: (sources) PubMed (is the commonest). PubMed Central (PMC) EMBASE Cochrane Library UpToDate Google scholar MEDLINE Medscape
- 17. الطبي البحث برنامج البرنامج مكونات : 1 - الطبي البحث أساسيات , للدليل المستند والطب . 2 - الطبية البحوث كتابة طريقة العلمية والورقات . 3 - العلمية الكتابة أساسيات واألكاديمية . د . دناور نعمان عامة جراحة , مناظير جراحة دبلوم , الكلية زمالة للجراحين الملكية , والعربي السوري البورد , عدة طبية منشورات , النشر قبل الطبية لألبحاث مدقق الطبية العلوم مجلة في - كاليفورنيا . والتواصل لالستعالم : 0096653591247