Basic of Open Channel Flow
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This slide contents very basic knowledge about open channel flow. It contains flow classifications based on the effect of viscosity and gravity.
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Gradually Varied Flow
Gradually varied flow is one kind of non uniform flow . Flow parameters such as depth of flow, flow velocity , discharge change with time and space gradually. Gradually varied flow is determined by the type of the channel bottom slopes. Flow profiles can be sustained in three different flow regions . This ppt covers only mild slope flow profile.
Rapidly varied flow
Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
* Given: q = 10 m3/s/m, y1 = 1.25 m
* To find y2, use the sequent depth ratio: y2/y1 = 2.5√(1+8Fr1^2)
* Fr1 = q/(gy1)^0.5 = 10/(9.81*1.25)^0.5 = 4
* y2/y1 = 2.5√(1+8*16) = 2.5√33 = 5.5
* y2 = 5.5*1.25 = 6.875 m
* v2 = q/y
open channel flow
- Open channel flow occurs in natural settings like rivers and streams as well as human-made channels. It is characterized by a free surface boundary.
- Flow can be uniform, gradually varied, or rapidly varied depending on changes in depth and velocity over distance. Uniform flow maintains constant depth and velocity.
- Important parameters include the Froude number, specific energy, and wave speed. Hydraulic jumps and critical flow occur when the Froude number is 1.
- Flow is controlled using underflow gates, overflow gates, and weirs. Measurement relies on critical flow assumptions at weirs.
Hidraulika
1) The document discusses various equations and concepts in hydraulics including the continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, conservation of momentum, uniform flow in open channels, and Manning's formula.
2) The continuity equation states that the mass of fluid passing per unit time through an area is equal to the product of the flow velocity and cross-sectional area.
3) Bernoulli's equation relates the total energy of flowing water through different cross-sections in terms of pressure, elevation, and velocity.
Open channelhydraulics2
This document discusses open channel hydraulics and includes the following key points:
1. It defines open channel flow and distinguishes it from pipe flow, noting open channels have a free surface subject to atmospheric pressure.
2. It describes the fundamental equations of open channel flow including the continuity equation (conservation of mass), energy equation (conservation of energy), and momentum equation (conservation of momentum).
3. It outlines different types of open channel flow including uniform, gradually varied, rapidly varied, steady and unsteady flow and provides examples of where these occur.
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The document provides an overview of open channel hydraulics and discharge measuring structures. It discusses:
- Uniform and non-uniform open channel flow conditions, including gradually varied, rapidly varied, subcritical, critical and supercritical flows.
- Basic equations for uniform flow such as the continuity, energy and momentum equations.
- Hydraulic principles and formulas used to design channels and structures, including the Chezy and Manning's equations.
- Characteristics of gradually varied flow and methods for analyzing water surface profiles.
- Phenomena such as flow over a hump, through a contraction, and hydraulic jumps; and equations for analyzing conjugate depths.
Gradually varied flow
The document discusses gradually varied flow in open channels. It defines gradually varied flow as flow where the depth changes gradually along the channel. It presents the assumptions and governing equations for gradually varied flow analysis. It also describes different types of water surface profiles that can occur, such as mild slope, steep slope, critical slope, and adverse slope profiles. The key methods for analyzing water surface profiles, including direct integration, graphical integration, and numerical integration are summarized.
Open Channel VS Pipe Flow
Pipe flow involves fluid completely filling a pipe, while open channel flow has a free surface. In pipe flow, pressure varies along the pipe but remains constant at the free surface in open channels. The main driving force is gravity in open channels and pressure gradient in pipes. Flow properties like cross-sectional area and velocity profile differ between the two flow types.
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Gradually Varied Flow
Gradually varied flow is one kind of non uniform flow . Flow parameters such as depth of flow, flow velocity , discharge change with time and space gradually. Gradually varied flow is determined by the type of the channel bottom slopes. Flow profiles can be sustained in three different flow regions . This ppt covers only mild slope flow profile.
Rapidly varied flow
Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
* Given: q = 10 m3/s/m, y1 = 1.25 m
* To find y2, use the sequent depth ratio: y2/y1 = 2.5√(1+8Fr1^2)
* Fr1 = q/(gy1)^0.5 = 10/(9.81*1.25)^0.5 = 4
* y2/y1 = 2.5√(1+8*16) = 2.5√33 = 5.5
* y2 = 5.5*1.25 = 6.875 m
* v2 = q/y
open channel flow
- Open channel flow occurs in natural settings like rivers and streams as well as human-made channels. It is characterized by a free surface boundary.
- Flow can be uniform, gradually varied, or rapidly varied depending on changes in depth and velocity over distance. Uniform flow maintains constant depth and velocity.
- Important parameters include the Froude number, specific energy, and wave speed. Hydraulic jumps and critical flow occur when the Froude number is 1.
- Flow is controlled using underflow gates, overflow gates, and weirs. Measurement relies on critical flow assumptions at weirs.
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1) The document discusses various equations and concepts in hydraulics including the continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, conservation of momentum, uniform flow in open channels, and Manning's formula.
2) The continuity equation states that the mass of fluid passing per unit time through an area is equal to the product of the flow velocity and cross-sectional area.
3) Bernoulli's equation relates the total energy of flowing water through different cross-sections in terms of pressure, elevation, and velocity.
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This document discusses open channel hydraulics and includes the following key points:
1. It defines open channel flow and distinguishes it from pipe flow, noting open channels have a free surface subject to atmospheric pressure.
2. It describes the fundamental equations of open channel flow including the continuity equation (conservation of mass), energy equation (conservation of energy), and momentum equation (conservation of momentum).
3. It outlines different types of open channel flow including uniform, gradually varied, rapidly varied, steady and unsteady flow and provides examples of where these occur.
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The document provides an overview of open channel hydraulics and discharge measuring structures. It discusses:
- Uniform and non-uniform open channel flow conditions, including gradually varied, rapidly varied, subcritical, critical and supercritical flows.
- Basic equations for uniform flow such as the continuity, energy and momentum equations.
- Hydraulic principles and formulas used to design channels and structures, including the Chezy and Manning's equations.
- Characteristics of gradually varied flow and methods for analyzing water surface profiles.
- Phenomena such as flow over a hump, through a contraction, and hydraulic jumps; and equations for analyzing conjugate depths.
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The document discusses gradually varied flow in open channels. It defines gradually varied flow as flow where the depth changes gradually along the channel. It presents the assumptions and governing equations for gradually varied flow analysis. It also describes different types of water surface profiles that can occur, such as mild slope, steep slope, critical slope, and adverse slope profiles. The key methods for analyzing water surface profiles, including direct integration, graphical integration, and numerical integration are summarized.
Open Channel VS Pipe Flow
Pipe flow involves fluid completely filling a pipe, while open channel flow has a free surface. In pipe flow, pressure varies along the pipe but remains constant at the free surface in open channels. The main driving force is gravity in open channels and pressure gradient in pipes. Flow properties like cross-sectional area and velocity profile differ between the two flow types.
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This document summarizes uniform flow in open channels. It defines open channels as streams not completely enclosed by boundaries with a free water surface. Open channels can be natural or artificial with regular shapes. Uniform flow occurs when the depth, area, velocity and discharge remain constant in a channel with a constant slope and roughness. The Chezy and Manning formulas are presented to calculate mean flow velocity from hydraulic radius, slope and conveyance factors. Examples are given to solve for velocity, flow rate, and channel slope using the formulas.
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4) Experimental results from Nikuradse are presented showing relationships between friction factor and Reynolds number/relative roughness that can be used to model pressure losses in pipes.
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The document provides an introduction to open channel flow. It defines open channel flow and distinguishes it from pipe flow. Open channels are exposed to atmospheric pressure and have a cross-sectional area that varies depending on flow parameters, while pipe flow is enclosed and has a constant cross-sectional area. The document discusses different types of channel flows including steady/unsteady and uniform/non-uniform flow. It also defines geometric elements of open channel sections such as depth, width, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius. Critical depth is introduced as the depth where specific energy is minimum. Specific energy, defined as the total energy per unit weight of flow above the channel bottom, is also summarized.
Chapter 4 Fetter Principles of groundwater flow
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1. Forms of energy groundwater possesses such as mechanical energy and hydraulic head.
2. Darcy's law which relates flow rate through a medium to hydraulic gradient.
3. Equations of groundwater flow including the Dupuit equation for steady flow in an unconfined aquifer where the gradient increases in the direction of flow.
11 open_channel.ppt
This document discusses open channel flow, which refers to liquid flow with a free surface. Topics covered include uniform flow, gradually varied flow, classification of flows as steady/unsteady and laminar/turbulent. Equations of open channel flow are presented, including the Chezy, Darcy-Weisbach, and Manning equations. Critical flow is analyzed, where the specific energy of the flow is minimized. Concepts like specific energy, hydraulic grade line, and energy grade line are explained in the context of channel transitions like sluice gates and steps.
Terbulent Flow in fluid mechanics
This document provides an overview of turbulent fluid flow, including:
1) Turbulent flow occurs when the Reynolds number is greater than 2000 and involves irregular, random movement of fluid particles in all directions.
2) The magnitude and intensity of turbulence can be calculated based on the root mean square of turbulent fluctuations and the average flow velocity.
3) The Moody diagram relates the friction factor to the Reynolds number and relative roughness of a pipe to characterize head losses in turbulent pipe flow.
Open channel Flow
This document provides an overview of open channel hydraulics and discharge measuring structures. It discusses various open channel flow conditions including uniform flow, gradually varied flow, rapidly varied flow, subcritical flow, critical flow and supercritical flow. It introduces concepts such as specific energy, critical depth, energy equations, and hydraulic principles that govern open channel design. Formulas for discharge measurement using weirs and flumes are presented, such as the Chezy and Manning's equations. Common channel shapes and examples of flow through contractions and over humps are also summarized.
Groundwater hydrology
This document provides an overview of topics that will be discussed in a chapter on groundwater hydrology. It includes definitions of key terms like aquifers, water tables, and porosity. It describes how groundwater occurs underground and moves from areas of higher to lower potential. Methods for estimating groundwater recharge and withdrawal are presented. Equations for modeling groundwater flow and well hydraulics under steady and unsteady conditions are shown. The document also discusses groundwater development and issues in Nepal including overextraction, pollution sources, and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater.
Chapter 1bbj.pptx
This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of a course on hydraulics:
The course is titled "Hydraulics II" with course number CEng2152. It is a 5 ECTS credit degree program course focusing on open channel flow. Open channel flow occurs when water flows with a free surface exposed to the atmosphere, such as in rivers, culverts and spillways. Engineering structures for open channel flow are designed and analyzed using open channel hydraulics.
The document covers different types of open channel flow including steady and unsteady, uniform and non-uniform flow. It also discusses the geometric elements of open channel cross-sections including depth, width, area and hydraulic radius. Uniform flow
Fluid Mechanics (2).pdf
The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including:
1. Pressure is defined as force per unit area and its units are Pascal (SI) or dynes/cm2 (CGS). Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 101,325 Pa.
2. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and has units of kg/m3 (SI) or g/cc (CGS). Specific weight is weight per unit volume and specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to that of water.
3. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow and is measured by dynamic viscosity in N·s/m2 or kinematic viscosity in m2/s.
Fluid Mechanics (2)civil engineers sksks
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Rheology
This document discusses rheology, which is defined as the science dealing with the flow and deformation of materials under stress. It provides definitions of key rheological terms like viscosity and describes different flow patterns such as Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic and dilatant flow. Specific techniques for determining viscosity are outlined, including capillary viscometry, falling sphere viscometry, cup and bob viscometry, and cone and plate viscometry.
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Basic of Open Channel Flow
- 1. Chapter-1 Course Code : CE-421 Course Title : Water Resources Engineering-II Romana Saila Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering
- 2. Classification of Open Channel Flow • Steady and Unsteady flow (Criterion-Time): du/dt=dh/dt=dQ/dt=0 ; fixed space (x) • Uniform and Varied flow (Criterion-Space): du/dx=dh/dx=dQ/dx=0; fixed time (t) For Uniform flow (UF) channel bottom, water surface and enery line slope are parallel to each other. Uniform flow can be steady only . Unsteady uniform flow is practically impossible. • Varied or Non-uniform flow is further classified into : Gradually Varied flow (GVF) Rapidly Varied flow (RVF) Spatially varied flow.
- 3. Classification of Open Channel Flow
- 4. Watch the video using the link below • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gT2BL8OQXo0 State of Flow Effect of Viscosity (Inertia vs viscosity): expressed by Reynolds no Re Re=UR/ν U= Flow velocity R= Hydraulic radius ν= Kinematic viscosity Re<500; Laminar flow (Viscous force is prominent) 500 <Re < 12500; Transitional Flow Re> 12500; Turbulent flow (Inertial force is prominent)
- 5. State of Flow • Effect of Gravity (Inertia vs Gravity ) : Expressed as Froude no Fr Fr= U/√gD U= Flow velocity g= gravitational acceleration D= Hydraulic depth Fr =1 ; Critical flow Fr <1 ; subcritical flow Fr >1 ; supercritical flow * Froude no of an open channel flow varies over a wide range covering both subcritical and supercritical flows and the state of open channel flow is primarily governed by Froude no .
- 6. State of Flow Combined effect of Viscosity and Gravity : Re<500, Fr<1 ; Subcritical Laminar flow Re<500, Fr >1 ; Supercritical Laminar flow Re > 12500, Fr <1 ; Subcritical Turbulent flow Re > 12500, Fr >1; Supercritical Turbulent flow Subcritical laminar and Supercritical laminar are very rare to get. *Flow in most rivers and canals are subcritical turbulent. Flow in the feet of drops or spillways is supercritical turbulent.