The document summarizes open channel flow concepts including:
- Open channel flow has a free surface exposed to atmospheric pressure, unlike confined pipe flow.
- Flow can be classified as uniform, gradually varied, or rapidly varied based on depth changes.
- Critical flow occurs when the specific energy is minimum and Froude number is 1.
- The Manning equation relates velocity, hydraulic radius, slope, and roughness for uniform flow calculations.
Uniform Flow: Basic concepts of free surface flows,
velocity and pressure distribution,
Mass, energy and momentum principle for prismatic and non-prismatic channels,
Review of Uniform flow: Standard equations,
hydraulically efficient channel sections,
compound sections,
Energy-depth relations:
Concept of specific energy, specific force,
critical flow, critical depth,
hydraulic exponents, and
Channel transitions.
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between the moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will have constant pressure.
In civil engineering applications; water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
The prime motivating force for open channel flow is gravity.
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between the moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will have constant pressure.
In civil engineering applications; water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
The prime motivating force for open channel flow is gravity.
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between the moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will have constant pressure.
In civil engineering applications; water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
The prime motivating force for open channel flow is gravity.
Uniform Flow: Basic concepts of free surface flows,
velocity and pressure distribution,
Mass, energy and momentum principle for prismatic and non-prismatic channels,
Review of Uniform flow: Standard equations,
hydraulically efficient channel sections,
compound sections,
Energy-depth relations:
Concept of specific energy, specific force,
critical flow, critical depth,
hydraulic exponents, and
Channel transitions.
Uniform Flow: Basic concepts of free surface flows,
velocity and pressure distribution,
Mass, energy and momentum principle for prismatic and non-prismatic channels,
Review of Uniform flow: Standard equations,
hydraulically efficient channel sections,
compound sections,
Energy-depth relations:
Concept of specific energy, specific force,
critical flow, critical depth,
hydraulic exponents, and
Channel transitions.
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between the moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will have constant pressure.
In civil engineering applications; water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
The prime motivating force for open channel flow is gravity.
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between the moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will have constant pressure.
In civil engineering applications; water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
The prime motivating force for open channel flow is gravity.
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between the moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will have constant pressure.
In civil engineering applications; water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
The prime motivating force for open channel flow is gravity.
Uniform Flow: Basic concepts of free surface flows,
velocity and pressure distribution,
Mass, energy and momentum principle for prismatic and non-prismatic channels,
Review of Uniform flow: Standard equations,
hydraulically efficient channel sections,
compound sections,
Energy-depth relations:
Concept of specific energy, specific force,
critical flow, critical depth,
hydraulic exponents, and
Channel transitions.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Introduction
Open channel: is a conduit for flow, which has a
free surface, i.e. a boundary, exposed to the
atmosphere.
Hence, open channel flow is a flow in which the
flowing fluid is subjected to atmospheric
pressure.
3. Examples of Open Channel Flow
The natural drainage of water through the
numerous creek and river systems.
The flow of rainwater in the gutters of our
houses.
The flow in canals, drainage ditches, sewers,
and gutters along roads.
The flow of small rivulets, and sheets of water
across field or parking lots.
The flow in the chutes of water rides. 5
4.
5.
6. Open Channel Flow Vs Pipe flow
Open channel flow Pipe flow
Has free surface subjected
to atmospheric pressure
Is confined in closed
conduit, exerts no direct
atmospheric pressure but
hydraulic pressure.
the motion is usually
caused by gravity effects
Flow is due to pressure
difference
HGL coincides with the
free flow surface
HGL is indicated by a
piezometer.
X-section of flow is not
fixed
Fixed/stationary
The analysis is
complicated
Relatively easier.
8. It is much more difficult to solve problems of flow in
open channels than in pressure pipes. Because:
In open channels the position of the free surface is
likely to change with respect to time and space,
Depth of flow (y), discharge (Q), and bottom slope
(S) and slope of the free surface are interdependent.
Physical condition of open channels vary more
widely than that of pipes.
Cross section of open channel is widely variable and
even might not be ridged,
9. Classification of flows
Open channels flow can be classified into many types
and described in various ways.
A) Classification according to the change in flow depth
with respect to time and space:
1) Steady flow and Unsteady flow (time as a criteria)
Steady flow: the depth of flow does not change.
In steady flow the flow variables (velocity, pressure,
density, flow path etc) do not vary with time at the
spatial point in the flow.
Unsteady Flow: the depth of flow changes with time.
Example: flood, surges and waves
10.
11. Classification of flows
2) Uniform and Non uniform flow (space as a
criteria)
Uniform flow: the depth of flow is the same at every section
of the channel
Uniform flow can be steady or unsteady depending on
whether or not the depth changes with time
Non-uniform (Varied flow): the depth of flow change along
the length of the channel
Non-uniform can be gradually varied flow (GVF) or rapidly
varied flow (RVF)
Gradually varied flow: when the depth of flow changes
gradually
12. Classification of flows
Rapidly varied flow (RVF): when the depth of flow
changes abruptly over a comparatively a short distance
Example: hydraulic jump and hydraulic drop
13. Classification Based on Dimensionless
Number
Reynolds Number
Froude Number
These numbers help us to understand the different
type of fluid flow, fluid properties and the
mechanism by which entrained particles move.
14. 1) Reynolds Number
V is the average velocity of the fluid.
R = ρVR / μ R is the hydraulic radius of the channel.
e h h
Laminar flow: Re < 500.
Transitional flow: 500-12500
Turbulent flow: Re > 12,500.
Most open-channel flows involve water (which has a
fairly small viscosity) and have relatively large
characteristic lengths, it is uncommon to have laminar
open-channel flows.
10
15. Reynolds classified the flow type according to the motion of the fluid.
Laminar Flow: every fluid molecule
followed a straight path that was
parallel to the boundaries of the tube.
Turbulent Flow: every fluid molecule
followed very complex path that led to
a mixing of the dye.
Transitional Flow: every fluid
molecule followed wavy but parallel
path that was not parallel to the
boundaries of the tube.
15
16. • The flow is laminar if the viscous forces are so
strong relative to the inertial forces that viscosity plays
a significant part in determining flow behavior. In
laminar flow, the water particles appear to move in
definite smooth paths, or streamlines, and
infinitesimally thin layers of fluid seem to slide over
adjacent layers.
• The flow is turbulent if the viscous forces are weak
relative to the inertial forces. In turbulent flow the
water particles move in irregular paths, which are
neither smooth nor fixed but which in the aggregate
still represent the forward motion of the entire stream.
• Between the laminar and turbulent status there is a
mixed, or transitional state.
• An open channel flow is laminar if the Reynolds
number Re is small and turbulent if Re is large.
17. 2) Froude Number
The Froude number is a dimensionless number
proportional to the square root of the ratio of the
inertial forces over the weight of fluid:
Fr = fluid inertial forces .
gravitational forces in flow
18. Fr = V / gl
Critical Flow: Froude number Fr =1.
Subcritical Flow: Froude number Fr <1.
Super critical Flow: Froude number Fr >1.
11
• It compares the tendency of a moving fluid
(and a particle borne by that fluid) to continue
moving with the gravitational forces that act to
stop that motion
19. • When Fr2 is equal to unity:
V2=gd, and the flow is said to be critical state.
• If Fr2 is less than unity, or V < gd, the flow is sub
critical. In this state the role played by gravity force is
more pronounced; so the flow has low velocity and is
often described as tranquil and streaming.
• If Fr2 is greater than unity, or V > gd, the flow is
supercritical. In this state the inertia forces become
dominant; so the flow has high velocity and is usually
described as rapid, shooting, and torrential.
20. Basic Hydraulic Principles
• Geometric elements are properties of a channel section
that can be defined entirely by the geometry of the section
and depth of flow.
• These elements are very important and are used
extensively in flow computation.
• The definition of several geometric elements of basic
importance are given below.
Geometric Elements of Channel Section
21. • Depth of flow (y) :is the vertical distance
of the lowest point of a channel section
from the free surface.
• Depth of flow section (d) :depth of flow
normal to direction of flow.
• Stage (h) :elevation of the free surface
from a datum.
• Top width ( T) :width of the channel
section at the free surface.
• Wetted area (A) :cross sectional area of
flow normal to the direction of flow.
22. Continuity principle
• Matter cannot be created nor destroyed.
• Hence, fluid must be entering a control volume at the same rate at
which it leaves.
• Rate implies a rate of mass transfer.
• For incompressible fluid ‘rate’ can be interpreted as rate volumetric
transfer.
• Therefore, the equation of continuity for steady flow of an
incompressible fluid is given by
• A = the cross-sectional area in sections 1 and 2,
• V = the mean velocity in sections 1 and 2
2
2
1
1 A
V
A
V
Q
23. Application of the continuity principle to
unsteady channel flow
• In unsteady open channel flow the
water surface will change over a certain
distance ∆X and during a certain time
∆t.
• During ∆t : Inflow-Outflow = Storage
• As the velocity and the discharge will
change over a distance.
S
B
x
y
t
Q
.
/
: 1
2 x
x
Q
Q
Q
Q
x
0
t
y
B
x
Q
S
24. Reading Assignment
Energy Principle
• The energy equation is used in addition to
the continuity equation in analyzing fluid-
flow situations. It is derived from Newton’s
second law of motion.
Momentum Principle
• According to Newton's second law of
25. Specific Energy and Critical Depth
• If the datum coincides with the channel
bed at the cross-section, the resulting
expression is know as specific energy
and is denoted by E.
• Thus, specific energy is the energy at a
cross-section of an open channel flow
with respect to the channel bed.
• The “Specific energy” is the average
energy per unit weight of water with
g
V
y
ES
2
2
26. • For a given section and constant
discharge (Q), the specific energy is a
function of water-depth only, since
Q=vA .
• When the depth of flow is plotted
against the specific energy for a given
channel section and discharge, a
specific-energy curve is obtained
2
2
2
2 S
s
B
y
g
Q
y
E
27. • Two Limbs, (AC & CB) Line , OD (450)
• At any point P on this curve, the ordinate
represents the depth, and the abscissa
28. Cont.
• The curve shows that for a certain discharge Q two flow regimes
are possible, viz. slow and deep flow or a fast and shallow flow,
• i.e. for a given specific energy, there are two possible depths, for
instance, the low stage y1 and the high stage y2.
• The low stage is called the alternate depth of the high stage, and
vice versa.
• At pint C, the specific energy is minimum. It can be proved that
this condition of minimum specific energy corresponds to the
critical state of flow.
• Thus, at the critical state the two alternate depths apparently
become one, which is known as the critical depth (YC).
29. The Critical Flow Condition
• The condition of minimum specific energy
is known as the critical flow condition and
the corresponding depth yc is known as
critical depth.
• At critical depth, the specific energy is
minimum. Thus differentiating the above
Equ. with respect to y (keeping Q1
constant) and equating to zero,
2
2
2 A
g
Q
y
ES
dy
dA
A
g
Q
dy
E
d S
3
2
1
The basic equation governing the critical flow conditions in a channel
31. Exercise: 1
A flow of 5.0 m3/sec is passing at a depth of 1.2m through
a rectangular channel of width 2.0 m. What is the specific
energy of the flow? What is the value of the alternate
depth to the existing depth?
32. Exercise: 2
A rectangular channel 3 m wide has a specific energy of 1.7
m when carrying a discharge of 5 m3/sec. Calculate the
alternate depths and corresponding Froude numbers.
B=
3
33. Transitions
Channel with a Hump
a) Subcritical Flow
Consider a horizontal, frictionless rectangular
channel of width B carrying discharge Q at
depth y1.
Let the flow be subcritical. At a section 2 (Fig.
below) a smooth hump of height ΔZ is built
on the floor. Since there are no energy losses
between sections 1 and 2, construction of a
hump causes the specific energy at section 2
to decrease by ΔZ.
Channel Transition with a Hump
34. • Thus the specific energies at sections 1 and
2 are,
• Since the flow is subcritical, the water
surface will drop due to a decrease in the
specific energy. In (Fig. below), the water
surface which was at P at section 1 will
come down to point R at section 2. The
depth y2 will be given by,
Specific energy diagram
35. It is easy to see from Fig. (5.13) that as the
value of ΔZ is increased, the depth at
section 2, y2, will decrease. The minimum
depth is reached when the point R
coincides with C, the critical depth. At this
point the hump height will be maximum,
ΔZmax, y2 = yc = critical depth, and E2 = Ec
= minimum energy for the flowing
discharge Q. The condition at ΔZmax is
given by the relation,
36. If y1 is in the supercritical flow regime, (Fig.
below) shows that the depth of flow
increases due to the reduction of specific
energy. In Fig. (5.13) point P` corresponds to
y1 and point R` to depth at the section 2. Up
to the critical depth, y2 increases to reach yc
at ΔZ = ΔZmax. For ΔZ > ΔZmax , the depth
over the hump y2 = yc will remain constant
and the upstream depth y1 will change. It
will decrease to have a higher specific
energy E1`by increasing velocity V1. The
b) Supercritical Flow
Variation of y1 and y2 in supercritical flow over a hump
37. Uniform Flow
Uniform flow in open channels has the following main characteristics
a. the depth, water area, velocity, and discharge at every section of
the channel are constant;
b. the energy line, water surface, and channel bottom are all parallel;
i.e. their slopes are all equal Sf = Sw = So
Uniform flow is considered to be steady only, since unsteady
uniform flow is practically nonexistent. In natural streams,
even steady uniform flow is rare, for rivers and streams in
natural states scarcely ever experience a strict uniform flow
condition.
38. Establishment of uniform flow
• When flow occurs in an open channel,
the water encounters resistance as it
flows downstream.
• This resistance is generally
counteracted by the components of
gravity forces acting on the body of the
water in the direction of motion.
• A uniform flow will be developed if the
resistance is balanced by the gravity
forces
• In general, uniform flow can occur only
40. The Manning equation is given by the SI
system of units
V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2
Where
V = average velocity
R = hydraulic radius
S = channel longitudinal slope
n = Channel roughness /resistance
41. Example 1
Find the velocity of flow and rate of flow
of water through a rectangular channel of
6m wide and 3m deep, when it is running
full. The channel is having bed slope as
1:2000. take chezy’s constant C=55. Ans.
V= 1.5m/s Q=27.1 m3/s
Example 2
Find the bottom slope for a rectangular channel which have
3m width and 2m depth. The unit flow rate is 1.5 m2/s. take
manning roughness of the channel 0.04.