This document provides an overview of basic air ticketing and IATA geography. It begins by introducing the airline industry and different types of travel agencies in Bangladesh. It then discusses IATA's division of the world into three traffic conference areas and their subareas for standardization and fare calculation. The document also covers journey concepts, classes of service, and key IATA terminologies used in the airline industry.

1. BASIC OF AIR TICKETING & IATA GEOGRAPHY

2. MD SHAIFULLARRABBI
ASSISTANT MANAGER
CUSTOMER SUPPORT AND TRAININGDEPARTMENT
SABRE TRAVELNETWORK BANGLADESHLIMITED
BBA& MBA
MAJOR IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
FACULTYOF BUSINESS STUDIES
UNIVERSITYOF DHAKA

3. AIRLINES INDUSTRY
THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY ENCOMPASSES A WIDE RANGE OF
BUSINESSES, CALLED AIRLINES, WHICH OFFER AIR TRANSPORT
SERVICES FOR PAYING CUSTOMERS OR BUSINESS PARTNERS.
THESE AIR TRANSPORT SERVICES ARE PROVIDED FOR BOTH HUMAN
TRAVELERS AND CARGO, AND ARE MOST COMMONLY OFFERED VIA
JETS, ALTHOUGH SOME AIRLINES ALSO USE HELICOPTERS.
AIRLINES MAY OFFER SCHEDULED AND/OR CHARTERED SERVICES
AND THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY FORMS A KEY PART OF THE WIDER
TRAVEL INDUSTRY, PROVIDING CUSTOMERS WITH THE ABILITY TO
PURCHASE SEATS ON FLIGHTS AND TRAVEL TO DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE WORLD. THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY OFFERS A VARIETY OF
CAREER PATHS, INCLUDING PILOTS, FLIGHT ATTENDANTS AND
GROUND CREW.

4. TRAVEL AGENCY
TRAVEL AGENCY IS A FIRM WHOMAKES LINK BETWEENTOURISM SUPPLIERS AND CLIENTS .

5. Types of Travel Agency on the basis of Functions in Bangladesh
IATA Travel
Agency/GSA
Tour Packaging
Agency
Students
Overseas
Agency
Travel
Consultant
Agency
Hajj / Omra
Agency
Recruiting
Agency

8. IATA GEOGRAPHY
A GOOD KNOWLEDGE OF GEOGRAPHY IS ESSENTIAL FOR
EVERYONE TO WORK COMPETENTLY, IN THE AIRLINE
INDUSTRY. THIS INDUSTRY SPANS THE GLOBE AND IT WOULD
BE BENEFICIAL FOR US TO KNOW WHAT EXISTS IN OTHER
PARTS, LIKE COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, TOURIST DESTINATIONS,
CLIMATEAND GEOGRAPHY.
IATA GEOGRAPHY IS ONE OF THE KEY ASPECTS IN PLANNING
AND PRICING OF AIR TRAVEL. IMPORTANTLY, IATA HAS
DIVIDED THE WORLD IN ITS TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREAS
AND FURTHER SUB AREAS WITH SOME EXCEPTIONS TO THE
GENERAL POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY WHICH IS PARTICULARLY
APPLIED TO VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL AIR TARIFF
CONSTRUCTION RULES.

9. TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREAS
FOR THE PURPOSE OF
STANDARDIZATION AND FARE
CALCULATION, IATA HAS DIVIDED
THE WORLD INTO THREE AREAS
CALLED IATA TRAFFIC
CONFERENCE AREA.
• 1. TC1-TRAFFICCONFERENCEAREA 1
• 2.TC2-TRAFFICCONFERENCE AREA 2
• 3. TC3- TRAFFICCONFERENCE AREA 3

10. IATA TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREA 1
❑1. IATAAREAI (TC - I)
• ALL OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICAN CONTINENTS
AND ADJACENT ISLANDS.
• CENTRAL AMERICA
• GREENLAND
• BERMUDA
• THE WEST INDIES AND THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS
• THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS (INCLUDING MIDWAY AND
PALMYRA)
❑TC 1 SUB AREAS ARE
• NORTH AMERICA, CENTRAL, CARIBBEAN, SOUTH
AMERICA
• NORTH ATLANTIC SUB-AREA, MID ATLANTIC SUB-
AREA, SOUTH ATLANTIC SUB-AREA

11. IATA TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREA 2
❑2. IATA AREA 2 (TC - 2)
• ALL OF EUROPE INCLUDING PART OF THE
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
(CIS)AND ADJACENTISLANDS.
• ICELAND
• THE AZORES
• ALLOF AFRICAAND THE ADJACENTISLANDS
• ASCENSION ISLAND
• THAT PART OF ASIA LYING WEST OF AND
INCLUDINGIRAN.
❑TC-2SUB AREASARE
• EUROPE,
• MIDDLEEAST
• ALLAFRICA

12. IATA TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREA 3
❑3. IATA AREA 3 (TC - 3)
ALL OF ASIA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS (EXCEPT
THATPORTION INCLUDEDIN AREA2).
• THE EAST INDIES
• AUSTRALIAAND NEW ZEALAND
• THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN NOT
INCLUDEDIN TCI.
❑TC-3SUB AREASARE
• SOUTH EAST ASIA SUB-AREA (SEA), SOUTH
ASIAN SUBCONTINENTSUB-AREA(SASC),
• JAPAN, KOREA SUB-AREA,
• SOUTH WEST PACIFIC SUB-AREA

13. GLOBAL INDICATOR USED IN AIRLINES INDUSTRY
• 1. WH - WESTERN HEMISPHERE: ANY JOURNEY FROM ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER IN IATAAREA1 IS CALLED WESTERNHEMISPHERE.
• 2. EH - EASTERN HEMISPHERE: ANY JOURNEY WITHIN IATA AREA 2 OR
AREA 3 OR BETWEEN AREA 2 AND 3 IS CALLED EASTERN
HEMISPHERE.
• 3. PA - PACIFIC ROUTE: ANY JOURNEY BETWEEN IATA AREA 1 AND
AREA3 VIA PACIFICOCEAN IS CALLED PACIFICROUTE.
• 4. AT - ATLANTIC ROUTE: ANY JOURNEY BETWEEN IATA AREA 1 AND
AREA2 VIA ATLANTICOCEAN IS CALLED ATLANTICROUTE.
• 5. AP - ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC ROUTE: ANY JOURNEY BETWEEN IATA
AREA 2 AND AREA 3 VIA ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC OCEAN IS CALLED
ATLANTICAND PACIFICROUTE.
• 6. TS - TRANS SIBERIAN ROUTE: ANY JOURNEY FROM EUROPE TO FAR
EASTVIAMOSCOW IS CALLED TRANSSIBERIANROUTE.
• 7. PO - POLAR ROUTE: ANY JOURNEY FROM EUROPE TO FAR EAST VIA
ALASKAIS CALLED POLAR ROUTE.

14. JOURNEYCONCEPT
1. ONE WAY JOURNEY (OW): WHEN THE TRAVELER JUST GOES FROM ORIGIN TO DESTINATION.
EXAMPLE: DAC – CCU, DAC- KUL.
2. ROUND TRIP (RT): WHEN THE TRAVELER STARTS FROM ONE PLACE AND COME BACK TO THE
SAME PLACE USING THE SAME ROUTE IS CALLED AS ROUND TRIP JOURNEY.
EXAMPLE: DAC – DXB – JFK – DXB – DAC, DAC – LON– DAC.
3. CIRCLE TRIP (CT): WHEN THE TRAVELER STARTS FROM ONE PLACE TO GO MULTIPLE
DESTINATIONS AND COME BACK TO THE SAME PLACE USING THE DIFFERENT ROUTE IS CALLED AS
ROUND TRIP JOURNEY.
EXAMPLE : DAC – AUH – LON– DEL –DAC, DAC – SIN – KUL – BKK – DAC.
4. ROUND THE WORLD TRAVEL (RW): THE JOURNEY IN WHICH THE TRAVELER TRAVELS AROUND
THE WORLD AND CROSSES THE INTERNATIONAL TIME ZONE, VISITING MULTIPLE DESTINATIONS.
WE CAN CALL THIS TYPES OF JOURNEY CIRCLE TRIP ALSO.
EXAMPLE: DAC– HKG – SYD – YYZ – LON – DAC, DAC– IST – RIO – LAX – SIN – DAC.
5. OPEN JAW (OJ): WHEN TRAVELER GOES FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER PLACE BY AIR, FROM
THERE, GOES TO A THIRD PLACE BY OTHER MEANS OF TRAVEL AND THEN TAKES A FLIGHT BACK TO
WHERE HE STARTED.
EXAMPLE: DAC – BKK/KUL – DAC, DAC – DXB – LON/ FRA – DXB – DAC.

15. CLASSES OF SERVICE OF AIRLINES
GENERALLY, AIRLINES OFFER THREE MAIN CLASSES OF
SERVICE:
oECONOMY CLASS
oBUSINESS CLASS
oFIRST CLASS
SOME AIRLINES MAY DIFFERENTIATE WITHIN A CLASS, AND IN
ADDITION TO THE STANDARD SERVICE MAY OFFER A SUPERIOR
SERVICE WITHIN THE SAME CABIN. HOWEVER, NOT ALL
AIRLINES OFFER THREE CLASSES - SOME HAVE TWO AND
OTHERS MAY ONLY HAVE ONE, AND THE CLASSES OFFERED
MAY VARY ON DIFFERENT ROUTES WITH VARYING AIRCRAFT
TYPES.

16. ECONOMY CLASS
• THIS IS THE MAIN CLASS OF SERVICE OFFERED AND THE
SERVICE PROVIDED AT THE AIRPORT AND ON BOARD MAY
VARYFROM AIRLINETO AIRLINE.
• ECONOMY CLASS CABINS ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO TWO
CATEGORIES. “REGULAR ECONOMY” AND “PREMIUM
ECONOMY.”
• ECONOMY SERVICES RANGE FROM AIRLINE TO AIRLINE, BUT
ESSENTIALLY, YOU’RE FLYING ECONOMY (ALSO KNOWN AS
FLYINGCOACH)TO GET FROM POINT A TO POINT B.
• PREMIUM ECONOMY, IS SLIGHTLY BETTER ECONOMY CLASS
SEATING, BUT MUST LESS EXTRAVAGANT THAN BUSINESS
CLASS OR FIRST CLASS. THE NAME RANGES WITH EACH
AIRLINE, BUT THE BIGGEST DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REGULAR
AND PREMIUM IS THE SPACING OF THE SEATING AND THE
QUANTITYOF MENU ITEMS AVAILABLETO YOU.

17. BUSINESS CLASS
•BUSINESS CLASS (ALSO KNOWN AS
EXECUTIVE CLASS) FLIGHT TICKETS ARE
ALSO EXPENSIVE, BUT MUCH MORE
AFFORDABLETHAN FIRST CLASS.
•FOR MOST AIRLINES THIS CLASS IS A
SUPERIOR ECONOMY CLASS
• OFFERING SPEEDIER AIRPORT CHECK-IN
• AIRPORT LOUNGE FACILITIES
• MORE COMFORTABLEON-BOARDSEATING
•SUPERIOR MEAL SERVICE
•AND IN-FLIGHTENTERTAINMENT.

18. FIRST CLASS
• FIRST CLASS SERVICE IS TYPICALLY THE PRICIEST OF
THE CLASSES. PASSENGERS SEATING IN THE FIRST-
CLASS SECTION HAVE MORE COMFORTABLE SEATING
AND ARE OFTEN GIVEN EXTRAVAGANTSERVICES.
• THISIS THEPREMIER CLASSOFFERED BYAIRLINES
• THEY USUALLY PROVIDE INDIVIDUAL CHECK-IN
FACILITIES
• AIRPORT LOUNGEFACILITIES
• SUPERIOR SEATING
• SUPERIOR MEAL SERVICE
• AND INDIVIDUALIN-FLIGHTENTERTAINMENT.

19. IDENTIFYINGFARETYPES
THERE ARE DIFFERENT FARES TYPES APPLY IN DIFFERENT MARKETS, BUT THEY TYPICALLY
FALLINTOTHEFOLLOWINGCATEGORIES:
NORMALFARES
EXCURSIONFARES
APEXFARES
PEXANDSUPER-PEXFARES

22. Month Code
January JAN
February FEB
March MAR
April APR
May MAY
June JUN
July JUL
August AUG
September SEP
October OCT
November NOV
December DEC

23. Day Numeric Code Alpha Code
Monday 1 MON
Tuesday 2 TUE
Wednesday 3 WED
Thursday 4 THU
Friday 5 FRI
Saturday 6 SAT
Sunday 7 SUN

24. IATA – InternationalAir TransportAssociation.
UFTAA– UniversalFederation of Travel AgentsAssociation
ICAO– InternationalCivilAviationOrganization
CAAB– Civil AviationAuthority of Bangladesh.
BBR– Banker’sBuyingRate
BHC – BackhaulCheck
BSP – BillingandSettlement Plan
CCP– Currency of Country of Payment
CF – ConstructedFare
COC – Country of Commencement of InternationalTravel
CRS – Computer ReservationsSystem
CT– CircleTrip
CTM – CircleTrip Minimum
EMA – Extra MileageAllowance
EMS – Excess MileageSurcharge
EMU – Economic and Monetary Union
ET – Electronic Ticket
ETKT – Electronic Ticketing
ROE –Rateof Exchange
ISI – InternationalSale Indicator
LC F – LocalCurrency Fare
MPM – MaximumPermittedMileage
N/A – Not Applicable
NUC – Neutral Unit of Construction
PNR – Passenger NameRecord
SITI – Sold InsideandTicketedInside
SITO – Sold InsideandTicketedOutside
SOTI – Sold Outside andTicketedInside
SOTO – Sold Outside andTicketedOutside
GSA – Genera!Sales Agent
GDS-Global DistributionSystem
OAG — OfficialAirline Guide
PAT - PassengerAir Tariff
TIM — TravelInformationManual
GMT- GreenwichMean Time
FBP– FareBreakPoint
IATA Terminologies

25. • 1.TARIFF/ FARE: THE MONEY A PERSON PAYS TO TRAVEL ON AN AIRPLANE.
• 2.INFANT: 0 TO BELOW 2 YEARS PASSENGER. A PERSON WHO HAS NOT REACHED HIS/HER SECOND BIRTHDAY AS OF THE DATE OF
COMMENCEMENT OF TRAVEL. NORMALLY PAY 10 PERCENT OF NORMAL ADULT FARE. INDICATE IN THE FARE BASIS BOXIN THE TICKET.
• 3.CHILD: PASSENGER 2-TO BELOW 12 YEARS OLD. A PERSON WHO HAS ARRIVE HIS/HER SECOND BIRTHDAY BUT NOT HIS/HER 12TH
BIRTHDAY AS OF THE DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF TRAVEL PAY CHILD FARE. ALSO INDICATED BY CH IN THE FARE BASIS BOX IN THE TICKET.
• 4.ADULT: A PERSON WHO HAS REACHED HIS/HER 12TH BIRTHDAY AS OF THE DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF TRAVEL.
• 5. EXCURSION: ANY PERSON VISITING A COUNTRY OTHER THANWHERE HE LIVES AND REMAIN LESS THAN 24 HOURS AS PER IATA.
• 6. TOURIST: PERSON WHO STAYS AT LEAST 24 HOURS BUT NOT MORE THAN ONE YEAR IN THE COUNTRY VISITED AND THE PURPOSE OF
THOSE TRIP CAN BE BUSINESS, LEISURE, HOLIDAY, MEETING.
• 7.MAXIMUM PERMITTED MILEAGE(MPM); THE ELEMENT IN THE MILEAGE PRINCIPAL IN THE MPM WHICH IS THE MAXIMUM DISTANCE IN THE
MILES THAT THE PASSENGER IS ALLOWED TO TRAVEL BETWEEN THE ORIGIN AND DESTINATION OF A FARE COMPONENT. IN THE PAT FARE
PAGES YOU FIND MPM UNDER GI/ MPM AND ROUTING COLUMN.
• 8.TICKETED POINT MILEAGE(TPM); TPMS REPRESENTS THE SHORTEST OPERATED MILEAGES BETWEEN THE TICKETED POINTS OF JOURNEY.
THIS TPMS ARE PUBLISHEDIN THE GENERAL PAT RULES BOOK.
• 9.NUC; NEUTRAL UNIT OF CONSTRUCTION MEANS STANDARD UNITS OF CURRENCY USE FOR THE FARECONSTRUCTION.
• 10.ROE; IATA RATE OF EXCHANGE. THE ROE ESTABLISHED BY THE IATA CLEARING HOUSE FOR THE USE TO A) CONVERT THE LOCAL SELLING
FARE IN TO NUC VALUES AND B) CONVERT NUC VALUES WHEN USED IN FARE CONSTRUCTION /CALCULATION INTO THE LOCAL SELLING
FARE (IN THE CURRENCY OF COUNTRY OF COMMENCEMENT OF JOURNEY.)