Chapter 1 : Introduction to Travel and Tourism

Introduction
to Travel
and Tourism
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Speaker Profile
Md Shaifullar Rabbi
BBA & MBA, Major in THM, DU
Assistant Manger
Customer Support and Training Department
Sabre Travel Network Bangladesh Limited
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
MBA & BBA, Tourism & Hospitality Management, University of Dhaka.
Certified NTVQF Level -4/Assessor Part (Ticketing And Reservation)
Diploma Course in Travel Agency & Tour Operation Management
Certified NTVQF Level 2 Course entitled Ticketing & Reservation
Certified NTVQF Level 1 Course entitled Tour Guiding
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Concept
of
Travel and
Tourism
MEANING OF TRAVEL
The term travel originates from the Old French word ‘travail’ which meant heavy
labor. Travel refers to the movement of people or objects such as airplanes, boats,
trains, and other conveyances between various distant geographical locations.
Another "etymologically for the world tour as suggested by Theobald in 1994 is
that it is derived from the Latin, 'tornare' and the Greek, 'tornos', meaning 'a lathe
or circle and the movement around a central point or axis'. This meaning changed
in modern English to represent 'one's turn ‘and they suggest the action of
movement around a circle.
DEFINING TOURISM
Tourism in our minds is connected with vacation, holidays, pleasure, tours and
travels, attractions, historic or scenic places, and going or arriving somewhere.
Tourism is prevalent from the pre-industrial age and some common examples are
cruises on the Nile River, tours made by wealthy Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans,
and the grand tour. People travel for short-term to other places from their
normal place of residence and during these temporary visits consume goods and
services like transportation, accommodation, etc., and the entire process is known
as tourism.
According to the W.T.O, Tourism is the movement of people away from their
normal place of residence and work for a period of not less than 24 hours and not
more than 1 year. United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
definition is “Activities of persons traveling to, and staying in places outside their
usual environment; not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and
other purposes.” Md Shaifullar Rabbi

The
origins of
tourism
By the early 21st century, international tourism had become one of the world’s most
important economic activities, and its impact was becoming increasingly apparent from
the Arctic to Antarctica. The history of tourism is therefore of great interest and
importance. That history begins long before the coinage of the word tourist at the end of
the 18th century. In the Western tradition, organized travel with
supporting infrastructure, sightseeing, and an emphasis on essential destinations and
experiences can be found in ancient Greece and Rome, which can lay claim to the origins
of both “heritage tourism” (aimed at the celebration and appreciation of historic sites of
recognized cultural importance) and beach resorts. The Seven Wonders of the
World became tourist sites for Greeks and Romans.
Pilgrimage offers similar antecedents, bringing Eastern civilizations into play. Its religious
goals coexist with defined routes, commercial hospitality, and an admixture of curiosity,
adventure, and enjoyment among the motives of the participants. Pilgrimage to the
earliest Buddhist sites began more than 2,000 years ago, although it is hard to define
a transition from the makeshift privations of small groups of monks to recognizably
tourist practices. Pilgrimage to Mecca is of similar antiquity. The tourist status of
the hajj is problematic given the number of casualties that—even in the 21st century—
continued to be suffered on the journey through the desert. The thermal spa as a tourist
destination—regardless of the pilgrimage associations with the site as a holy well or
sacred spring—is not necessarily a European invention, despite deriving its English-
language label from Spa, an early resort in what is now Belgium. The oldest
Japanese onsen (hot springs) were catering to bathers from at least the 6th century.
Tourism has been a global phenomenon from its origins.
Modern tourism is an increasingly intensive, commercially organized, business-oriented
set of activities whose roots can be found in the industrial and postindustrial West. The
aristocratic grand tour of cultural sites in France, Germany, and especially Italy—
including those associated with Classical Roman tourism—had its roots in the 16th
century. Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Travelling for
pleasure: a
brief history of
tourism
 Tracing the development of tourism from the 17th century to the present-day. People have always had a need to
travel, be it to explore and discover new lands or for our own enjoyment.Tourism covers precisely the latter.
 We can trace the origin of the modern concept of tourism back to the 17th century, when young nobles from western
and northern European countries made what was called the Grand Tour: a trip around Europe (usually covering
France, Germany, Italy and Greece) with the main purpose of soaking up history, art and cultural heritage. It was
considered a perfect way to be educated.
 By the 18th century, this custom was widespread among wealthier classes and it spread to other parts of the world,
such as America. Similarly, religious pilgrimages that were already popular during the Middle Ages continued during this
period.
 The Industrial Revolution, which began in the second half of the 18th century, produced a major economic, social and
technological transformation that would spread to the rest of the world. As a result of these changes, there was an
exodus from rural regions to growing big cities, which needed labour for the new industry.
 Therefore, new social classes appeared. Developments in transport were also key. The improvements in freight and
passenger transport contributed to the birth of leisure, new forms of entertainment and travel. People travelled
mainly by train, taking advantage of the fact that railway networks connected the destinations in Europe and other
parts of the world.
 The 19th century saw the creation of the first travel agencies. One of the pioneers was Thomas Cook & Son, which
was the first to offer excursions and holidays for groups, which included transport, accommodation and food tickets,
thus making costs cheaper.This would be the origin of what we now know as package holidays.
 In the first half of the 20th century, the tourism industry continued to grow thanks to the mass production of buses
and cars. Coastal tourism began to gain importance and, after World War II, the Mediterranean coast quickly grew in
popularity. Also, improvements in air transport (charter flights) as well as progress in labour legislation and a growth in
social welfare led to a boom in tourism.
 The tourism sector suffered a recession during the 1970s, mainly due to the energy crisis, leading to lower costs and
prices. That's when mass tourism emerged. Travelling went from being something only for an exclusive group to
become a leisure activity within the reach of many.
 In the following decades, there was a progressive internationalization of hotel companies, travel agencies and airlines.
New products and new leisure activities were also offered, revolving around sports and health, among others.
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Technology and
the
democratization
of international
tourism
Transport innovation was an essential enabler of tourism’s spread and democratization
and its ultimate globalization. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the steamship and
the railway brought greater comfort and speed and cheaper travel, in part because fewer
overnight and intermediate stops were needed. Above all else, these innovations allowed
for reliable time-tabling, essential for those who were tied to the discipline of the calendar
if not the clock. The gaps in accessibility to these transport systems were steadily closing
in the later 19th century, while the empire of steam was becoming global. Railways
promoted domestic as well as international tourism, including short visits to the
coast, city, and countryside which might last less than a day but fell clearly into the
“tourism” category. Rail travel also made grand tour destinations more widely accessible,
reinforcing existing tourism flows while contributing to tensions and clashes between
classes and cultures among the tourists. By the late 19th century, steam navigation and
railways were opening tourist destinations from Lapland to New Zealand, and the latter
opened the first dedicated national tourist office in 1901.
After World War II, governments became interested in tourism as an invisible import and
as a tool of diplomacy, but prior to this time international travel agencies took the lead in
easing the complexities of tourist journeys. The most famous of these agencies
was Britain’s Thomas Cook and Son organization, whose operations spread
from Europe and the Middle East across the globe in the late 19th century. The role played
by other firms (including the British tour organizers Frame’s and Henry Gaze and Sons)
has been less visible to 21st-century observers, not least because these agencies did not
preserve their records, but they were equally important. Shipping lines also promoted
international tourism from the late 19th century onward. From the Norwegian fjords to
the Caribbean, the pleasure cruise was already becoming a distinctive tourist experience
before World War I, and transatlantic companies competed for middle-class tourism
during the 1920s and ’30s. Between the World Wars, affluent Americans journeyed by air
and sea to a variety of destinations in the Caribbean and LatinAmerica.
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Characteristics
of Tourism
 Tourism involves travel and stay, can also include day trips,
business trips, etc.
 There is a movement of tourists from the place of origin to the
destination.The tourism industry is tourist-oriented and built
entirely upon people.
 Tourism can be international when travel is from one country to
another
 Domestic tourism means the travel is within the country
 Tourism is a leisure activity
 Tourism also involves a journey and services like transport,
accommodation, catering, and viewing, etc.
 The journey and stay is generally at a site is outside the normal
working place or residence
 Tourism is for a short period
 Tourism may involve a variety of experiences. Every individual
tourist may have different perceptions about the same
products/services of the tourism industry.Tourism is always about
the experience that the customer makes. Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Characteristics
of Tourism
 The products and services of the tourism and travel industry are
perishable meaning they are consumed as soon as they are
produced and cannot be stored for the future.
 Tourism is also associated with the status symbol in modem society
 There may be indirect and direct recreational and health benefits of
tourism
 Tourism is now emerging as global phenomena
 There exists a variety of tourist types and modes of tourist
experiences
 The tourism industry involves tourists, tourist product, types of
destinations, attractions,and tour management
 Most of the tourism products are intangible as tourism is about the
time spent and the experience made
 Social, economic, and institutional factors affect travelers’ decisions
to travel to certain selected destinations that affect these decisions
 Supply-side of the tourism industry is limited and pre-fixed that is
surplus capacity based on demand cannot be instantly created like
train berths, hotel rooms, etc. Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Sectorsand
Companies
Within the Travel
and Tourism
Industry
1) Transportation
 Airline Industry
 WaterTransport
 Spacecraft
 Car Rental
 Coach Services
 Railway
2) Accommodation
 Hotels
 Shared Accommodation
 Hostels
 Camping
 Bed and Breakfast
 Cruises
 FarmhouseAccommodation and Agro-Tourism
 Timeshare Accommodation
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Sectorsand
Companies
Within the
Traveland
TourismIndustry
3) Food & Beverage
 Restaurants
 Catering
 Bars & Cafés
 Nightclubs
4) Entertainment
 Casino
 Tourist Information
 Shopping
 Tourist Guides &Tours
5) Connected Industries
 Financial Services
 TravelAgents
 Tour Operators
 OnlineTravelAgencies
 Tourism Organizations
 Educational
 Travel andTourism Marketing
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Growth of
Tourism as
an Industry
There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades. People
have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts
and hotels have developed to cater for them. As per the reports of the
World Tourism Organization, in 2010, there were 940 million
international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 6.6% as compared to the
year 2009. As per their reports, France and the United States are the
most visited countries in terms of the number of international travelers.
Economic growth in China triggered tourist inflow and in 2010, China
overtook Spain to become the third most visited country. The tourism
industry is already the largest of all sectors in terms of world
employment and is expected to grow 50 percent faster than in other
sectors. It is also an excellent career option and offers various avenues to
pursue a fulfilling career.
 The travel and tourism industry’s percentage of world gross domestic
product is 9.0 percent.
 The world travel and tourism industry support 266 million jobs (1 in
11 of world jobs).
 The world travel and tourism industry accounts for 6 percent of the
world’s exports.
 By 2020 there were over a billion international tourism trips and up to
7 billion domestic trips.
 Tourism is an activity of global importance and significance and a
major force in the economy of the world Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Travel
Agency and
Tour
Operator
TRAVEL AGENCY
A travel agency is a private retailer or public service that provides travel
and tourism-related services to the general public on behalf of
accommodation or travel suppliers to offer different kinds of travelling
packages for each destination. Travel agencies can provide outdoor
recreation activities, airlines, car rentals, cruise
lines, hotels, railways, travel insurance, package tours, insurance, guide
books, VIP airport lounge access, arranging logistics for luggage and
medical items delivery for travelers upon request, public transport
timetables, car rentals, and bureau de change services.
TOUR OPERATOR
A tour operator is a business that typically combines and
organizes accommodations, meals, sightseeing
and transportation components, in order to create a package tour. They
advertise and produce brochures to promote their products, holidays
and itineraries. Tour operators can sell directly to the public or sell
through travel agents or a combination of both. The most common
example of a tour operator's product would be a flight on a charter
airline, plus a transfer from the airport to a hotel and the services of a
local representative, all for one price. Each tour operator may specialize
in certain destinations.
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

History of
Travel Agency
and Tour
Operation
 In 1758, Cox & Kings became the first travel agency in
modern history.
 In 1840, the Abreu Agency was established in Porto by
Bernardo Abreu, becoming the world's first agency to open
its services to the public.
 In 1841, Thomas Cook, a Baptist preacher who believed that
alcohol was to blame for social problems, reached an
agreement with the Midland Railway to organize the
transportation of 500 members of his temperance
movement from the Leicester Campbell Street railway
station to a rally in Loughborough in exchange for a
commission. He formed Thomas Cook & Son, which later
became The Thomas Cook Group. It filed bankruptcy and
underwent liquidation in 2019.
 In 1871, Dean and Dawson was founded in the United
Kingdom and in the 1950s, it was acquired byThomas Cook.
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

History of
Travel Agency
and Tour
Operation
 In 1870, the Polytechnic Touring Association was founded in the United
Kingdom.
 In 1887, Walter T. Brownell established Brownell Travel, the first travel
agency in the United States, and led 10 travelers on a European tour
setting sail from NewYork on the SS Devonia.
 In 1895, Baldwins Travel was founded by Alfred K Baldwin, originally a
printer, bookbinder and publisher in Tunb ridge Wells. Baldwins begins
selling railway tickets and helping friends to travel to Europe and
beyond. News spreads and the former printers slowly build a strong
side-line in travel at the back of the Baldwins Stationery shop at 27
Grosvenor Road.
 Originally, travel agencies largely catered to middle and upper-class
customers but they became more commonplace with the
development of commercial aviation.
 In 1923, after being treated badly by a British travel agency, K. P.
Chen formed what became the China Travel Service, the first travel
agency in China.
 The industry suffered during World War II. However, the Post–World
War II economic expansion in mass-market package tours resulted in
the proliferation of travel agencies catering to the working class.
 In 1905, NipponTravel Agency became the first travel agency in Japan.
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

History of
Travel Agency
and Tour
Operation
 In 1929, In tourist was formed as the official state travel agency of
the Soviet Union, with the goal of convincing outsiders to visit the
country.
 During the Cold War, travel agents were used by people from
Western countries to travel behind the Iron Curtain.
 In 1951, the precursor to Hello world Travel became one of the
first travel agencies in Australia.
 In 1955, Henderson Travel Service became the first black-owned
travel company and the first to take large groups of black tourists
to Africa.
 In the early 1980s, American Airlines' Sabre unit created a direct-
to-consumer booking tool for flights, hotels and cars called Sabre.
 In 1989, with the liberalization of travel for South Koreans, Mode
Tour became the first travel agency in the country.
 In 1991, Hotel Reservations Network, the precursor of Hotels.com,
was founded. At first, hotels did not pay much in commissions.With
the advent of the internet, travel agencies migrated online and
underwent disintermediation by the reduction in costs caused by
removing layers from the package holiday distribution network.
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Historyof Travel
Agencyand
Tour Operation
 In 1994,Travelweb.com launched as the first online directory of hotels.
 In 1995, Internet Travel Network sold the first airline ticket via the World Wide
Web.
 In October 1996, Expedia.com, funded with hundreds of millions of dollars
by Microsoft launched as the first large online travel agency.
 At the same time, Cheap flights started as a listing service for flight deals from
consolidators.
 In 1998,Lastminute.com was founded in the United Kingdom.
 In 1999, European airlines began eliminating or reducing
commissions, while Singapore Airlines did so in parts of Asia. In 2002, several
airlines in the United States did the same, which led to an unsuccessful lawsuit
alleging collusion among the airlines, that was decided on appeal in 2009.
 In 2007, the launch of the iPhone and related mobile apps increased travel
bookings made online.
 In 2008, the launch of Airbnb created an online marketplace for spare bedrooms
and apartments.
 In 2011, the launch of Hotel Tonight highlighted instantaneous same-day hotel
room booking.
 In 2021, travel agency Baldwins Travel Group, which was founded in 1895 was
bought by business group. Md Shaifullar Rabbi

History of
Tour
Guiding
The first tour operator went into business in England in 1758, and is still
in business today. In Europe, pleasure travel started in earnest during the
1840s, when Thomas Cook began conducting tours to Paris and later
around Europe. By the 1850s, railroad tours were already in operation.
Modern tour operators – companies that organize group tours and
independent travel packages — date back to the mid-nineteenth century,
and most likely have their roots as ticket agents for steamship lines and
railroads. In addition to selling passage, the agents were eventually called
upon to develop itineraries and secure accommodations for their
wealthy clients. Out of this grew the organized business of selling planned
tours to groups of travelers.
Through the 1930s tour wholesaling continued to grow, but that
happened slowly, since comfortable and affordable means of passenger
transportation were not widespread, and travel was costly. The post-
World War II period, beginning with the late 1940s and early 1950s,
marked a dramatic turning point for the tour operator industry. The
introduction of modern long-range commercial aircraft and the
development of the interstate highway system both opened long
distance travel to millions of middle class travelers. Add to that the
growth of low cost airlines, increased access to airports, and the ability to
travel more cheaply, and the travel bug sent millions of people all over
the planet. Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Differences
between Tour
Operator and
Travel Agency
BasicTerms Tour Operator Travel Agent
Definition
It is the person or company
responsible for planning the trip.
It is a broker or intermediary selling
the tour packages.
Role
Taking care of the client according to
the package description
Sell holiday packages purchased from
different tour operators.
Countries Dealing
Specializes in one or a few countries
destinations
Deal with many countries’
destinations.
Amount of Profit
Earn huge profits since they set the
price tag.
Earn a commission based on the
number of bookings.
Dependence Independent Depend on principle operators
Requirements Business management skills Simple training programs
Significance
Offer advice about the legalities on the
ground
Offer to advise concerning the travel
documents like visa and passport
Job Description
Their job ends when the traveler
returns home.
Their job ends when the traveler
starts the vacation
Other Responsibilities
Look after hotel, accommodation,
meals, and conveyance.
Only sell and administrate the tour
packages
Act as Wholesalers in the travel industry Retailers in the travel industry
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Main
Difference
between Tour
Operator and
Travel Agent
 Tour operators create holiday packages, sell, advertise
and plan. Travel agents sell and administrate tour
packages.
 Tour operators deal with finer details such as
accommodation, tickets, and meals. Travel agents help
tourists to choose a suitable package.
 Tour operators offer advice on legalities on the
ground while travel agents offer advice on travel
documents such as passports or visas
 Tour operators’ job ends when the client returns
home after vacation while travel agents job ends when
the client makes a booking for vacation.
 Tour operators earn huge profits since they set trip
fees while travel agents earn commission from the
bookings made by the client. Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Similarities
between Tour
Operator and
Travel Agent
 Both belong in the travel industry
 Both help tourists fulfill their holiday experiences
 Both have information about various destinations.
 Both promote tourism in various destinations.
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

References
 https://www.studocu.com/in/document/university-of-kerala/mba-
travel-and-tourism/meaning-and-definition-of-travel-and-
tourism/31039730
 https://www.europeana.eu/en/blog/travelling-for-pleasure-a-brief-
history-of-tourism
 https://www.technofunc.com/index.php/domain-knowledge/travel-
and-tourism-domain/item/what-is-travel
tourism#:~:text=People%20travel%20for%20short%2Dterm,provi
ding%20enjoyment%20and%20pleasurable%20experiences.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_operator
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_agency#:~:text=In%201758%2
C%20Cox%20%26%20Kings%20became,its%20services%20to%20t
he%20public.
 https://coredifferences.com/difference-between-tour-operator-
and-travel-agent/
 https://www.cruisejobfinder.com/members/tour-guide/history/
Md Shaifullar Rabbi

Chapter 1 : Introduction to Travel and Tourism

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Chapter 1 : Introduction to Travel and Tourism