Chapter 3 Types of Journey and Journey Concepts (Computerized Reservation System) Md.Shaifullar Rabbi, Tourism Educator & Consultant

1. CHAPTER 3
TYPES OF JOURNEY

2. PRESENTED BY:
MD. SHAIFULLAR RABBI
Professional Experiences
Coordinator & Lecturer- Dept. of Tourism
& Hospitality Management, Daffodil
Institute of IT(Affiliated National University)
Assessor -Bangladesh Technical Education
Board (Ticketing and Reservation)
Guest Trainer - Sheikh Hasina National
Institute ofYouth Development
Guest Trainer - ATAB Tourism Training
Institute
Guest Trainer- HB Aviation Training
Center
Guest Trainer - Bangladesh Hotel
ManagementTourismTraining Institute
Former Manager sales - Mamun Air
Service (IATATravel Agency)
Founder –Travel Memoria
Educational Qualifications
MBA & BBA-Major in Tourism &
Hospitality Management,
University of Dhaka.
Certified NTVQF Level -
4/Assessor Part (Ticketing And
Reservation)
Completed Diploma Course in
Travel Agency & Tour Operation
Management
Certified NTVQF Level 2 Course
entitledTicketing & Reservation
Certified NTVQF Level 1 Course
entitledTour Guiding

3. JOURNEY CONCEPT
This section defines the meaning of basic terms
that describe the anatomy of a journey. It also
explains how to identify the different trip types
such as:
One way journey (OW)
RoundTrip (RT)
CircleTrip (CT)
Round the WorldTravel (RW)
Open Jaw (OJ)

4. TYPES OF JOURNEY
One way journey (OW): When the traveler just goes from Origin
to Destination.
Example: DAC – CCU, DAC- KUL.
Round Trip (RT): When the traveler starts from one place and
come back to the same place using the same route is called as
round trip journey.
Example: DAC – DXB – JFK – DXB – DAC, DAC – LON – DAC.
Circle Trip (CT): When the traveler starts from one place to go
multiple destinations and come back to the same place using the
different route is called as round trip journey.
Example : DAC – AUH – LON – DEL –DAC, DAC – SIN – KUL –
BKK – DAC.

5. TYPES OF JOURNEY
Round the World Travel (RW): The journey in which the
traveler travels around the world and crosses the
international time zone, visiting multiple destinations.
We can call this types of journey CircleTrip also.
Example: DAC – HKG – SYD – YYZ – LON – DAC, DAC
– IST – RIO – LAX – SIN – DAC.
Open Jaw (OJ): When traveler goes from one place to
another place by air, from there, goes to a third place by
other means of travel and then takes a flight back to
where he started.
Example: DAC – BKK / KUL – DAC, DAC – DXB – LON
/ FRA – DXB – DAC.

6. ROUTINGTYPES
Fares are established not only by class of service or fare
type but also by routing type. For example, an economy
(Y) fare from LAX to HKG via the Atlantic would be
higher than the fare paid if the passenger traveled via
the Pacific. Consequently, it is important to first find out
what type of routing the passenger is taking in order to
quote the correct fare. The basic routings are generally
within the same IATA areas. For instance,
TC1 represents not just Area 1 but when used in
reference to routing types it means Travel within Area I
or the Western Hemisphere. Global Indicator: WH - for
Western Hemisphere travel. Example: RIO-MIA

7. ROUTINGTYPES
TC2 represents not just Area 2 but again when used to refer to routing
direction it means Travel within Area 2 or the Eastern Hemisphere.
Global Indicator:ER for Eastern Hemisphere travel. Example: GVA-JNB
TC3 represents Area 3 and also refers to Travel within Area 3 which is
part of Eastern Hemisphere travel. Global Indicator: EH for Eastern
Hemisphere routing Example: SIN-KTM
The long haul routings are between two areas. Such routings may
involve traveling via another area or ocean crossings, TC12 Travel
between Area 1 and Area 2 Global Indicator: AT via the Atlantic
Example: LON-NYC-RIOTC3]
Travel between Area 3 and Area 1 via the Pacific Global Indicator: PA
via the North l Central Pacific Example: SIN-YVR PN Pacific via North
America Example: SYD - LAX - RIO SP via the South Polar route
between the South Atlantic areas, Bolivia, Peru and the South West
Pacific over Auckland and Buenos Aires.

9. AIRLINESTERMINOLOGY
 AccompaniedTravel:When travel with more than one passenger is necessary.
 Infant: 0 to 2 years passengers. A person who has not reached his/her second
birthday as of the date of commencement of travel. Normally pay 10% of
normal adult fare. Indicated by IN.
 Child: Passenger 2 to 12 years old. A person who has reached his/her second
birthday not his/her 12th birthday and of the date of commencement of travel,
pays children fare. Also indicated by CH in the fare basis box on the ticket
after the fare followed by a slash.
 Global Distribution System: A Computer Reservations System (CRS) used to
store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel.
Major CRS operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are
known as Global Distribution Systems (GDS), including those shown here.
 Un-Accompanied Minor: Children not accompanied by an adult require special
documentation and special escort fees may apply. The permitted age of travel
is airline dependent and specifics should be checked with the airline.

10. North Atlantic sub-area covers Canada, Greenland (GL), Mexico, and the USA which
includes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands.
Mid Atlantic sub-area includes all of the Caribbean Area sub-area, Central America, South
America plus Panama Canal zone except Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.
South Atlantic sub-area includes only Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay
(ABCPU).
ECAA - European Common Aviation Area
EMU-Economic & Monetary Union
Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway & Sweden
Middle East: Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Syrian,Yemen.
SEA- South East Asia Sub-area
SASC-South Asian Subcontinent Sub-area
Japan, Korea Sub-area: Japan, Korea, Democratic Republic of (ICP) Korea, Republic of
(KR)
South West Pacific Sub-area: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French
Polynesia, Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia including Loyalty Islands, New Zealand

13. IATA – International AirTransport Association.
UFTAA – Universal Federation ofTravel Agents Association
ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization
CAAB – Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh.
ATAB – Association OfTravel Agents Of Bangladesh.
TOAB –Tour Operators Association Of Bangladesh
BBR – Banker’s Buying Rate
BHC – Backhaul Check
BSP – Billing and Settlement Plan
CCP – Currency of Country of Payment
CF – Constructed Fare
COC – Country of Commencement of InternationalTravel
CRS – Computer Reservations System
CT – Circle Trip
CTM – CircleTrip Minimum
EMA – Extra Mileage Allowance
EMS – Excess Mileage Surcharge
EMU – Economic and Monetary Union
ET – Electronic Ticket
ROE –Rate of Exchange
ISI – International Sale Indicator
LC F – Local Currency Fare
MPM – Maximum Permitted Mileage
N/A – Not Applicable
NUC – Neutral Unit of Construction
PNR – Passenger Name Record
SITI – Sold Inside andTicketed Inside
SITO – Sold Inside andTicketed Outside
SOTI – Sold Outside andTicketed Inside
SOTO – Sold Outside andTicketed
Outside
GSA – General Sales Agent
GDS-Global Distribution System
OAG — Official Airline Guide
PAT - Passenger AirTariff
TIM —Travel Information Manual
GMT- Greenwich MeanTime
ETKT – Electronic Ticketing
FBP – Fare Break Point

14. NOTICE OF BAGGAGE LIABILITY LIMITATIONS
Liability for loss, delay, or damage to baggage
is limited unless a higher value is declared in
advance and additional charges are paid. For
most international travel (including domestic
portions of international journeys) the liability
limit is approximately US$ 9.07 per pound
US$20.00per kilo) for checked baggage U.S.
$400.00per passenger for unchecked baggage
(including domestic portions of international
journeys). Some carriers assume no liability for
fragile, valuable or perishable articles.

15. PASSENGERS WITH REDUCED MOBILITY
Disabled people and people with reduced mobility need to know
before they start out that the facilities, services and infrastructure
on a journey are accessible. The lack of an accessible taxi or the
absence of any means to call for assistance on arrival at an airport can
prevent a disabled person or person with reduced mobility from using
air services. In addition to an accessible physical environment, a
successful journey depends on the quality of service provided, in
particular, by customer-facing staff along the various points of the
journey. For this reason, training is essential to ensure staff is well
briefed on their legal responsibilities and how to meet the needs of
disabled or reduced mobility passengers .
A "disabled person" or a "Person with Reduced Mobility" (PRM) is
someone whose mobility when using a means of transport is reduced on
account of a physical (sensory or locomotor, permanent or temporary),
intellectual disability or impairment, or any other cause of disability, or
age, and whose situation requires appropriate attention and the
adaptation to his or her particular needs of the service made available
to all passengers [Article 2 of Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2006] .

16. FARE CALCULATION
ONE -WAY JOURNEY: A one way journey is
considered to be any journey which is for
fare calculation purpose, is not a complete
round or circle trip journey entirely by air.
When a journey starts from a point(origin)
and end in a point other than the starting
point in different country. It may be point to
point journey or via one or more points.
Example: One Way journey: DAC( origin)
…….. DXB (destination) OR DAC/ BOM/

17. ONE-WAY BACKHAUL (BHC)/OWM
When we have established A routing which is a
one way journey and it is a indirect routing, and
there is a higher fare applicable from the Origin
to an Intermediate Stopover Point, then the
minimum check must be made, Which has to be
as BACKHAUL CHECK or BHC.
Formula:
o Only use basic fares with no surcharge
o Only consider higher rated intermediate
stopover point and not transit Point(s)
i.e."Origin to HIPs" less "Origin to Destination".

18. Example: Routing A-B-C-D Direct fare in
sequence
AC = 400 HI (Higher Intermediate)
AB = 250
AD = 300 LO (Origin to Destination)
oSince the C is a higher intermediate stopover point
from the origin A, than the backhaul formula is applied.
o HI NUCAC 400 (Origin to HIP (Stopover))
oLO NUCAD 300 (Origin to Destination)
oBHD 100 (Backhaul Difference)
o + HI NUC 400
o OWM 500 (One way minimum fare in NUC)

19. RETURN / CIRCLETRIP JOURNEY
RETURN TRIP: Return trip journey involve travel
from one point to another and return by any air
route for which the same normal all year through
fare of the same class applies from the point of
Origin except (RTW, RoundThe World fare).
o If there is a published Return (RT) fare which is
not exactly double of 0.W fare, must always use
one half (1/2) of such specified RT fare for each
component. If no RT fare available, use the
published One-way (OW) fare.
o For the outbound, fare component; use the fare
level following actual direction of, travel. For the
inbound fare component, use the fare level from
the country of Origin.

20. CIRCLETRIP
Travel from and to the same point by a continuous,
circuitous air route, which may have TWO or MORE fare
components, which do not meet the round trip definition.
oFare levels : For the outbound fare component (and any
intermediate fare component) the fare level following
the actual direction of travel. For the inbound fare
component that returns to the country of origin use the
fare level from the country of origin. The fare
calculation must begin at the point of origin. Establish
the area of turnaround and select the fare break point.
Calculate each fare component on half RT basis in
accordance with normal rules.
oImportant: For the last fare component into the country
of origin, the fare applicable to such fare component
from the country of origin must be used.

21. CTM (CIRCLETRIP MINIMUM) CHECK
The fare for a circle trip must not be less than the highest direct
round trip fare from the point of origin to any stopover points on
the journey. The round trip published fares to be used as per the
direction from the country of origin.
oTo ensure that a circle trip fare construction does not undercut
the minimum permissible fare, the following procedure must be
taken.
1. Calculate each fare component on half return basis, increase
to the level of any higher intermediate ticketed point if
applicable.
2. Add the fares for the entire journey, (excluding ANY SIDE
TRIP fare).
3. Obtain the Circle Trip Minimum fare by determining the
highest round trip fare from the point of origin. All stopover
points on circle trip must be checked, (excluding side trip).
4. Compare the Circle Trip Minimum fare and the constructed
fare. The fare to be charged must be the higher of two
calculations above (between .2 and .3).

22. MIXED CLASS FARE
When a journey involves travel partly in one class (Y or J)
and partly in a higher class of service (J or F).
Construction method
oCalculate the fare in Economy class or Business class for
the entire journey between Origin and Destination.
oCalculate the differential for the sector(s) traveled in
higher class, i.e. The difference between the First and
Economy or Business class Or The difference between
the Business and Economy class
oAdd the differential(s) to the through Economy or
Business class fare.

23. ROUNDTHE WORLD (RTW)
Round The World fares: This is same as circle Trip fares, but RTW
journey is a continuous eastbound or westbound travel
commencing from and returning to the same point via both the
Atlantic (AT) and Pacific (P A) route.
oConstruction method *Round The World fare is constructed by
using the lowest combination of two or more half round trip fares
in order to produce the lowest total fare. Fare constructed from
the point of origin and return to the same point.
*Only normal fares may be used to construct a R TW fare, unless
otherwise indicated
*Certain standard construction points, regardless of the actual
itinerary will normally produce the lowest total around the world
fare.

24. ROUNDTHE WORLD MINIMUM CHECK
oThe total fare must not be less than the
lower of two round trip fares applicable to
the class of service used from the point of
Origin to any point en route in opposite
global direction.
oIt is not necessary whether or not these
Round The World fares are published in
both global directions, if there is no
published fare, we have to determine to use
of the lowest combination of sector fare.

25. FARE
For many travelers, the main factor influencing the decision of
which flights to book will be the fare charged for the journey. This
is particularly so for leisure travelers who are paying for the
ticket themselves, but also increasingly important for business
travelers as many companies are trying to reduce travel costs.
When checking availability, each booking code represents a
different cabin class or fare type. On all flights a variety of fares
are offered. Highest fares which are flexible are normal fares.
Those which are lower and less flexible are special fares.
Within each of these categories, there are different types of
fares. The general features of the most frequently seen fare types
are listed below. These are general guidelines, and restrictions of
each fare may vary, depending on the route flown. The rules of
each fare should be checked and passengers advised of any
restrictions.

26. IDENTIFYING CLASSES OF SERVICE
Generally,airlines offer three main classes of service:
oEconomy class
oBusiness class
oFirst class
Some airlines may differentiate within a class, and in
addition to the standard service may offer a superior
service within the same cabin. However, not all airlines
offer three classes - some have two and others may only
have one, and the classes offered may vary on different
routes with varying aircraft types.

27. CLASSES OF SERVICE
Economy Class
This is the main class of service offered and the service
provided at the airport and on board may vary from
airline to airline.
Business Class
For most airlines this class is a superior economy class,
offering speedier airport check-in, airport lounge
facilities, more comfortable on-board seating, superior
meal service and in-flight entertainment.
First Class
This is the premier class offered by airlines, and they
usually provide individual check-in facilities, airport
lounge facilities, superior seating and meal service and
individual in-flight entertainment.

28. IDENTIFYING FARETYPES
Generally there are two categories of air fares, normal
fares and special fares. Normal fares are available for
all classes of service and are flexible and therefore more
expensive. Generally normal fares are valid for one year.
Special fares have many restrictions attached to them,
such as minimum stay restrictions or advanced purchase
requirements. In general they are less expensive.
There are different fares types apply in different
markets, but they typically fall into the following
categories:
oNormal fares
oExcursion fares
oAPEX fares
oPEX and Super-PEX fares

29. NORMAL FARES
oFull fares for a First/Business/Economy Class service
fares published as normal fares. Children and infant
fares which are established as a percentage of a normal
fare are also considered to be normal fares.
oNormal fares are flexible, and there are no routing,
stopover, advance purchase or refund restrictions. They
may be re-routed without restriction and purchased on
a one way or round trip basis. Generally normal fares
are valid for one year.
oThe class of service normally appears on its own as the
fare basis, e.g. Y, C, F and YOW or YRT to identify one
way or round trip fares.

30. EXCURSION FARES
oReservations for excursion fares may
normally be changed, subject to minimum
and maximum stay requirements. They may
normally be purchased at any time, and
sold on a return basis. Routing and stopover
requirements are generally flexible, and
there are usually no refund restrictions.
oThe fare basis followed by the maximum
stay in terms of days or months

31. APEX FARES
oReservations for Advance Purchase
Excursion (APEX) fares usually may not be
changed without a penalty, and there is
often some type of refund restriction.
Usually no stopovers are allowed and direct
flights are used. They are normally sold on a
return basis, and have a minimum and
maximum stay requirement.
oThe codes AP, AN or AB are normally
included in the fare basis.

32. PEX AND SUPER-PEX FARES
oThese are Public Excursion fares and
have the same restrictions as APEX
fares but may be purchased at any
time. Usually no stopovers are allowed
and direct flights are used. There are
minimum and maximum stay
requirements, and they are normally
sold on a return basis.
oThe codes PX or SX are included in
the fare basis