The document discusses the evolution of transportation and travel across multiple eras, from the pre-industrial period to modern tourism, detailing changes in services, technology, and travel behavior. It also covers the airline industry, including airline deregulation, freedoms of the air, and a summary of major airlines in the Philippines and worldwide. Additionally, it highlights the railway and cruise industries, focusing on notable train systems, cruise lines, and the specifications of various ships.

1. TRANSPORTATION
SECTOR

2. Transportation and Travel Evolution
Pre-Industrial Travel System Era
• This was the period before the
widespread industrialization in
Europe and North America.
• There were almost no regularly-scheduled
transportation services.
• There was little travel.
• Only few people had the money
and the reason to travel.

3. Transportation and Travel Evolution
Early-Industrial Travel System Era
• Road improvements such as railways,
cannals, and steamship services were
brought about due to rapid
industrialization and advances in
transportation technology.
• Common carriers came into existence
and began to offer regularly-scheduled
transportation services.
• Travel increased because more people
who had money to travel.

4. Transportation and Travel Evolution
Mature-Railway System Era
• This era was characterized by railway
by which expanded their operations by
running hotels and providing other
travel-related services.
• Travel agencies and tour companies
were formed.
• Thomas Cook, an innovator in this field
during this era, began his company’s
activities in the UK in 1840.
• More people traveled.

5. Transportation and Travel Evolution
Express-Travel System Era
• Express services increased.
• Trains and other forms of transportation
did not stop at every station or terminal
but only at the major ones.
• This increased the speed of travel and
encouraged more travel than before.

6. Transportation and Travel Evolution
Automobile-Based Travel System Era
• Car ownership boomed in North
America.
• Motorways, interstate highways, and
other trunk highways were developed
in the later half of this era which was
from 1920-1974.
• The automobile was predominant over
other travel modes from 1920-1945.

7. Transportation and Travel Evolution
Modern-Tourism Travel System Era
• The period from 1945-1974 is known as
the modern tourism system era.
• Car ownership continued to grow at a
fast rate, mainly at the expense of
long-distance rail travel.
• The introduction of wide-bodied jets in
1970 greatly increased air travel.
• The “mass tourism” philosophy and
marketing approaches were prevalent
during the 1950’s and 1960’s.

8. Transportation and Travel Evolution
Post-Mobility Adjustment Era
• This era began in 1973-1974 as a result
of the oil embargo generated by OPEC
and the resulting increase in fuel prices.
• The events of the energy crisis basically
changed the travel patterns
throughout the world.
• The present era is one in which travelers
continue to look to alternative, group-oriented
modes of transportation.

9. Historical Development of Transport Systems

10. the
airline
industry

11. December 17, 1903 – at Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina, Orville and Wilbur Wright launched the
aviation age when Orville made the first
controlled, sustained flight in a motorized, heavier-than-
air craft.

12. definition
• Airline Industry is a system of transportation
• Part of Aviation Industry
• Moving people and goods
• Utilizing the airways
• One of the only true global business

13. type of airlines
• Scheduled (fixed routes and timings)
• Non-scheduled
• Passenger
• Cargo
• Passenger and Cargo
• Intercontinental
• International
• Domestic

14. Freedoms of the Air
• Freedoms of the air or traffic rights are
aviation agreements between two
countries which grant a country’s
airline(s) approval to enter and land in
another country’s airspace.
• Formulated as a result of
disagreements over the extent of
aviation liberalization in
the Convention on International Civil
Aviation of 1944, known as the
Chicago Convention.

15. Freedoms of the Air
FIRST FREEDOM:
The right of an airline to overfly one country to get to
another

16. Freedoms of the Air
SECOND FREEDOM:
The right of an airline to land in another country for a
technical stopover (fuel, maintenance, etc.) but does not
pick up or drop off traffic.

17. Freedoms of the Air
THIRD FREEDOM:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to drop off
traffic from country X to country Y

18. Freedoms of the Air
FOURTH FREEDOM:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry
traffic back to country X from country Y.

19. Freedoms of the Air
FIFTH FREEDOM:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to collect
traffic in country Y and fly on to country Z, so long as the
flight either originates or terminates in country X.

20. Freedoms of the Air
SIXTH FREEDOM:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to collect
traffic to a gateway—a point in country X—and then
abroad. The traffic has neither origin nor ultimate
destination in country X.

21. Freedoms of the Air
SEVENTH FREEDOM:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to operate
entirely outside of country X in carrying traffic between
two other countries.

22. Freedoms of the Air
EIGHTH FREEDOM:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry
traffic between any two points in the same foreign
country; also known as cabotage.

23. Freedoms of the Air
NINTH FREEDOM:
The right of an airline, registered in country X to carry
cabotage traffic of country Y on a service performed
entirely within the territory of country Y. That is a foreign
carrier operates domestic services.

24. Airline Deregulation
• is the process of removing government-imposed entry
and price restrictions on airlines affecting, in particular,
the carriers permitted to serve specific routes.
• In 1978, the U.S. congress passed the Airline
Deregulation Act of 1978 which provided for the
gradual phasing-out of the Civil Aeronautics Board
(CAB) and removed many of the regulations governing
air carrier routes and fares.
• A new form of regulation has been developed to some
extent to deal with problems such as the allocation of
the limited number of slots available at airports.

25. Airlines of the Philippines
• AIRASIA ZEST – Z2
• CEBU PACIFIC – 5J
• PAL EXPRESS – 2P
• PHILIPPINE AIRLINES – PR
• PHILIPPINES AIRASIA – PQ
• TIGERAIR PHILIPPINES – DG
• SKY PASADA – SP
• SKY JET – 5M
• ITI AIR – D5

26. International Carriers
• CATHAY PACIFIC
• CHINA AIRLINES
• DELTA AIR
• DRAGON AIR
• EMIRATES AIRLINES
• ETIHAD
• JEJU AIR

27. International Carriers
• QATAR AIRWAYS
• ROYAL BRUNEI
• SINGAPORE AIRLINES
• THAI AIRWAYS
• UNITED AIRLINES

28. New Planes
• Airbus A380
is the largest
commercial airliner
ever designed. It has
twin decks and seats
555 passengers in the
typical three-class
configuration of
service.

29. New Planes
• Boeing 787 Dreamliner
is a long-range, mid-size
wide-body, twin-engine
jet airliner. Its
variants seat 210 to 335
passengers. It is Boeing's
most fuel-efficient airliner
and the world's first major
airliner to use composite
materials as the primary
material in the construction
of its airframe.

30. the
railway
industry

31. RAILWAYS
• Considered one of the earliest
modes of transportation.
• Serves as one of the major
transport services in many
countries.
– Includes: India, Japan, China
and South Korea.
– Widespread in European
countries

32. RAILWAYS
• To date, this mode of
transportation still attracts
travelers as they continue
to offer :
– Comfort
– Reasonable fares and;
– Less travel time

33. The Eurail
• The Eurail also known as the Eurorail
• One of the most extensive railway
systems in the world.
• Its major product, offers rail passes for
train travel all across Europe

34. The Eurail Passes
Types
• Global Pass:
– The Eurail Global Pass lets you visit 23
countries throughout Europe, and see
them in any order you like.
• Select Pass:
– Gives you flexibility to plan your trip, and
also comes with the most options.
– Can choose from 3, 4 or 5 bordering
countries and 5 up to 15 travel days.

35. The Eurail Passes
• Regional Pass:
– Combine two bordering countries.
– Offer the ability to concentrate your
European adventure within a specific
region.
• One Country Pass:
– The Eurail One Country Pass is for if you
want to spend your time exploring one
country or area.
– Valid for one month, and the number of
travel days available varies per country.

36. The Eurail Passes
• Unfortunately this service is not
available for everyone.
– Not available for residents of Europe, the
UK, Morocco, Turkey, or any of the
countries of the former Soviet Union.
– If you are a citizen of any of these
countries, but are a resident of the United
States, Caribbean, Mexico, Central
America or Canada, Eurorail are able to
sell the rail pass or tickets to you.
– Passes are based on residency not
citizenship, and the country of your
residence will be printed on the rail pass as
well as the names on the pass and on the
passport have to match.

37. Undersea Railway Tunnels
• Links two countries or areas that are
separated by bodies of water through an
undersea tunnel.

38. Undersea Railway Tunnels
• The Channel Tunnel
–Aka Chunnel; Euro tunnel
–Connects France and Britain
– Stretches around 49.89 kms
– The Longest Tunnel
underneath the sea.
–Consists of three tunnels. The
first 2 tubes serve rail traffic.
The third is an emergency
escape route.

39. Undersea Railway Tunnels
• The Seikan Tunnel
– Located in Japan
– The longest seabed
tunnel in the world.
– Passes by the Tsugaru
strait to the Honshu and
Hokkaido islands

40. Amtrak
• Amtrak is the marketing name for the
National Railroad Passenger Corporation
• Provides rail passenger transportation in the
major intercity markets of United States.

41. Amtrak
• Amtrak launched its Acela Express service
between Boston and Washington, D.C., in
December 2000 to serve the Northeast
Corridor.
• Passengers can enjoy high-speed rail
travelling at 150 miles per hour in modern
comfort.

42. High-Speed Rail
Shanghai Maglev Train
The Shanghai Maglev Train or Shanghai
Transrapid with an operational speed of
430km/hr and average speed of 251 km/hr is
a magnetic levitation train launched in
China in 2003.

43. High-Speed Rail
Shinkansen (Bullet Train)
Many would credit Japan with being the
inventor of the concept because in 1964, the
country launched the famous Shinkansen
with speed of 210 km/h.

44. High-Speed Rail
TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse)
A French high-speed train, TGV holds the
world record hitting a top speed of
574.8km/hr. However, its operational speed is
300-320 kmph.

45. the
motorcoach
industry

46. Motorcoach
• is a type of bus used for conveying passengers
on excursions and on longer distance intercity
bus service between cities—or even between
countries.

47. Motorcoach
• Unlike transit buses designed for shorter
journeys, coaches often have a luggage
hold that is separate from the passenger
cabin and are normally equipped with
facilities required for longer trips, including
comfortable seats and sometimes a toilet

48. Executive Motorcoach
• Executive motor coaches offer a higher level of
comfort and luxury and are great for special
business and social occasions
• It is a mobile office, and a boardroom on wheels.
• An Executive bus may have a conference room,
galley, shower, and luxurious seating.

49. Executive Motorcoach
• An executive motor
coach is ideal for groups
of 5 to 20 traveling 300
to 400 miles.
• It is also a good option
for local outings, such
as corporate
meetings or transporting
wedding parties, when
you want a more
intimate setting for your
group.

50. Advantages of Motorcoach Travel
1. No driving
2. Hassle-free planning
3. Expertise of a Tour Guide
4. Socialize
5. Safety
6. It’s great for the
environment

51. the
automobile

52. The Automobile
• Most of the travel in the
world takes place in the
automobile.
• The real inventor of the
automobile was Car Benz,
of Mannheim, Germany.
• Brought decline of the
train’s popularity in most
developed countries.
• Auto travel is the most
inexpensive and
convenient form of travel.

53. The Automobile
• The growth of car
ownership necessitated
road improvements.
• Two important aspects of
automobile travel are:
- Car Rentals
- Recreational Vehicles

54. Rental Cars
• The car rental business is a
world-wide industry.
• Four countries dominate
the U.S. market with 85
percent market share.
• These are Hertz, Avis,
Budget, and National.
• Hertz is the airport market
leader.

55. Rental Cars
• Air travel is critical to the car rental business as
airport revenues account for much of overall
car rentals in the US.
• Hertz is the airport market leader with about
29 percent of the airport rental business.

56. Rental Cars
• Computerized navigation systems have come
to rental cars and are predicted to be a
growing attraction. Bookings over the internet
is increasing.

57. the
cruise
industry

58. Sea Transportation
• Watercraft carrying people or goods. Sea
transport has been the largest carrier of freight
throughout recorded history.
• Can be over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat
or barge, over oceans and lakes, through canals
or along rivers.

59. Cruise Ship
• Vacation trip by ship.
• Travelling by water for purely recreational
purposes. This is a leisure vacation
experience with the ships staff doing all the
work.
• Is both a floating
hotel and resort.
• Provides
entertainment
• Opportunities to
socialize is one of its
major attractions.

60. Array of Cruise Line Brands

61. Largest Cruise Liners
Carnival Corporation
• largest cruise liner
• a British-American
owned cruise line, based
in Doral, Florida, a suburb
of Miami in the United
States.

62. Largest Cruise Liners
Royal Caribbean International
• 2nd largest
• founded in Norway and
based in Miami, Florida in
the United States
• All ships under the Royal
Caribbean International
brand have had names
ending in "of the Seas" since
1991.

63. Largest Cruise Liners
Star Cruises
• 3rd largest
• dominates the Asia-Pacific
market and is owned
by Genting Hong Kong, who
also owns 28% of
the Norwegian Cruise Line.

64. Ship Size
Ships are sized in the following ways:
• Based on the number of staterooms;
• Based on the number of passengers it can
accommodate; and
• Based on the Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT)

65. Ship Size
NUMBER OF PAX GRT
Very Small Under 200 pax Under 10,000 GRT
Small 200-500 pax 10,000-20,000 GRT
Medium 500-1,200 pax 20,000-50,000 GRT
Large 1,200-2,000 pax 50,000-70,000 GRT
Megaship More than 2,000 pax 70,000 GRT or more

66. Largest Cruise Ships
Allure of the Seas
(Royal Caribbean International)
• 2010
• Gross Tonnage: 225,282 GT
• Length: 1,187 ft
• Staterooms: 2,706
• Passenger Capacity: 6,360

67. Largest Cruise Ships
Oasis of the Seas
(Royal Caribbean International)
• 2009
• Gross Tonnage: 225,282 GT
• Length: 1,187 ft
• Staterooms: 2,706
• Passenger Capacity: 6,360

68. Largest Cruise Ships
Norwegian Epic
(Norwegian Cruise Line)
• 2010
• Gross Tonnage: 155,873 GT
• Length: 1,081 ft
• Staterooms: 2,114
• Passenger Capacity: 5,183

69. Largest Cruise Ships
Freedom of the Seas
(Royal Caribbean International)
• 2006
• Gross Tonnage: 154,407 GT
• Length: 1,112 ft
• Staterooms: 1,817
• Passenger Capacity: 4,375

70. Largest Cruise Ships
Liberty of the Seas
(Royal Caribbean International)
• 2007
• Gross Tonnage: 154,407 GT
• Length: 1,112 ft
• Staterooms: 1,817
• Passenger Capacity: 4,375

71. Ships Facilities
There are three types of facilities:
1. Stateroom Space
2. Private Space
3. Public Space

72. Ships Facilities
Stateroom Space
• The cabin
• The ship’s equivalent to the
guest room of the hotel
• Has three types:
- Outside Staterooms
rooms that have windows
- Inside Staterooms
inside the ship’s interior,
have no windows
- Suites
most expensive
accommodation in a
ship

73. Ships Facilities
Private Space
• This includes the Bridge, the galley or
kitchen and the mechanical areas
• Mostly employees areas only.

74. Ships Facilities
Public Areas
• Where the passengers/guests
mingles
Public areas include the following:
• The Reception Area
• The Dining Room
• Alternative Dining Areas
• The Showroom
• The Pool Area
• The Health Club
• Medical Facilities
• Movie Theatre

75. TRANSPORTATION
SECTOR