This document discusses different types of animal eggs based on their yolk content and distribution, as well as the process of cleavage. There are three main types of eggs based on yolk quantity: microlecithal eggs with little yolk, mesolecithal eggs with moderate yolk, and macrolecithal eggs with large amounts of yolk. Eggs can also be classified based on yolk distribution as homolecithal, telolecithal, meiolecithal, or centrolecithal. Cleavage involves the division of the zygote into blastomeres following fertilization. There are different planes of cleavage and types including holoblastic, meroblastic, equal and unequal cleavage.

1. BASIC DEV- BIO
PART-2
SACHIN DAS

3. Types of Eggs of Various Animals
Type # 1. Eggs Based on Quantity of Yolk:
1. Microlecithal Eggs:
They contain very small amount of yolk, e.g. eggs of Sea
urchin, Herdmania, amphioxus. The eggs of man contain
very little amount of yolk, hence human egg is alecithal
(almost free of yolk).

4. 2. Mesolecithal Eggs:
They contain moderate amount of yolk, e.g., eggs of lamprey, lung
fish, frogs and toads.
3. Macrolecithal (Megalecithal or Polylecithal) Eggs:
They contain large amount of yolk, e.g., eggs of insects, sharks, bony
fishes, reptiles, birds and egg laying mammals.

6. Type # 2. Eggs Based on Distribution of Yolk in Cytoplasm:
1. Homolecithal Eggs:
Yolk is uniformly distributed, e.g. eggs of
annelids, molluscs, echinoderms and
protochordates.
2. Telolecithal Eggs:
Yolk is concentrated in the vegetal half, e.g.
eggs of amphibians.
3. Meiolecithal Eggs:
Yolk is very large which occupies nearly the
entire ooplasm, leaving free only a small disc
like area of cytoplasm for the nucleus, e.g.,
eggs of reptiles, birds and egg laying mammals.
4. Centrolecithal Eggs:
Yolk is localized at the centre, e.g. eggs of
insects.

8. Cleavage: Meaning, Planes and Types

9. Cleavage
Fertilization results into the formation of zygote. The process of segmentation
(cleavage) immediately follows fertilization or any other process which activates
the egg. Cleavage consists of division of the zygote into a large number of cel-
lular entities. The cells which are produced during segmentation are called
blastomeres.
At first, the cells remain closely associated, but later on they form the lining of a
hollow sphere called blastula. The blastula contains a cavity named blastocoel
and its outer covering is designated as blastoderm. The formation of blastula
culminates the cleavage period.
The process of segmentation prepares the groundwork for the future design of
the embryo by producing adequate number of cells. The cleavage also
establishes the fundamental conditions for the initiation of next developmental
stage —Gastrulation.

10. Planes of Cleavage:
a. Meridional plane of cleavage:
When a furrow bisect both the poles of the egg passing
through the median axis or centre of egg it is called meridional
plane of cleavage. The median axis runs between the centre of
animal pole and vegetal pole.
b. Vertical plane of cleavage:
When a furrow passes in any direction (does not pass through
the median axis) from the animal pole towards the opposite
pole.
c. Equatorial plane of cleavage:
This type of cleavage plane divides the egg halfway between
the animal and vegetal poles and the line of division runs at
right angle to the median axis.
d. Latitudinal plane of cleavage:This is almost similar to the
equatorial plane of cleavage, but the furrow runs through the
cytoplasm on either side of the equatorial plane.

11. Types of Cleavage
Considerable amount of reorganisation occurs during the period of
cleavage and the types of cleavage depend largely upon the
cytoplasmic contents.
a. Holoblastic op total cleavage:
When the cleavage furrows divide the entire egg.
It may be:
Equal:When the cleavage furrow cuts the egg into two equal cells.
It may be radially symmetrical, bilaterally, symmetrical, spirally
symmetrical or irregular.
Unequal:
When the resultant blastomeres become unequal ir size.

14. b. Meroblastic cleavage:
When segmentation takes place only in a small portion of the egg resulting
in the formation of blastoderm, it is called meroblastic cleavage. Usually the
blastoderm is present in the animal pole and the vegetal pole becomes
laden with yolk which remains in an tihcleaved state, i.e., the plane of
division does not reach the periphery of blastoderm or blastodisc.

15. Telolecithal eggs
When the yolk of mesolecithal and macrolecithal eggs is
concentrated at one end (the vegetal pole) of the eggs is
called telolecithal eggs. The yolk due to its gravity is
concentrated at one pole than the other.
The yolk where the concentration is greatest is called the
vegetal pole and the pole where the yolk concentration is
smallest and the nucleus is situated, is called animal pole. It
is opposite to the vegetal pole. The telolecithal eggs may
be moderately telolecithal (e.g., oligochaetes, amphibians)
and highly telolecithal (e.g., cephalopods, fishes, reptiles,
birds and prototherians).

22. Chemical Changes during Cleavage:
Significant chemical changes go on in the fertilized egg during cleavage.
They are:
Increase of nuclear material:
During cleavage a steady increase in nuclear material (predominantly DNA)
is observed. Cytoplasm of the egg is the source of such nuclear material.
Cytoplasmic DNA contained in mitochondria and yolk platelets are
available.
RNA synthesis:
During cleavage messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) are
synthesised during cleavage, especially in late stages.
Synthesis of proteins:
Throughout the period of cleavage there is steady and spectacular increase
in protein synthesis.