1. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the major chemical constituents of living matter. 2. Carbohydrates function as structural components, energy storage, transport forms, and in cellular processes like regulation and catalysis. 3. Lipids function as structural components, energy storage, transport forms, receptors, and enzymatic cofactors.

1. LECTURER: CHONA ARAGA ,MD

2. 1. Matter
- occupies space and has mass

3. - No mass but can be measured
- Drives the chemical process
- Ultimate source of energy is the sun
- Plants convert the energy into high energy
bonds through the process of photosynthesis

4. - Fundamental substance composing of matter

5. - Building block of elements
- Contain inner core called nucleus
- Nucleus contains proton and neutrons
- Surrounding the nucleus is a region containing a
negatively charge particles called electrons

7. - Combination of 2 or more atoms of the same
element held together by chemical bonds

8. - 2 or more atoms of different elements bound
together

9. - 2 or more components physically mixed
together
1. solution
- homogenous mixture of 2 or more components
- solute and solvents
2. Colloids- heterogeneous mixture that appear
milky or translucent. Ex gelatin, cytosol
3. Suspension- heterogeneous mixture with large
visible solutes. Ex: blood

11. - Charged particles
- Cation
- Anion
- Ions dissolved in a solution are called
electrolytes ex: Na+, K+, Cl -, PO4 -

12. - Chemical union of 2 or more atoms .
1. Ionic
- electrons are completely transferred from 1
atom to another
ex: Na+ + Cl¯ NaCl
2. Covalent bond- sharing of electrons
ex: 02
3. Hydrogen bond- hydrogen atoms are already
linked to one electronegative atom is attracted
to another electronegative atom

14. 1. Synthesis
- A + B ----- AB
- bigger compound is formed by union of 2 or
more atoms. Also called anabolic
- requires energy, chemical bond is formed
2. Decomposition
- AB---- A + B
- large molecule is broken down into smaller
- also called catabolic
- energy is released, chemical bond is destroyed

15. - AB + C AC + B / AB+CD AD+ CB
- Synthesis and decomposition

16. - Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion
concentration
- Measurement of H ion conc
- Acidity and basicity of a subst
- Acid is a proton donor
- Base is a proton acceptor
- Neutral pH- 7
- Normal pH of the body is 7.35-7.45

17. - Anything that will resist any change in pH
- Ex: blood

18. pH and BUFFER
pH = - log [ H + ]
ACID – donates H+
BASE – accepts H+
ACIDOSIS - high [ H+] , low pH
ALKALOSIS – low [ H+] , high pH
BUFFER - contains an acid and its conjugate base
- resists ph changes
- e.g. BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM
H2CO3
HCO3¯

20. 1. Simple diffusion
- movement from area of
greater concentration to area
of lesser concentration

22. - With carrier
- Moves bigger particles like
glucose

24. - Movement of water from area
of lesser to area of greater
concentration

26. - Movement against conc gradient
- From lesser to greater
- Uses energy
- Ex: Na-K pump

28. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LIVING MATTER
C. CARBOHYDRATES
- mono-, di-, polysaccharides
- Functions: structural, energy storage, transport,
regulatory, catalytic, antigen-antibody reaction,
cell lubrication, supportive
H. LIPIDS
- simple, complex, derived lipids
- Functions: structural, energy storage, transport form
of metabolic fuel, receptors, determinants of
immunologic specificity, enzyme cofactors
C. PROTEINS
- simple, compound
- fibrous, globular
- Functions: structural, catalytic, contraction, gene
regulation, transport, protection, regulatory
D. NUCLEIC ACIDS
- DNA, RNA

29. A. Carbohydrates
- consist of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
1. monosaccharide- glucose, fructose, mannose
and galactose
2. Disaccharide-
lactose = glucose + galactose
maltose = glucose + glucose
sucrose = glucose + fructose
3. Polysaccharides- long chain of
monosaccharides. Starch, glycogen, cellulose

30. 1. Structural- cellulose, chitin
2. Energy storage- starch, glycogen
3. Transport – glycoprotein
4. Regulatory- glycoprotein
5. Catalytic- ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
6. Antigen-antibody rxn- interferon, Rh factor
7. Cell lubrication- supportive
8. Component of cell membrane
9. Component of protective cellular coat

31. - Compounds with diverse chemical structure and
composition
- Classified according to their solubility

32. 1. Simple lipids- esters of fatty acids with
alcohol. Ex: neutral fat, TAG, waxes
2. Complex lipids- esters of fatty acids with
other groups aside from alcohol. Ex:
phospholipids(lecithin), glycolipid-
sphingomyelin, ceramides, ganglioside
3. Precursor and derived Lipids
- ex: steroids, ketone bodies, prostaglandins

33. 1. Membrane structure
2. Metabolic fuel
3. Transport
4. Receptors
5. Determinants of immunologic specificity
6. Enzymes cofactor

34. - Polymer of amino acids
Classification
A. Composition
1. Simple protein
2. compound protein- lipoprotein, glycoprotein
B. Conformation
1. Fibrous- collagen, elastin, keratin
2. Globular- enzymes, albumin

35. 1. Catalytic role- enzymes
2. Contraction- actin and myosin
3. Gene regulation- histones,
4. Transport- transferrin
5. Protection- immuneglobulin
6. Regulatory- protein hormones
7. Structural- collagen

36. - Made up of nucleotides, a molecule composed of
nitrogenous base, phosphate and pentose sugar
- DNA- central storage of information
- carrier of genetic material
- RNA- needed in protein synthesis
- Ex: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA