This document discusses genetics and cell division. It begins by outlining learning objectives about cell division, mitosis, meiosis, and their roles. It then defines genetics as the study of heredity and variation. It describes cells, genes, traits, and key genetic concepts. It discusses Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics. It details the structures involved in heredity, including the cell, nucleus, chromosomes, and DNA. It contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It concludes by assigning advance reading on cell division.

1. GENETICS

2. Leaning Objectives
At the end of our discussion, you should be able to:
1. Demonstrate an understanding that cells divide to produce
new cells;
2. Identify organelles involved in cell division;
3. Describe and compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis
and their roles in cell division;
4. Tell the importance of mitosis in the growth, development
and repair of somatic cells; and,
5. Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the
chromosome number of an organism.

4. Genetics
It is the science that deals with the study of
heredity and variation.
Heredity is the inheritance or transmission of
traits from generation to generation.
Traits are the seen unseen characteristics of
living things. Example: Color, height, and texture

5. Traits
Genotype – these are traits that are determined
by the information that genes contain.
Phenotype – these are visible traits manifested.

6. Genes
These are the units of inheritance
and the biological code that each
living thing has.
Dominant genes – are those
that are always expressed.
Recessive genes – are those
that are unexpressed.

7. Conceptual Check
Can traits be inherited?

8. Gregor Johann Mendel
The Father of Genetics
He formulated the basic
principles of genetics and
conducted experiments to
demonstrate trait
inheritance and variation.

9. Heredity-Associated Structures
A cell is the basic building block of all living
things.
Unicellular – single-celled
Multicellular – numerous cells

10. Cell
A cell has three main parts:
Cell wall (plants)/ Cell membrane (animals)
- control the entry and exit of substances in the
cell
Cytoplasm
- Consists of a jelly-like material or substance
called the cytosol and some other organelles.
- Metabolism takes place here
Nucleus
- The control center of the cell.

11. Nucleus
Living organisms classified as:
Eukaryotes – living things that have a true
nucleus(contained within a membrane) in
their cells.
Prokaryotes – living things that do not have a
true nucleus .

12. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

13. Nucleus
It is the command center or eukaryotic cells.
It is a spherical organelle that is bigger than all the
other organelles.
Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope – porous
double layer that separates the contents of the
nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Nucleoplasm or karyoplasm – protoplasmic part of the
nucleus.
Nuclear sap/karyolymph – fluid content of nucleoplasm

14. Nucleus
Nucleolus(nucleoli) – large, spherical body in the
nucleus.
It is responsible for the production of ribosomal units,
which make up the ribosomes.
Chromatin – dark, threadlike structures and granules
in the nucleoplasm of an undivided cell.
Chromosomes – nucleoproteins that bear the genetic
information in the form of genes.
DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) – is a nucleic acid that carries
the genetic code, which determines the traits of each living
thing.

15. Conceptual Check
Give an example of a eukaryotic cell.

16. Animal Cell

18. Recap

19. Assignment
Advance read on our next topic on Cell Division
page 286 of your textbook.