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Base line study in eia
- 1. Baseline Study UPGRADATION /REHABILITATION OF ROAD FROM CHAKDARA TO MADYAN ON THE RIGHT BANK OF RIVER SWAT
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- 3. Baseline Study • Workdone to collect and interpret information on the condition/trends of the existing environment.
- 4. Area of Influence •Immediate Area of influence • It includes surroundings of road (500m width on either side of road). • Extended area of Influence • It covers the entire area of district swat.
- 5. Types of BaselineStudy • Baseline study is of three types: • Baseline study of physical environment • Baseline study of biological environment • Baseline study of socio-economic environment
- 6. Physical Environment • Geography •Geology • Seismicity • Land use • Water Resources • Climate • Ambient Air Quality • Noise Level • Minerals • Natural Event History • Physical Cultural Heritage
- 7. Biological Environment • Fauna •Flora • Fish • Rangelands • Protected Areas • Endangered Species • Forest
- 8. Social Environment • Population •Community Structure • Poverty Status • Industries • Political Parties • Marriages • Social Organization • Religious Beliefs • Role, Position and status of women • Child Labor and Apprenticeship • Services and Amenities Available in the Area(drinking water, housing, telecommunication etc.) • Tourism and Recreational Opportunities
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- 10. 1. Geography • TopographicallySwat is mountainous area, located among foothills of Hindukush mountain ranges. • Swat is divided into two regions • 1. Swat Kohistan • 2. Swat Proper • Swat region has swat river due to which lush green valleys, glaciers, forests, meadows and plains are present here.
- 11. 2. Geology • Projectarea is located at Peshawar Basin. • Sediments of Peshawar are: • Lacustrine Silt • Fluvial Sand • Clasts of Kohistan
- 12. Cont.. • Geology ofproject area is comprise of: • Gneiss product of metamorphism. • Schists composed of quartz. • Alluvial deposits of weathered material with clay, gravel and boulders.
- 13. 3. Seismicity • Projectarea is located at Seismic zone A as reported by Geological Survey of Pakistan as it is located close fault line between Indian and Eurasian plate.
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- 15. 4. Land Use •Total area of Swat is 5337 sq km. • It is divided into two tehseels • Matta ( 628 sq km ) • Kabal (4654 sq km )
- 16. Description Area (in Acres) AREA (in Hectares) Reported Area 1,251,653 506,528 Cultivated Area 242,296 98,054 Irrigated Area 227,336 92,000 Net Sown Area 232,046 93,906 Current Fallow Area 10,250 4,148 Total Cropped Area 467,153 189,051 Area Sown Repeatedly 160,976 65,145 Un–cultivated 1,009,357 408,474 Cultivable Waste 208,862 84,524 Forest Area 337,804 136,705 Unavailable for Cultivation 462,690 187,245 Source: Land Utilization Statistics, NWFP,
- 17. 5. Water Resources •Project area is located at right bank of Swat river.
- 18. Cont.. Sources of SurfaceWater • Swat river • Other rivers ( Daral khwar, Harnoi khwar etc) • Nalas
- 19. Cont.. • Sources ofGroundwater • Recharge takes place during rains by infiltration. • Groundwater is present in the form of springs also.
- 20. Groundwater Quality Parameters SR.NO. Parameters Units Results WHO MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE GUIDELINE VALUE 1 Lead (Pb) mg/L N.D. - 2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20°C °C 33.2 - 3 Total Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml 4 Fecal Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml
- 21. Cont.. • Quality ofWater is good, potable and sweet as reported by locals. • Water quality in project area was tested by taking water samples from various sites. • Result: Water quality is good and in permissible limit for human consumption.
- 22. 6. Climate • Climateis usually cold and upper Swat remains under snow in January and February. • Spring starts form middle of March. • Summer starts from middle of May and remains at the end of August. Monsoon rains start in the month of July during summer.
- 23. Cont.. • Rainfall • Distributionof rainfall is unpredictable throughout the year. • No meteorological station is present in Swat.
- 24. 7. Ambient AirQuality
- 25. 8. Noise Level •Noise levels are monitored at two locations near project area: • Kabal Chowk Swat • Kanju Chowk Swat
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- 28. 10. Natural EventHistory • Flood of July 2010 devastated vast area of Swat including destruction of houses, bridges and erosion of vegetation. • As flood causes damage to life, property etc. So volume, velocity and timing of flash floods should be incorporated in hydrological design of project.
- 29. 11. Physical CulturalHeritage
- 30. Fauna • No endangeredspecies are reported in the selected reach of the section. • No game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries exist in the vicinity of Project Area. • No wetland lies within close vicinity of the Project corridor. • There is very little significance of the Project Area for migratory birds. • Commercial and recreational fishing was observed along the project corridor.
Editor's Notes
- #2 The main difference between geography and geology is that geography is mostly dealing with the physical overall shapes of the land. Geology is a science that is interested in how the land got into the shape it did. Geology is mostly about what the ground is made up of from a natural perspective. What kind of rocks it contains and how those rocks or layers of rocks got there. Geography is mostly dealing with mapping the extent of landforms, how far rivers are, how long mountain ranges are, how long the coast line is. This is often from the perspective of people or culture.
- #3 The main difference between geography and geology is that geography is mostly dealing with the physical overall shapes of the land. Geology is a science that is interested in how the land got into the shape it did. Geology is mostly about what the ground is made up of from a natural perspective. What kind of rocks it contains and how those rocks or layers of rocks got there. Geography is mostly dealing with mapping the extent of landforms, how far rivers are, how long mountain ranges are, how long the coast line is. This is often from the perspective of people or culture.
- #7 The Constitution of Pakistan 1973 Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) The Drainage Act 1973 Local Government Ordinance 1979 The Forest Act 1927 The Antiquities Act 1976 Factories Act 1934 The Public Health (Emergency Provision Act 1954 read with West Pakistan Epidemic Control Act 1958) Act Explosive Act 1884
- #13 Schist is a medium-grade metamorphic rock[1] with medium to large, flat, sheet-like grains in a preferred orientation Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against") is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock) soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting.[1][2] Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel. When this loose alluvial material is deposited or cemented into a lithological unit, or lithified, it is called an alluvial deposit. Gneiss /ˈnaɪs/ is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from pre-existing formations that were originally either igneous or sedimentary rocks.