This document summarizes key topics in close relationships from a psychology textbook, including:
- Attachment styles developed in childhood influence relationships. Those securely attached do best.
- Family bonds provide the basis for other relationships. Siblings' interactions impact social skills.
- Friendships involve self-disclosure and support, though men and women differ in topics discussed.
- Romantic love combines passion, intimacy, and commitment. Cultural norms shape partner selection.
- Marital success relies on similarity, secure attachment, and minimizing costs and conflicts over time.
Early adulthood spans ages 20 to 40 and involves key developmental tasks like selecting a mate, starting a family, and developing independence. Young adults separate from their parents through leaving home, attending college, joining the military, or living independently. They develop intimacy through romantic relationships while avoiding isolation. Marriage and parenthood are common, though cohabitation and divorce are also increasing trends. Overall, early adulthood involves establishing social and financial independence while forming long-term relationships.
The document discusses various topics related to friendship, affection, intimacy and love. It defines friendship as a dyadic relationship between two people involving closeness. True friendship is characterized by six factors: respect, trust, responsiveness, capitalization, social comparison and social support. Intimacy is defined as a feeling of closeness in meaningful relationships characterized by sharing of personal experiences. Theories of love discussed include styles of love, the prototype approach and comparing passionate versus companionate love. Ways to increase love in relationships include open communication, understanding each other's needs, working as a team and speaking up when issues arise.
Changes of family dynamics in young adulthood2Kalpana Kawan
This document discusses changes in family dynamics during young adulthood. It defines family as individuals living together under one head, and family dynamics as patterns of interaction between members. During young adulthood, individuals want more responsibility and independence from their family, including financial independence. They also want greater privacy. This can lead to conflicts as parents still see their child as young. Relationships and potential marriage introduce new dynamics. Having children of one's own or not can impact their status within the family. Siblings tend to grow closer through shared experiences. Young adults also take on mentoring roles for younger siblings. The family must balance personal and group interests to avoid conflicts.
The document discusses various topics related to gender, sexuality, and relationships. It begins by defining key terms like gender, sexuality, and psychosocial. It then discusses three psychological domains - affective, behavior, and cognition. It explores concepts like self-awareness, intimacy, socialization, and different types of love. Specifically, it outlines Sternberg's triangular theory of love and describes the primary types (eros, ludus, storge) and secondary types (agape, mania, pragma) of love. It also discusses Chapman's five love languages - words of affirmation, quality time, physical touch, acts of service, and receiving gifts.
This chapter discusses intimacy within partnerships and families. It defines intimacy as a feeling of closeness that develops through communication. It explores different types of intimacy, like marital and family intimacy, and factors that influence intimacy, such as commitment, self-disclosure, communication, and sexuality. The chapter also examines barriers to intimacy like fears, deception, and jealousy. Overall, it emphasizes that effort, sacrifice, forgiveness and open communication are needed to develop intimacy within relationships.
This chapter discusses theories and activities related to late adulthood psychosocial development. It covers self theories focusing on maintaining identity and integrity. Activities like work, education, religion and politics are discussed. Relationships with spouses, family, friends and the challenges of caring for frail elderly are also summarized. Strategies like aging in place, assisted living and risks of elder abuse are mentioned.
Family Communication Lecture Family Communication LectureTrackerCrazy
Family systems theory views the family as an emotional unit where each member's behavior impacts others. McMaster's model outlines five family functions: gender socialization, nurturing, individual development, kinship maintenance, and basic resources. Dysfunctional families with low quality relationships can negatively impact members' mental health through affectionless control, destructive conflict, lack of cohesion, and abuse. Healthy family communication and attachment promote well-being.
1) Adolescence is a time of identity development as teens explore different roles and values to determine who they are. Erikson's stages of identity development are examined. 2) Relationships with peers become increasingly important as teens spend more time with friends and seek acceptance. Dating and romantic relationships also begin to emerge. 3) Challenges like struggles with identity, relationships, school, and family can lead to problems like delinquency, depression, and in serious cases, suicide. Risk factors and preventative measures are discussed.
Early adulthood spans ages 20 to 40 and involves key developmental tasks like selecting a mate, starting a family, and developing independence. Young adults separate from their parents through leaving home, attending college, joining the military, or living independently. They develop intimacy through romantic relationships while avoiding isolation. Marriage and parenthood are common, though cohabitation and divorce are also increasing trends. Overall, early adulthood involves establishing social and financial independence while forming long-term relationships.
The document discusses various topics related to friendship, affection, intimacy and love. It defines friendship as a dyadic relationship between two people involving closeness. True friendship is characterized by six factors: respect, trust, responsiveness, capitalization, social comparison and social support. Intimacy is defined as a feeling of closeness in meaningful relationships characterized by sharing of personal experiences. Theories of love discussed include styles of love, the prototype approach and comparing passionate versus companionate love. Ways to increase love in relationships include open communication, understanding each other's needs, working as a team and speaking up when issues arise.
Changes of family dynamics in young adulthood2Kalpana Kawan
This document discusses changes in family dynamics during young adulthood. It defines family as individuals living together under one head, and family dynamics as patterns of interaction between members. During young adulthood, individuals want more responsibility and independence from their family, including financial independence. They also want greater privacy. This can lead to conflicts as parents still see their child as young. Relationships and potential marriage introduce new dynamics. Having children of one's own or not can impact their status within the family. Siblings tend to grow closer through shared experiences. Young adults also take on mentoring roles for younger siblings. The family must balance personal and group interests to avoid conflicts.
The document discusses various topics related to gender, sexuality, and relationships. It begins by defining key terms like gender, sexuality, and psychosocial. It then discusses three psychological domains - affective, behavior, and cognition. It explores concepts like self-awareness, intimacy, socialization, and different types of love. Specifically, it outlines Sternberg's triangular theory of love and describes the primary types (eros, ludus, storge) and secondary types (agape, mania, pragma) of love. It also discusses Chapman's five love languages - words of affirmation, quality time, physical touch, acts of service, and receiving gifts.
This chapter discusses intimacy within partnerships and families. It defines intimacy as a feeling of closeness that develops through communication. It explores different types of intimacy, like marital and family intimacy, and factors that influence intimacy, such as commitment, self-disclosure, communication, and sexuality. The chapter also examines barriers to intimacy like fears, deception, and jealousy. Overall, it emphasizes that effort, sacrifice, forgiveness and open communication are needed to develop intimacy within relationships.
This chapter discusses theories and activities related to late adulthood psychosocial development. It covers self theories focusing on maintaining identity and integrity. Activities like work, education, religion and politics are discussed. Relationships with spouses, family, friends and the challenges of caring for frail elderly are also summarized. Strategies like aging in place, assisted living and risks of elder abuse are mentioned.
Family Communication Lecture Family Communication LectureTrackerCrazy
Family systems theory views the family as an emotional unit where each member's behavior impacts others. McMaster's model outlines five family functions: gender socialization, nurturing, individual development, kinship maintenance, and basic resources. Dysfunctional families with low quality relationships can negatively impact members' mental health through affectionless control, destructive conflict, lack of cohesion, and abuse. Healthy family communication and attachment promote well-being.
1) Adolescence is a time of identity development as teens explore different roles and values to determine who they are. Erikson's stages of identity development are examined. 2) Relationships with peers become increasingly important as teens spend more time with friends and seek acceptance. Dating and romantic relationships also begin to emerge. 3) Challenges like struggles with identity, relationships, school, and family can lead to problems like delinquency, depression, and in serious cases, suicide. Risk factors and preventative measures are discussed.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 13 of Kathleen Stassen Berger's book "Invitation to the Life Span" regarding psychosocial development in adulthood. It discusses Erikson and Maslow's stages of development, personality traits, intimacy, relationships with family and partners, parenting, employment, and coping with stress. The social roles and relationships that occupy adults are meant to fulfill their needs for intimacy, generativity, and self-actualization.
The Psychology of Relationships by Dr. Kathrine BejanyanMatt Kendall
This document discusses relationship psychology and addresses Cindy's relationship dilemma. It summarizes that while romantic love served an evolutionary purpose for initial attraction and reproduction, it was not meant to last decades with the same person. Modern relationships require developing companionate love through shared values, equity, standards, and connection. The quality of our connections depends on our own emotional well-being, which stems from early childhood relationships.
This document discusses several challenges faced by Filipino adolescents including attitudes toward sexuality, academic pressures, group belongingness, health issues, navigating various roles, material poverty, impacts of parents working abroad, career choice, and relationship challenges. It provides advice on developing healthy attitudes in each area such as taking responsibility for one's actions, prioritizing education, choosing supportive social circles, practicing self-care, balancing multiple roles, embracing challenges positively, exploring career options proactively, and learning to manage conflicts.
This document discusses different types of relationships and relationship issues. It covers friendships and how they change across adulthood, the importance of siblings especially later in life, different types of love relationships and how they vary by culture, and issues like abusive relationships and elder abuse. Specifically, it addresses the role of friends in providing support and companionship, how online friendships develop, characteristics of sibling bonds, components of romantic love, cultural differences in mate preferences, causes and types of relationship violence, and risk factors for elder abuse.
This document provides an overview of family and intimate relationships from various sociological perspectives. It discusses the global view of the family, including types of families like nuclear, extended, monogamous, polygamous and polyandrous families. It also covers sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism and feminism. Additionally, it examines marriage and courtship, variations in family life, divorce, cohabitation, remaining single, marriage without children, and lesbian and gay relationships. The document is authored by several students and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts regarding family and intimate relationships through a sociological lens.
1) The chapter discusses different types of intimacy within partnerships and families, including marital, family, and commitment intimacy.
2) Key aspects that develop intimacy are discussed, including self-disclosure, communication, responsiveness between partners, and discussing sexuality openly.
3) Barriers to intimacy like fears, jealousy, and deception are also covered, as well as the importance of effort, sacrifice, and forgiveness in developing intimacy.
This document discusses different types of personal relationships that adolescents form, including family relationships, friendships, and romantic relationships. It notes that belongingness and forming relationships are important for human survival and development. During adolescence, teens develop social skills and form their identity through relationships. Family relationships are important for forming other relationships and provide guidance. Friendships are based on trust, respect, and care. Romantic relationships involve attraction and being in love, and require communication, understanding and trust to be successful. The document provides guidance on maintaining healthy relationships.
Relationship with family, peers, and adultTeejayBerdz
This document discusses adolescent relationships with family, peers, and society. It notes that while some adolescents experience rebellion and conflict, most do not if raised in a positive family environment. It examines how adolescents spend their discretionary time and how this reflects cultural values. Relationships with parents are largely based on closeness developed in childhood and influence future romantic relationships. The document also discusses individuation, siblings, peer groups like crowds and cliques, and how romantic relationships evolve across adolescence.
This document summarizes common problems experienced by couples in counseling and discusses various assessment approaches. It identifies issues like money, religion, children, stress, and communication breakdown as common sources of conflict. It also explores specific problems including sexual issues, infidelity, addictions, separation and divorce. The document outlines how counselors assess couples to determine if counseling is appropriate and discusses the objectives of marital therapy in supporting the relationship and helping partners identify their role in conflicts.
This study examined the relationships between parenting styles, adolescent attachment styles, and peer relationships. The results showed:
1) Parenting measures were moderately associated with friendship quality and strongly associated with attachment styles.
2) Secure and avoidant attachment styles were strongly linked to friendship quality.
3) Attachment style largely mediated the relationship between parenting and friendship quality, except for relationships with peripheral peer groups, where ambivalent attachment was a stronger mediator.
The study demonstrated the importance of considering adolescent attachment as influencing the impact of parenting on friendship outcomes.
This chapter discusses intimacy and communication within partnerships and families. It defines intimacy as a feeling of closeness that develops through communication. Different types of intimacy are explored, including marital, family, and parent-child intimacy. Key aspects that foster intimacy are identified, such as commitment, self-disclosure, responsiveness, and effective communication about sexuality. Barriers to intimacy like fears, jealousy, and deception are also covered. The chapter emphasizes that embracing relationships through open communication allows intimacy and connection to develop.
perkembangan dewasa awal dari segi fizikal dan kognitif Stephanie Solupin
This document discusses physical and cognitive development during early adulthood from ages 18-25. Key points include:
- This stage is called "emerging adulthood" and involves identity exploration, instability, and feeling between adolescence and adulthood.
- Physical performance peaks from ages 19-26. However, health risks like inactivity, substance abuse, and poor diet are common.
- Cognitive abilities are fully developed, but emerging adults face stress from academics, relationships, and finances that can impact mental health.
- Sexuality, relationships, and identity continue to develop during this transitional life stage. Both opportunities and challenges come with independence and responsibility as an adult.
This document discusses building and maintaining relationships. It covers three types of personal relationships: family, friends, and partnerships. Family provides support and a sense of community. Friends offer companionship and support during difficult times. Partnerships, like marriage, are built on intimacy, trust and romantic love. Healthy relationships are important for well-being, as they can help people live longer, cope with stress better, and feel happier. The document also discusses rights and responsibilities in relationships, as well as common relationship challenges.
This document contains a quiz on concepts related to social psychology and human behavior. The 10 multiple choice questions cover topics like aggression, deindividuation, mere-exposure effect, conformity, obedience, cognitive dissonance, correspondence bias, and gender development theories. It also includes short passages explaining key terms and concepts from social psychology.
Children of divorced parents experience distress due to conflict between parents and separation from one parent. They are more likely to have behavioral problems, depression, low self-esteem, and difficulties in relationships. While divorce impacts all children, it is particularly harmful during childhood and adolescence. Maintaining involvement of both parents and developing positive communication helps reduce long-term negative outcomes for children of divorce.
This document discusses the physical, emotional, and social changes that occur during adolescence. It addresses developing secondary sex characteristics, body image, mood swings, stress, sexual attractions and feelings, romantic and sexual fantasies, pornography, and homosexuality. The key topics are that puberty causes self-consciousness; hormones influence mood; stress can be managed through exercise, sleep, and talking to others; sexual feelings are normal but require self-discipline; and pornography distorts healthy sexuality.
The document discusses relationships in early and middle adulthood. It covers the three basic components of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment. It also discusses falling in love, cohabitation, violence in relationships, lifestyles of being single or married, and divorce and remarriage.
This document discusses various topics related to relationships, dating, marriage and singlehood. It provides theories on mate selection and what attracts people to each other. It discusses the importance of physical appearance in relationships. It also covers predictors of relationship success and divorce. Additional topics include dating stages, initiating dates, breaking up, cohabitation, myths about singlehood, and ways to build intimacy and make marriages last.
1. This document discusses the physical, emotional, and social changes that occur during adolescence, including puberty, body image, mood changes, stress, and developing sexuality and relationships.
2. It notes that puberty causes self-consciousness but that varying development timelines are normal. Emotions tend to fluctuate more during this period.
3. The document provides tips for managing stress, such as exercise, relaxation, and talking with trusted individuals. It also discusses topics like attraction, fantasies, and pornography in the context of healthy adolescent development.
Relationship and their influence on well beingEvan Rasekhokha
This document discusses different types of relationships and how they impact well-being. It defines family, friendship, casual, and romantic relationships. It states that healthy relationships contribute to well-being through respect, encouragement, and honesty, while unhealthy relationships diminish well-being through constant criticism and fear. Social and cultural influences shape relationship norms. Rights and responsibilities differ between relationships and depend on the nature of the relationship. The case study presents an unhealthy family relationship where abuse and isolation negatively impact a teenage girl's well-being.
The document discusses the field of engineering psychology and human factors. It provides an overview of the history and goals of the field, which aims to optimize interactions between humans and machines by considering human abilities and limitations in design. Some key topics covered include time-motion studies, principles of workspace and control design, and types of visual, auditory, and tactile displays. The overall purpose of engineering psychology is to apply psychological knowledge to improve safety, performance and satisfaction in person-machine systems.
This document discusses workplace stress and stress management. It describes stress as physiological and psychological responses to unpleasant stimulation or threatening events. Prolonged stress can lead to physical and mental health issues. The document outlines various stressors in the workplace like work overload, organizational change, and role ambiguity. It also discusses individual differences in stress responses and effective stress management programs and strategies.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 13 of Kathleen Stassen Berger's book "Invitation to the Life Span" regarding psychosocial development in adulthood. It discusses Erikson and Maslow's stages of development, personality traits, intimacy, relationships with family and partners, parenting, employment, and coping with stress. The social roles and relationships that occupy adults are meant to fulfill their needs for intimacy, generativity, and self-actualization.
The Psychology of Relationships by Dr. Kathrine BejanyanMatt Kendall
This document discusses relationship psychology and addresses Cindy's relationship dilemma. It summarizes that while romantic love served an evolutionary purpose for initial attraction and reproduction, it was not meant to last decades with the same person. Modern relationships require developing companionate love through shared values, equity, standards, and connection. The quality of our connections depends on our own emotional well-being, which stems from early childhood relationships.
This document discusses several challenges faced by Filipino adolescents including attitudes toward sexuality, academic pressures, group belongingness, health issues, navigating various roles, material poverty, impacts of parents working abroad, career choice, and relationship challenges. It provides advice on developing healthy attitudes in each area such as taking responsibility for one's actions, prioritizing education, choosing supportive social circles, practicing self-care, balancing multiple roles, embracing challenges positively, exploring career options proactively, and learning to manage conflicts.
This document discusses different types of relationships and relationship issues. It covers friendships and how they change across adulthood, the importance of siblings especially later in life, different types of love relationships and how they vary by culture, and issues like abusive relationships and elder abuse. Specifically, it addresses the role of friends in providing support and companionship, how online friendships develop, characteristics of sibling bonds, components of romantic love, cultural differences in mate preferences, causes and types of relationship violence, and risk factors for elder abuse.
This document provides an overview of family and intimate relationships from various sociological perspectives. It discusses the global view of the family, including types of families like nuclear, extended, monogamous, polygamous and polyandrous families. It also covers sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism and feminism. Additionally, it examines marriage and courtship, variations in family life, divorce, cohabitation, remaining single, marriage without children, and lesbian and gay relationships. The document is authored by several students and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts regarding family and intimate relationships through a sociological lens.
1) The chapter discusses different types of intimacy within partnerships and families, including marital, family, and commitment intimacy.
2) Key aspects that develop intimacy are discussed, including self-disclosure, communication, responsiveness between partners, and discussing sexuality openly.
3) Barriers to intimacy like fears, jealousy, and deception are also covered, as well as the importance of effort, sacrifice, and forgiveness in developing intimacy.
This document discusses different types of personal relationships that adolescents form, including family relationships, friendships, and romantic relationships. It notes that belongingness and forming relationships are important for human survival and development. During adolescence, teens develop social skills and form their identity through relationships. Family relationships are important for forming other relationships and provide guidance. Friendships are based on trust, respect, and care. Romantic relationships involve attraction and being in love, and require communication, understanding and trust to be successful. The document provides guidance on maintaining healthy relationships.
Relationship with family, peers, and adultTeejayBerdz
This document discusses adolescent relationships with family, peers, and society. It notes that while some adolescents experience rebellion and conflict, most do not if raised in a positive family environment. It examines how adolescents spend their discretionary time and how this reflects cultural values. Relationships with parents are largely based on closeness developed in childhood and influence future romantic relationships. The document also discusses individuation, siblings, peer groups like crowds and cliques, and how romantic relationships evolve across adolescence.
This document summarizes common problems experienced by couples in counseling and discusses various assessment approaches. It identifies issues like money, religion, children, stress, and communication breakdown as common sources of conflict. It also explores specific problems including sexual issues, infidelity, addictions, separation and divorce. The document outlines how counselors assess couples to determine if counseling is appropriate and discusses the objectives of marital therapy in supporting the relationship and helping partners identify their role in conflicts.
This study examined the relationships between parenting styles, adolescent attachment styles, and peer relationships. The results showed:
1) Parenting measures were moderately associated with friendship quality and strongly associated with attachment styles.
2) Secure and avoidant attachment styles were strongly linked to friendship quality.
3) Attachment style largely mediated the relationship between parenting and friendship quality, except for relationships with peripheral peer groups, where ambivalent attachment was a stronger mediator.
The study demonstrated the importance of considering adolescent attachment as influencing the impact of parenting on friendship outcomes.
This chapter discusses intimacy and communication within partnerships and families. It defines intimacy as a feeling of closeness that develops through communication. Different types of intimacy are explored, including marital, family, and parent-child intimacy. Key aspects that foster intimacy are identified, such as commitment, self-disclosure, responsiveness, and effective communication about sexuality. Barriers to intimacy like fears, jealousy, and deception are also covered. The chapter emphasizes that embracing relationships through open communication allows intimacy and connection to develop.
perkembangan dewasa awal dari segi fizikal dan kognitif Stephanie Solupin
This document discusses physical and cognitive development during early adulthood from ages 18-25. Key points include:
- This stage is called "emerging adulthood" and involves identity exploration, instability, and feeling between adolescence and adulthood.
- Physical performance peaks from ages 19-26. However, health risks like inactivity, substance abuse, and poor diet are common.
- Cognitive abilities are fully developed, but emerging adults face stress from academics, relationships, and finances that can impact mental health.
- Sexuality, relationships, and identity continue to develop during this transitional life stage. Both opportunities and challenges come with independence and responsibility as an adult.
This document discusses building and maintaining relationships. It covers three types of personal relationships: family, friends, and partnerships. Family provides support and a sense of community. Friends offer companionship and support during difficult times. Partnerships, like marriage, are built on intimacy, trust and romantic love. Healthy relationships are important for well-being, as they can help people live longer, cope with stress better, and feel happier. The document also discusses rights and responsibilities in relationships, as well as common relationship challenges.
This document contains a quiz on concepts related to social psychology and human behavior. The 10 multiple choice questions cover topics like aggression, deindividuation, mere-exposure effect, conformity, obedience, cognitive dissonance, correspondence bias, and gender development theories. It also includes short passages explaining key terms and concepts from social psychology.
Children of divorced parents experience distress due to conflict between parents and separation from one parent. They are more likely to have behavioral problems, depression, low self-esteem, and difficulties in relationships. While divorce impacts all children, it is particularly harmful during childhood and adolescence. Maintaining involvement of both parents and developing positive communication helps reduce long-term negative outcomes for children of divorce.
This document discusses the physical, emotional, and social changes that occur during adolescence. It addresses developing secondary sex characteristics, body image, mood swings, stress, sexual attractions and feelings, romantic and sexual fantasies, pornography, and homosexuality. The key topics are that puberty causes self-consciousness; hormones influence mood; stress can be managed through exercise, sleep, and talking to others; sexual feelings are normal but require self-discipline; and pornography distorts healthy sexuality.
The document discusses relationships in early and middle adulthood. It covers the three basic components of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment. It also discusses falling in love, cohabitation, violence in relationships, lifestyles of being single or married, and divorce and remarriage.
This document discusses various topics related to relationships, dating, marriage and singlehood. It provides theories on mate selection and what attracts people to each other. It discusses the importance of physical appearance in relationships. It also covers predictors of relationship success and divorce. Additional topics include dating stages, initiating dates, breaking up, cohabitation, myths about singlehood, and ways to build intimacy and make marriages last.
1. This document discusses the physical, emotional, and social changes that occur during adolescence, including puberty, body image, mood changes, stress, and developing sexuality and relationships.
2. It notes that puberty causes self-consciousness but that varying development timelines are normal. Emotions tend to fluctuate more during this period.
3. The document provides tips for managing stress, such as exercise, relaxation, and talking with trusted individuals. It also discusses topics like attraction, fantasies, and pornography in the context of healthy adolescent development.
Relationship and their influence on well beingEvan Rasekhokha
This document discusses different types of relationships and how they impact well-being. It defines family, friendship, casual, and romantic relationships. It states that healthy relationships contribute to well-being through respect, encouragement, and honesty, while unhealthy relationships diminish well-being through constant criticism and fear. Social and cultural influences shape relationship norms. Rights and responsibilities differ between relationships and depend on the nature of the relationship. The case study presents an unhealthy family relationship where abuse and isolation negatively impact a teenage girl's well-being.
The document discusses the field of engineering psychology and human factors. It provides an overview of the history and goals of the field, which aims to optimize interactions between humans and machines by considering human abilities and limitations in design. Some key topics covered include time-motion studies, principles of workspace and control design, and types of visual, auditory, and tactile displays. The overall purpose of engineering psychology is to apply psychological knowledge to improve safety, performance and satisfaction in person-machine systems.
This document discusses workplace stress and stress management. It describes stress as physiological and psychological responses to unpleasant stimulation or threatening events. Prolonged stress can lead to physical and mental health issues. The document outlines various stressors in the workplace like work overload, organizational change, and role ambiguity. It also discusses individual differences in stress responses and effective stress management programs and strategies.
This document discusses physical and temporal working conditions and their impact on employee satisfaction, productivity and absenteeism. It covers topics like office design, lighting, noise, temperature and different work schedules. Alternative schedules like flexible hours, part-time work and four-day workweeks can help employees balance work and family responsibilities and lead to improved satisfaction and productivity for some workers. Physical factors in the workplace like lighting, noise and temperature also significantly impact employee attitudes and performance.
This document provides an overview of motivation theories and concepts related to job satisfaction. It begins with definitions of motivation and discusses both content and process theories of motivation, including achievement motivation theory, Maslow's needs hierarchy theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory, job characteristics theory, expectancy theory, equity theory, and goal-setting theory. It also covers job satisfaction, its measurement, relationship to job performance, and impact of job loss.
This document discusses leadership theories and styles. It covers contingency theory, path-goal theory, and leader-member exchange theory. It also describes different leadership styles like transformational and transactional. Additionally, it discusses characteristics of successful and unsuccessful leaders, as well as challenges faced by women and minorities in management positions.
This document discusses various topics relating to workplace training programs, including:
- The scope and goals of organizational training programs. McDonald's Hamburger University is provided as an example.
- Common training methods used in workplaces like on-the-job training, computer-assisted instruction, and role playing.
- Factors that influence learning like trainee attributes, the pre-training environment, principles of learning theory, and the need for feedback.
- The importance of evaluating training programs to determine their effectiveness.
This document summarizes key aspects of performance appraisal systems. It defines performance appraisal as the formal evaluation of employee performance for career decisions. It describes guidelines to ensure appraisal systems comply with anti-discrimination laws and discusses common rating errors like halo effects. It also outlines techniques to measure performance, including objective and subjective methods, and ways to improve effectiveness, such as reducing rating errors through training and feedback.
This document provides an overview of psychological testing in the workplace. It discusses key characteristics of psychological tests like standardization, objectivity, reliability and validity. It describes different types of tests including cognitive ability, interests, aptitudes and personality tests. It also covers issues around fair employment practices, test administration, problems with psychological testing and ethics. The overall purpose is to explain how psychological testing is used to select and evaluate employees.
This document discusses psychology and work. It covers topics like recruitment, selection processes, fair employment practices, job analysis, and influences on job preferences. The purpose is to explain important concepts in industrial and organizational psychology related to finding and selecting job applicants.
The document discusses research methods used in psychology and the workplace. It covers experimental and non-experimental methods like naturalistic observation, surveys, and web-based research. Experimental methods manipulate an independent variable to measure its effect on a dependent variable using control and experimental groups. Non-experimental methods observe behaviors without manipulation. The document also discusses research limitations, designing experiments, collecting and analyzing data through descriptive and inferential statistics, and meta-analysis.
The document is a chapter from an Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology textbook. It provides an overview of the field of I-O psychology, including its history, key topics, research methods, and contemporary challenges. Some of the major areas discussed include the origins of I-O psychology, the Hawthorne studies, psychological testing during World War I and II, common jobs and salaries for I-O psychologists, and problems faced in the field such as fraudulent practitioners.
This study examined career indecision among 397 managers and professionals at a large bank. The researchers developed a measure of career indecision and tested a model of its sources and outcomes. Through a factor analysis, they identified seven potential sources of career indecision. The model proposed that work/life experience, trait anxiety, and career assistance from the employer would indirectly influence career indecision through their effects on its sources. Sources like lack of self-knowledge were expected to directly impact career indecision status. Potential outcomes included negative work attitudes, life stress, and intentions to explore career options further. The study aimed to advance understanding of career indecision among employed adults versus student populations.
This document provides a proposal for a stress management group for single parents. It will focus on cognitive thinking, stress coping skills, and building a mutual support network. The number of single parents in Hong Kong has increased significantly in recent decades. Single parents face many stressors related to finances, parenting responsibilities, and emotional well-being after becoming a single parent. The group aims to help members reduce stress and improve their quality of life by learning skills like cognitive restructuring based on cognitive behavioral therapy principles.
This document discusses defining and measuring the trait of superstition. It begins by reviewing different definitions of superstition in the literature and outlines the goals of developing a clear definition and measurement scale. An exploratory qualitative study led the researchers to define superstition as unfounded half-beliefs that certain events or objects can bring good or bad luck. Several data collections were then used to develop a 27-item, 5-dimension scale to measure superstition. The scale dimensions are popular beliefs about good and bad fortune, belief in destiny, magical thinking, and defensive pessimism.
The Motivational Structure Questionnaire (MSQ) identifies problem drinkers' maladaptive motivational patterns that underlie their motivations for drinking alcohol. It does so by having respondents name their current concerns in major life areas and characterize each concern along dimensions that reveal the structure of their motivation. A computer program then generates quantitative indices and a motivational profile depicting the respondent's significant motivational features and problem areas. Administration takes 2-3 hours on average. The MSQ can help pinpoint problem drinkers' motivational issues to provide a basis for motivational counseling to change maladaptive patterns. It has been used in research concerned with motivational and volitional factors.
The document describes the development of the Belief in Good Luck (BIGL) Scale. Three studies provided evidence that there are reliable individual differences in beliefs about luck. Some people view luck as a stable force that influences events in their favor, while others see luck as random and unreliable. Belief in good luck was related to beliefs about chance but distinct from other constructs like optimism or self-esteem. The scale predicted positive expectations for outcomes associated with luck, suggesting irrational beliefs about luck can influence expectations of future success.
This document discusses social exchange theory and interdependence theory as they relate to relationships. It covers:
- People seek relationships that provide maximum rewards with minimum costs, and stay only if outcomes remain profitable. Satisfaction depends on outcomes exceeding our expectations.
- Comparison levels (CL) are the standards we use to judge relationship satisfaction, based on past relationship rewards. Comparison levels for alternatives (CLalt) are the best outcomes available elsewhere, determining how dependent we are on the current relationship.
- As time passes in a relationship, CL may rise while outcomes remain the same, risking taking the relationship for granted. CLalt increasing, such as from women's rights, can make relationships unhappier and less
This document discusses evidence-based approaches to facilitating career choices through decision theory. It presents several key aspects of career decision making, including the large amount of information and options to consider, the uncertainty involved, and non-cognitive influences. Several tools are proposed to help structure the complex career decision process, including the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) to assess an individual's challenges, and a three-stage model (PIC) to guide their decision making. The document also discusses developing and validating computer-assisted career guidance systems using theoretical knowledge and empirical methods.
This document discusses interdependence theory and its application to personal relationships. It contains the following key points:
1) Interdependence theory analyzes how people in relationships coordinate outcomes to maximize benefits for both partners, taking into account rewards, costs, comparisons to alternatives, and issues of fairness.
2) Relationships are most satisfying when rewards outweigh costs, outcomes meet or exceed expectations, and the relationship is perceived as fair. Commitment increases with satisfaction but people may stay in dissatisfying relationships due to investments, lack of alternatives, or moral commitments.
3) Self-disclosure, intimacy, power balances, conflict resolution styles, and accommodation versus neglect during dissatisfaction all impact relationship satisfaction and commitment over time according
This chapter discusses interdependence and roles in organizations. It covers types of interdependence like pooled, sequential, reciprocal, and comprehensive interdependence. It also discusses role taking and making, norms and role episodes, communication processes, socialization to new roles, and maintaining quality interpersonal relationships through concepts like equity theory. The key topics covered are types of interdependence, roles and norms, communication barriers, socialization goals and tactics, and responses to inequity.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Baron_Chapter8.ppt
1. Chapter 8
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Close Relationships: Family,
Friends, Lovers, and Spouses
Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
2. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Close Relationships
• Interdependent Relationships with
Family and Friends versus
Loneliness
• Romantic Relationships and Falling
in Love
• Marriage: Happily Ever After and
Otherwise
3. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
• Interdependence—common to all close
relationships, characterized by an
interpersonal association in which two people
influence each other’s lives, often focus their
thoughts on one another, and regularly
engage in joint activities
– Includes commitment to the relationship
– May be motivated by biological factors
• Evidence for the importance of social bonds exists in
other species
4. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
• Family: Where Relationships and Attachment
Styles Begin
– Parent-child interactions constitute the basis for
expectations about later relationships.
• Adults use baby talk and display exaggerated facial
expressions to engage infants.
• Infants are equipped to interact with fellow humans.
– They are sensitive to facial cues and the sounds people make.
5. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
– The lasting importance of parent-child interactions
• Attachment style—degree of security in interpersonal
relationships; styles develop on the interactions between
infant and caregiver and lead to the formation of two
basic attitudes self-esteem (attitudes about one’s self
worth) and interpersonal trust (attitudes about other
people)
6. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
– Four attachment styles are:
» Secure Style-high in both self-esteem and trust; do best in
interpersonal relationships
» Fearful-Avoidant Style-low in both self-esteem and trust;
least adaptive attachment style
» Preoccupied Style-low in self-esteem and high in trust;
strong desire to form a close relationship, but feels
unworthy of a partner and is vulnerable to rejection
» Dismissing Style-high in self-esteem and low in trust; feels
deserving of a close relationship, but mistrusts potential
partners and tends to reject them to avoid being the one who
is rejected
– Styles appear to generalize to other relationships throughout life,
but quality of later relationships can result in a change in
attachment style.
7. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
– Interactions with Other Family Members
• Other family members besides mothers interact with infants
and young children and they are influential.
– They can compensate for having an unresponsive mother.
– They are important in the development of values concerning
trust, self-worth, competition, and humor.
• Adolescents and their parents typically express positive
feelings about each other.
– This is associated with becoming an adult who has empathy,
high self-esteem, and interpersonal trust.
• Culture affects these interactions.
– Collectivist children are more likely to help their parents and
less likely to want to interact with people outside of the family
than are individualist children.
8. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
– Relationships between and among siblings
• Are important in terms of what people learn about
interpersonal behavior
• Involve feelings of affection, hostility, and rivalry
• Are most likely to be positive if each sibling has a warm
relationship with the parents and if the parents are
satisfied with their marriage
• Tend to be negative for schoolyard bullies
• Tend to drift apart in adolescence, and may become close
again in middle adulthood
– About 20 percent of adult siblings are never close to each other.
9. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
• Beyond the Family: Friendships
– Close friendships—relationships in which two
people spend a great deal of time together,
interact in a variety of situations, and provide
mutual emotional support
• People tend to be modest around their close friends and
are less likely to lie to them.
• Culture influences what friends value in each other.
– Both Americans and Japanese value considerate behavior, but
Americans, unlike Japanese, value a friend who is spontaneous
and active.
10. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
– Gender and friendships
• Women report more close friends and value intimacy (self-
disclosure and emotional support) more than men do.
• Separation from a friend may be harder for women than it
is for men.
• Men and women tend to discuss different topics with their
friends.
• Opposite-sex friendships
– Men are more likely to expect a sexual relationship to develop.
– Women may want a man to protect them.
11. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
• Loneliness—unpleasant emotional and
cognitive state based on desiring close
relationships, but being unable to attain
them
– Seems to be a common human experience
– Consequences of being lonely
• Negative affect including depression, anxiety,
dissatisfaction, pessimism, self-blame, and shyness
• May be perceived as maladjusted by others
• Poor health and reduced life expectancy
12. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
– Why are some people lonely?
• Genetic predisposition
– Identical twins are more similar than are fraternal twins
• Attachment styles
– Individuals who are insecurely attached are more likely to be
lonely.
• Lack adequate social skills
14. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
– Reducing loneliness
• Cognitive therapy (changing negative thoughts and
perceptions) and social skills training (teaching people
how to interact with others) help
– Loneliness as a response to external factors
• Relocation
• Social Rejection—when an individual rejects another,
not on the basis of what he or she has done, but on the
basis of prejudice, stereotypes, and biases
– Involves avoidance, disengagement, and cognitive dissociation
• Social Exclusion—when an entire group rejects an
individual based on prejudice, stereotypes, and biases
15. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Interdependent Relationships
• What are your thoughts?
– It would be hardest to have a relationship with a person
who has which attachment style?
• Why?
– What do we learn from our relationships with family
members that we carry to relationships with others?
– Can a man and a woman stay friends without being
sexually intimate with each other?
• Why or why not?
– What advice can you give to someone suffering from
loneliness?
16. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Romantic Relationships
• Romance: Moving Beyond Friendships
– Similarities and differences between romance and
friendships
• Similarities include the need to affiliate, positive affect,
proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity, and mutual
liking
• Differences include sexual attraction, physical intimacy,
reports of being in love, and a desire for total approval and
acceptance
– Romantic relationships involve three schemas: self,
partner (idealized), and relationship (based on illusions).
18. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Romantic Relationships
• Selecting a Potential Mate: Gender Differences
– Although men and women both want a kind and
intelligent partner who is faithful, men tend to focus on
physical attractiveness and women tend to focus on status
and resources.
• Males seek female attractiveness
– Evolutionary theory believes this is important since a mate’s
beauty is related to youth, health, and fertility and will enhance a
male’s reproductive success.
• Females seek males with resources
– Evolutionary theory believes this is important since a woman’s
reproductive success is improved by choosing a mate who can
protect and care for her and their offspring.
19. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Romantic Relationships
– Other theorists adopt culture-based explanations of
gender differences in mate selection.
• For example, both men and women can prefer a mate
who is wealthy.
– Finding a mate
• Dating is less common today.
• “Hanging out” in groups, which may result in pairing off,
occurs more frequently.
• Internet websites are becoming more popular.
20. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Romantic Relationships
• Love—combination of emotions, cognitions,
and behaviors that often play a crucial role in
intimate relationships
– What is the origin of love?
• Evolutionary theory offers an explanation.
– Reproductive success is associated with erotic interest and
interpersonal commitment.
• Culture also influences love and its expression.
21. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Romantic Relationships
– Passionate love—intense and often unrealistic
emotional response to another person
• Involves sexual attraction, the desire to be physically close,
and an intense need for love to be reciprocated
• Three factors are necessary
– Learning about love
– Availability of a potential love object
– State of physiological arousal that is interpreted as feelings of love
• Tends to be too intense to be maintained permanently
22. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Romantic Relationships
– Unrequited Love—love of one person for another
who does not feel love in return
• Most common among people who have an insecure
attachment style
• Men report more experiences than women do
• Person in love feels rejected, other may feel guilty
– Components of Love
• Companionate Love—based on friendship, mutual
attraction, shared interests, respect, and concern for
one another’s welfare
23. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Romantic Relationships
• Game playing love, possessive love, logical love, and
selfless love are four other styles of love.
– Gender differences in the endorsement of these styles have been
found.
• Sternberg’s (1986) Triangular Model of Love—
conceptualization of love relationships consisting of
three basic components: intimacy (closeness felt by two
people), passion (sexual motives and excitement), and
decision/commitment (cognitive processes involved in
deciding that one is committed to the relationship)
– Consummate Love—a complete and ideal love that combines
intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment
25. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Romantic Relationships
– Romance, love, and sex
• During the 20th century, attitudes about sexuality
became more permissive.
• At the beginning of the 21st century, sexual
permissiveness is showing signs of decline.
– Due to social pressures to conform, unwanted teenage
pregnancies, and the rise of incurable sexually transmitted
infections
– However, most couples married in the 21st century had
premarital sex with each other and many had sex with others
before they were married.
» Premarital sex and cohabitation are not related to
marriage, marital satisfaction, or marital success or failure.
26. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Romantic Relationships
• What are your thoughts?
– Under which conditions might women be just as
concerned with the attractiveness of romantic
partners as men are?
– What are benefits and costs of meeting a potential
mate based on information at a website?
– How does culture influence love and its
expression?
• Are cultural differences in this area likely to increase or
decrease?
– Why?
27. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
• Marital Success and Satisfaction
– Similarity and assumed similarity
• Married people are similar to each other and their
similarity remains stable over time.
– Happily married couples believe they are more similar to each
other than they actually are (assumed similarity).
» A positive relationship between similarity and marital
success exists.
28. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
– Dispositional factors
• Some people are better than others are at maintaining a
positive relationship with their spouses.
– Narcissists (feel superior and lack empathy) report less
commitment to a relationship.
– People who are securely attached are more likely to experience
marital satisfaction.
– Other negative personality traits (anxiety, negativity, and
neuroticism) are related to marital problems.
» Expression of negative affect is associated with a greater
likelihood of marital failure.
29. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
– Marital sex
• Sexual interactions become less frequent as time passes
• Degree of similarity of sexual attitudes and preferences
predicts marital success
• Love and Marriage: Careers, Parenthood, and
Family Composition
– Is it better to be married or to be unmarried?
• Married men report being healthier and happier
• Women in a satisfactory marriage report being healthier
30. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
– Love and marriage
• Passionate love declines over time
• Companionate love is important to both spouses
– Work inside and outside the home
• Men tend to do most of the repairs; women do most of the
cleaning and cooking.
– Conflict can arise when the division of chores is perceived as
unfair.
• Dual-career spouses may experience difficulties
– Those with secure attachment styles deal best with competing
demands between job and marriage.
31. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
– Parenthood
• Can result in unexpected difficulties
– It can interfere with marital sex.
– It can cause additional conflicts in the relationship.
– It is associated with a decrease in marital satisfaction.
» Couples with a strong, companionate relationship and secure
attachment styles experience less of a decline
– Changes in family composition
• Marriage rates are down
• Rates of cohabitation, single-parenthood, gay and lesbian
couples with children, and remarriage are on the rise
32. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
• When Relationships Fail
– Despite people’s optimism when they marry, 50%
of marriages end in divorce in the United States.
– Costs and benefits of marital interactions
• Communal Behavior—benevolent acts in a
relationship that “cost” the one who performs those
acts and benefit the partner and the relationship itself
– Is associated with marital satisfaction
» Marital satisfaction is related to maximizing benefits and
minimizing costs.
34. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
– Problems between spouses
• Failure to understand the reality that spouse is not perfect
• Jealousy regarding real or imagined attraction toward
someone besides the spouse
– Infidelity can be a result or a cause of marital breakups.
• Conflict between desire for independence and the need to
be close to someone
35. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
– Dealing with marital problems
• Best to use a constructive style that focuses on the topic
being discussed and attempts to resolve conflict
• Negative styles include avoidance, lashing out against the
partner, criticizing the partner, avoiding responsibility, and
asking hostile questions
– Men tend to practice avoidance
• Consider the long-term consequences of what is said and
done during conflicts
– Create positive rather than negative affect
36. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
– Consequences of a failed relationship
• Spouses are likely to feel distressed and angry when marriage
fails.
• Active response to a failed marriage
– Ending the relationship or working to improve it
• Passive response to a failed marriage
– Waiting and hoping that the relationship will improve or waiting
for it to worsen
» People with secure attachment styles tend to work actively to
save a relationship.
» People with insecure attachment styles tend to end the
relationship or wait for it to get worse.
37. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
• Children are victims of marital failures.
– They may experience negative long-term effects on their health and
well-being when their parents divorce.
– Parental conflicts are bad for children regardless if they result in
divorce.
• A failing marriage may be saved if
– Partners’ needs can be satisfied
– Each partner is committed to saving the relationship
– Alternative lovers are not available
• Most divorced people remarry
– Remarriages constitute almost half of all marriages in the United States.
38. Copyright 2006, Allyn and Bacon
Marriage
• What are your thoughts?
– What have you learned regarding how to have a
successful marriage or long-term relationship?
• What are likely sources of conflicts?
– What is the best way to avoid these conflicts?
• What is an effective strategy to handle conflicts in a
relationship?
– What should be kept in mind if one divorces and
children are involved?