More phonological analysis related to grammar and meaning.

1. 英語学概論 5

2. Trevor Noah: speaking Xhosa

3. • Xhosa is a South African language
How about Nigeria?
520 languages spoken
English is the most common
60 million out of 180 million people speak
English

4. Main languages of Nigeria
• Yoruba
• Igbo
• Hausa
• Urhobo
• Ibibio
• Edo
• etc

5. Nigeria in Africa

6. Abuja is the capital

7. Language map of Nigeria

8. Edo is between Yoruba and Igbo

9. Yoruba and Igbo are NOT similar

10. The Nigerian Language challenge! Igbo
vs Yoruba

11. Quick Review
• Remember these sounds?

12. •ɒ
•ɔ
•o

13. Phonetic script
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
• Phonetics = study of sound

14. Phonology
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
• Phonology = study of sound as it works in
language

15. Phonology: For example
• ɒ
• ɔ
• o
• Do these sounds exist in
Japanese?

16. /θriː/
specifies three of a
particular thing
determiner・specifier

17. Welsh （ウェールズ）
•Iaith
• = language
•/jaiθ/

18. Welsh （ウェールズ）
•Chwech
• = six
•/χweːχ/

19. Welsh （ウェールズ）
•Llan
• = church
•/ɬæn/
•/ɬan/

20. •ɬ
•Like English l in “laugh”
•But blowing air out of the
sides of your tongue

21. •Pwll
•/pʊɬ/
•Means “pool”

22. • Llanfairpwllgwyngyll
• /ɬanvairpʊɬgwɪngɪɬ/
• F is pronounced v in Welsh
• W is pronounced like short u

23. llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrob
wllllantysiliogogogoch
• llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychw
yrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch
• Last bit:
• llantisiliogogogoch
• /ɬantɪsɪliɔgɔgɔgɔ:χ/

24. Anyway – not in the test!
• But thinking about sounds
• As they work in languages
• That’s Phonology

25. /ðə/
specifies a particular
thing
determiner・specifier

26. /ðəʊz/
specifies particular things
determiner・specifier

27. /ə/
specifies a single, not
mentioned thing
determiner・specifier

28. /moʊst/ (US)
specifies more than anything
else
determiner・specifier

29. /məʊst/ (UK)
specifies more than anything
else
determiner・specifier

30. Most (determiner)
•[Most students] will pass.

31. NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN

32. NOUN
PHRASE
SPECIFIER NOUN

33. NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
the book

34. NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
a book

35. NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
that book

36. NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
this book

37. NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
my book

38. NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
these books

39. NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
those books

40. NOUN
PHRASE
DETERMINE
R
NOUN
most books

41. /moʊst/ (US)
specifies more than anything
else
determiner・specifier

42. /moʊst/ (US)
specifies more than half
determiner・specifier

43. Most
• Most books were read by Bill.
• He read more books than
anyone else.
• He read more than half the
books.

44. Most books were read by Bill.
• Bill read three books.
• John read two books.
• Jill read two books.
• Most books were read by Bill.

45. Most books were read by Bill.
• There are five books.
• Bill read three or four.
• Most books were read by Bill.

46. GAME!

47. /ˈprɪn.tər/
noun
machine that writes

48. /tʃuːz/
verb
select

49. /straɪpt/
adjective
with lines on it

50. /ˈpɪg/
noun
Farm animal, goes
oink

51. /ˈʃɪp/
noun
Vehicle on sea or
water

52. /ˈʃi:p/
noun
Woolly farm animal

53. /ˈli:p/
verb
Jump

54. /ˈsti:p/
adjective
Goes up sharply

55. /ˈdɒdʒ.i/
Adjective
‘illegal or somehow
wrong’

56. /kəˈfʌf.əl/
Noun
‘An argument or
fight’

57. /ˈwæŋ.kə
/
Noun
‘a useless
person’

58. /tɒʃ/
Noun
‘rubbish or
nonsense’

59. /ˌhʌŋ.kiˈdɔː
.ri/
Adjective
‘Cool, no problem’