The three 29m wind turbines integrated into the Bahrain World Trade Center towers are the first of their kind in a commercial building. When fully operational, the turbines are expected to provide 11-15% of the towers' power needs. The turbines funnel the prevailing Gulf breeze between the tapered towers to turn the blades. This pioneering project demonstrates Bahrain's commitment to more sustainable building designs that reduce fossil fuel usage.
The Bahrain World Trade Center consists of twin 240-meter towers located in Manama, Bahrain. The towers were built in 2008 and feature three horizontal axis wind turbines mounted between the towers, which are expected to produce 11-15% of the towers' electricity needs. The towers were designed to harness the prevailing winds from the Persian Gulf and help showcase Bahrain's efforts in renewable energy.
Case Studies of Sustainable Office buildings, these both case studies are based on sustainable features adopted inorder to make the entire structure energy efficient as well as encourage work environment within the premises, i hope it helps out students of architecture, engineering backgrounds!!!...
The document summarizes the Gherkin building in London, designed by Norman Foster. It is a 180m tall skyscraper constructed from 2001-2004 that uses a distinctive twisting shape and high-tech architecture design. Key features include a diagrid structural system, double-skinned facade for natural ventilation, and sustainability measures like computer-controlled windows and daylight wells. The building won awards for its innovative design and engineering.
The Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai is known for its distinctive sail-shaped structure. It was designed by Tom Wright and built from 1994-1999. The hotel sits on an artificial island 280 meters offshore and is supported by 230 deep foundation piles that are 1.5 meters in diameter and 45 meters long. The composite structure uses a steel exoskeleton with bracing and a central concrete core to support the hotel and withstand high wind loads in the area.
Case Studies that related to Solar Oriented Design Principles, environmental responsive, in tropical climate. It was done as a group assignment, thus credits go to my group members as well.
The document summarizes a case study of the National Library of Singapore, focusing on its natural ventilation strategies. The 15-story building uses various passive design elements like building orientation, form factor, stack ventilation, cross ventilation, and wind buffering to promote air circulation without mechanical cooling. Surrounded by taller commercial buildings, it employs landscaping and louvers to optimize wind flow and ventilation naturally.
The document provides details about the Capital Gate building project in Abu Dhabi. It describes the building as having a record lean of 18 degrees and being 160 meters tall. Unconventional construction methods were used, including pre-cambering and post-tensioning of the core and custom steel diagrids. The building achieved several awards and set new benchmarks in civil engineering.
The Bahrain World Trade Center consists of twin 240-meter towers located in Manama, Bahrain. The towers were built in 2008 and feature three horizontal axis wind turbines mounted between the towers, which are expected to produce 11-15% of the towers' electricity needs. The towers were designed to harness the prevailing winds from the Persian Gulf and help showcase Bahrain's efforts in renewable energy.
Case Studies of Sustainable Office buildings, these both case studies are based on sustainable features adopted inorder to make the entire structure energy efficient as well as encourage work environment within the premises, i hope it helps out students of architecture, engineering backgrounds!!!...
The document summarizes the Gherkin building in London, designed by Norman Foster. It is a 180m tall skyscraper constructed from 2001-2004 that uses a distinctive twisting shape and high-tech architecture design. Key features include a diagrid structural system, double-skinned facade for natural ventilation, and sustainability measures like computer-controlled windows and daylight wells. The building won awards for its innovative design and engineering.
The Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai is known for its distinctive sail-shaped structure. It was designed by Tom Wright and built from 1994-1999. The hotel sits on an artificial island 280 meters offshore and is supported by 230 deep foundation piles that are 1.5 meters in diameter and 45 meters long. The composite structure uses a steel exoskeleton with bracing and a central concrete core to support the hotel and withstand high wind loads in the area.
Case Studies that related to Solar Oriented Design Principles, environmental responsive, in tropical climate. It was done as a group assignment, thus credits go to my group members as well.
The document summarizes a case study of the National Library of Singapore, focusing on its natural ventilation strategies. The 15-story building uses various passive design elements like building orientation, form factor, stack ventilation, cross ventilation, and wind buffering to promote air circulation without mechanical cooling. Surrounded by taller commercial buildings, it employs landscaping and louvers to optimize wind flow and ventilation naturally.
The document provides details about the Capital Gate building project in Abu Dhabi. It describes the building as having a record lean of 18 degrees and being 160 meters tall. Unconventional construction methods were used, including pre-cambering and post-tensioning of the core and custom steel diagrids. The building achieved several awards and set new benchmarks in civil engineering.
Ken Yeang is a Malaysian architect and pioneer of green design known for his eco-friendly buildings and masterplans. Some of his notable works include the National Library of Singapore, Mesiniaga Tower in Malaysia, Ganendra Art House in Malaysia, and Solaris in Singapore. These buildings incorporate various green features such as passive solar design, natural ventilation, daylighting, landscaping, and water conservation.
Norman Foster is a renowned British architect known for high-tech and sustainable architecture. Some of his most famous buildings include London City Hall, 30 St Mary Axe (known as the Gherkin), and the Reichstag building in Berlin. For London City Hall, Foster designed a uniquely bulbous shape to reduce energy needs by decreasing surface area. 30 St Mary Axe's distinctive cigar shape maximizes airflow and minimizes wind impact. For the Reichstag, Foster sensitively restored the historic structure and added a transparent dome symbolizing democracy. Across all projects, Foster aims to fulfill functional needs while creating aesthetically pleasing landmarks through innovative design.
The Edge building in Amsterdam is considered the most sustainable office building in the world. It achieved a 98% sustainability score using technologies like solar panels, thermal energy storage, rainwater recycling, and smart lighting. The building generates more energy than it uses through its extensive solar panel array and geothermal energy system. Its design promotes natural ventilation, daylighting, and occupant well-being through features like a central atrium. The Edge serves as an exemplar for innovative sustainable architecture.
Norman Foster is a renowned British architect known for high-tech and sustainable architecture. Some key points about his works and design philosophy:
- He believes architecture should enhance people's quality of life and accommodate technological changes over time.
- His designs emphasize natural light, energy efficiency, and flexible, adaptable spaces.
- Notable works include 30 St Mary Axe (London), known as "The Gherkin", which uses its curved, aerodynamic shape to reduce wind loads and maximize natural ventilation. His City Hall building in London also prioritizes sustainability through its spherical form.
Intelligent Building- Burj Khalifa and Advantech Linkou Campus Phase 1Grace Henry
What makes a building intelligent?
Let's go through these two examples to know those features better.
One is the world's most tallest building and the other conceived of latest automations.
Here are the key points about high rise buildings from the introduction:
- Tall buildings symbolize power, wealth, and human achievement in overcoming natural limitations through technology.
- Modern innovations like steel frame construction, elevators, and electricity made tall buildings practical structures.
- Advances in materials, construction technology, and building services have enabled the construction of increasingly slender and tall buildings.
- A key challenge is designing tall buildings to withstand environmental forces like wind, which can cause horizontal vibration and excessive motion affecting occupant comfort.
- Ensuring structural safety as well as comfort and serviceability for occupants are important design requirements for tall buildings.
Burj Khalifa, known as Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the tallest artificial structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m.
leed, rating system, green designs, sustainability, green concept, different rating systems of leed, manitoba hydro place, leadership in energy and environmental design, comparison between leed and other rating system , leed india
The document provides details on 4 proposed or constructed high-rise buildings - the Namasté Tower in Mumbai, India, the Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China, the Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taipei, Taiwan, and the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong. Key information included on each building is the location, architect, details on sustainable design elements and energy efficiency strategies, as well as conceptual descriptions and images.
Norman Foster is a renowned British architect known for his high-tech and eco-friendly designs. Some of his most notable works include London City Hall, with its distinctive oval form that minimizes energy usage, and 30 St Mary Axe (nicknamed The Gherkin) in London, known for its unique tapered and curved shape that reduces wind load and allows natural ventilation. Foster's designs are inspired by streamlined bodies and aim to create flexible, sustainable buildings through attention to structure, services, ecology and materials using principles of synthesis and energy efficiency.
The document discusses rules of thumb for determining the number of elevators needed in high-rise office buildings. It states that one elevator is required for every 45,000 square feet of usable space, and the ratio of floors to elevators should be between 2:1 and 2.5:1 depending on building occupancy. No single elevator group should serve more than 16 floors or include more than 8 elevators. Service elevators are required for buildings over 9 floors. Special areas like cafeterias may also increase elevator needs. Examples of institutional buildings in Thailand are provided.
The Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taiwan elevates a substantial part of its program to create an open public square underneath. By lifting the main plateau, panoramic views of the city are created. The building contains more void space in the form of this three-dimensional urban square than mass. The square fundamentally becomes part of the building and is activated by various balconies and terraces with different programs. The four "legs" of the building that support the horizontal slab are each programmed differently and contain performance spaces at varying altitudes, connected by a system of loops, stairs, and elevators.
Residential Case Studies of Passive Strategiesaiahouston
This document summarizes a presentation about passive design strategies for homes in hot humid climates like Texas. It provides examples of over a dozen case studies of homes designed by the presenter to utilize passive strategies like shading, ventilation, thermal mass, and daylighting to reduce energy usage and increase comfort. Owners of these passive homes reported rarely needing to use mechanical cooling or heating except when entertaining guests. The presentation aimed to teach architects the importance of passive design and demonstrate that approaches beyond conventional wood frame construction can create sustainable, resilient homes.
A detailed description of the evolution of courtyards, how they are used around the world and particularly in the Indian context.
(I'm sorry about the annoying webdings font. Slideshare didn't recognize the one I had used. Should've just stuck with Times New Roman.)
Natural ventilation in High-rise office buildings Dania Abdel-aziz
This document provides an overview of natural ventilation strategies for high-rise office buildings. It begins with a brief history of natural ventilation in tall offices prior to the widespread adoption of air conditioning. It then discusses the principles of natural ventilation and various strategies used. The majority of the document consists of case studies of 14 modern high-rise offices that employ natural ventilation techniques. It aims to analyze these examples to determine best practices and key factors for successfully implementing natural ventilation in tall buildings. However, the document notes that a lack of publicly available performance data makes direct comparisons between buildings difficult. Overall, the document seeks to advance the use of natural ventilation to reduce energy consumption in tall offices.
As the flagship project for the next downtown Boston neighborhood slated for growth, Atlantic Wharf will be the city of Boston’s first LEED Gold mixed-use development. CBT Architects presents a case study on this new one million square foot project that includes approximately 65 residential units, ground-level retail and public spaces, six stories of below-grade parking, and 31 floors of office space that will bring urban activity directly to the Fort Point Channel water’s edge.
The new sustainable development is at the base of a series of restored and renovated historic structures that preserve the texture and streetscape of this site, integrated with a modern highrise glass tower. By preserving the south and east façades of the historic warehouses, using a very energy-efficient curtainwall, and employing green roof technologies, Atlantic Wharf will be the a centerpiece of Boston's green development.
Kohinoor Square is a mixed-use skyscraper complex in Mumbai comprising a 203m main tower and 142m residential tower. The main tower has shopping malls on the lower floors and a five-star hotel on the upper floors. The residential tower has parking on the lower 15 floors and apartments on the upper 20 floors. The complex was designed to be environmentally sustainable and received a LEED Gold rating. It has large landscaped gardens and terraces to maximize natural light and minimize heat gain. The central core structure uses a post-tensioned concrete slab system. The complex provides parking for 2000 cars and is well-connected to various parts of Mumbai by major roads.
The document discusses a project to design a vertical axis wind turbine that can capture wind energy from passing vehicles on highways. This would provide a steady source of wind power for streetlights and other infrastructure along roads. Since the wind source from vehicles fluctuates, the design needs a power storage system to distribute a constant supply of electricity. Key considerations for the design include storage of intermittent power, noise levels, space requirements, and efficiency in extracting energy from the lower wind speeds near the ground.
Energy producing buildings are the one which produces there own energy by various techniques. in this ppt, techniques such as building integrated wind turbines and glass panels with photovoltaic cells are introduced.
Ken Yeang is a Malaysian architect and pioneer of green design known for his eco-friendly buildings and masterplans. Some of his notable works include the National Library of Singapore, Mesiniaga Tower in Malaysia, Ganendra Art House in Malaysia, and Solaris in Singapore. These buildings incorporate various green features such as passive solar design, natural ventilation, daylighting, landscaping, and water conservation.
Norman Foster is a renowned British architect known for high-tech and sustainable architecture. Some of his most famous buildings include London City Hall, 30 St Mary Axe (known as the Gherkin), and the Reichstag building in Berlin. For London City Hall, Foster designed a uniquely bulbous shape to reduce energy needs by decreasing surface area. 30 St Mary Axe's distinctive cigar shape maximizes airflow and minimizes wind impact. For the Reichstag, Foster sensitively restored the historic structure and added a transparent dome symbolizing democracy. Across all projects, Foster aims to fulfill functional needs while creating aesthetically pleasing landmarks through innovative design.
The Edge building in Amsterdam is considered the most sustainable office building in the world. It achieved a 98% sustainability score using technologies like solar panels, thermal energy storage, rainwater recycling, and smart lighting. The building generates more energy than it uses through its extensive solar panel array and geothermal energy system. Its design promotes natural ventilation, daylighting, and occupant well-being through features like a central atrium. The Edge serves as an exemplar for innovative sustainable architecture.
Norman Foster is a renowned British architect known for high-tech and sustainable architecture. Some key points about his works and design philosophy:
- He believes architecture should enhance people's quality of life and accommodate technological changes over time.
- His designs emphasize natural light, energy efficiency, and flexible, adaptable spaces.
- Notable works include 30 St Mary Axe (London), known as "The Gherkin", which uses its curved, aerodynamic shape to reduce wind loads and maximize natural ventilation. His City Hall building in London also prioritizes sustainability through its spherical form.
Intelligent Building- Burj Khalifa and Advantech Linkou Campus Phase 1Grace Henry
What makes a building intelligent?
Let's go through these two examples to know those features better.
One is the world's most tallest building and the other conceived of latest automations.
Here are the key points about high rise buildings from the introduction:
- Tall buildings symbolize power, wealth, and human achievement in overcoming natural limitations through technology.
- Modern innovations like steel frame construction, elevators, and electricity made tall buildings practical structures.
- Advances in materials, construction technology, and building services have enabled the construction of increasingly slender and tall buildings.
- A key challenge is designing tall buildings to withstand environmental forces like wind, which can cause horizontal vibration and excessive motion affecting occupant comfort.
- Ensuring structural safety as well as comfort and serviceability for occupants are important design requirements for tall buildings.
Burj Khalifa, known as Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the tallest artificial structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m.
leed, rating system, green designs, sustainability, green concept, different rating systems of leed, manitoba hydro place, leadership in energy and environmental design, comparison between leed and other rating system , leed india
The document provides details on 4 proposed or constructed high-rise buildings - the Namasté Tower in Mumbai, India, the Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China, the Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taipei, Taiwan, and the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong. Key information included on each building is the location, architect, details on sustainable design elements and energy efficiency strategies, as well as conceptual descriptions and images.
Norman Foster is a renowned British architect known for his high-tech and eco-friendly designs. Some of his most notable works include London City Hall, with its distinctive oval form that minimizes energy usage, and 30 St Mary Axe (nicknamed The Gherkin) in London, known for its unique tapered and curved shape that reduces wind load and allows natural ventilation. Foster's designs are inspired by streamlined bodies and aim to create flexible, sustainable buildings through attention to structure, services, ecology and materials using principles of synthesis and energy efficiency.
The document discusses rules of thumb for determining the number of elevators needed in high-rise office buildings. It states that one elevator is required for every 45,000 square feet of usable space, and the ratio of floors to elevators should be between 2:1 and 2.5:1 depending on building occupancy. No single elevator group should serve more than 16 floors or include more than 8 elevators. Service elevators are required for buildings over 9 floors. Special areas like cafeterias may also increase elevator needs. Examples of institutional buildings in Thailand are provided.
The Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taiwan elevates a substantial part of its program to create an open public square underneath. By lifting the main plateau, panoramic views of the city are created. The building contains more void space in the form of this three-dimensional urban square than mass. The square fundamentally becomes part of the building and is activated by various balconies and terraces with different programs. The four "legs" of the building that support the horizontal slab are each programmed differently and contain performance spaces at varying altitudes, connected by a system of loops, stairs, and elevators.
Residential Case Studies of Passive Strategiesaiahouston
This document summarizes a presentation about passive design strategies for homes in hot humid climates like Texas. It provides examples of over a dozen case studies of homes designed by the presenter to utilize passive strategies like shading, ventilation, thermal mass, and daylighting to reduce energy usage and increase comfort. Owners of these passive homes reported rarely needing to use mechanical cooling or heating except when entertaining guests. The presentation aimed to teach architects the importance of passive design and demonstrate that approaches beyond conventional wood frame construction can create sustainable, resilient homes.
A detailed description of the evolution of courtyards, how they are used around the world and particularly in the Indian context.
(I'm sorry about the annoying webdings font. Slideshare didn't recognize the one I had used. Should've just stuck with Times New Roman.)
Natural ventilation in High-rise office buildings Dania Abdel-aziz
This document provides an overview of natural ventilation strategies for high-rise office buildings. It begins with a brief history of natural ventilation in tall offices prior to the widespread adoption of air conditioning. It then discusses the principles of natural ventilation and various strategies used. The majority of the document consists of case studies of 14 modern high-rise offices that employ natural ventilation techniques. It aims to analyze these examples to determine best practices and key factors for successfully implementing natural ventilation in tall buildings. However, the document notes that a lack of publicly available performance data makes direct comparisons between buildings difficult. Overall, the document seeks to advance the use of natural ventilation to reduce energy consumption in tall offices.
As the flagship project for the next downtown Boston neighborhood slated for growth, Atlantic Wharf will be the city of Boston’s first LEED Gold mixed-use development. CBT Architects presents a case study on this new one million square foot project that includes approximately 65 residential units, ground-level retail and public spaces, six stories of below-grade parking, and 31 floors of office space that will bring urban activity directly to the Fort Point Channel water’s edge.
The new sustainable development is at the base of a series of restored and renovated historic structures that preserve the texture and streetscape of this site, integrated with a modern highrise glass tower. By preserving the south and east façades of the historic warehouses, using a very energy-efficient curtainwall, and employing green roof technologies, Atlantic Wharf will be the a centerpiece of Boston's green development.
Kohinoor Square is a mixed-use skyscraper complex in Mumbai comprising a 203m main tower and 142m residential tower. The main tower has shopping malls on the lower floors and a five-star hotel on the upper floors. The residential tower has parking on the lower 15 floors and apartments on the upper 20 floors. The complex was designed to be environmentally sustainable and received a LEED Gold rating. It has large landscaped gardens and terraces to maximize natural light and minimize heat gain. The central core structure uses a post-tensioned concrete slab system. The complex provides parking for 2000 cars and is well-connected to various parts of Mumbai by major roads.
The document discusses a project to design a vertical axis wind turbine that can capture wind energy from passing vehicles on highways. This would provide a steady source of wind power for streetlights and other infrastructure along roads. Since the wind source from vehicles fluctuates, the design needs a power storage system to distribute a constant supply of electricity. Key considerations for the design include storage of intermittent power, noise levels, space requirements, and efficiency in extracting energy from the lower wind speeds near the ground.
Energy producing buildings are the one which produces there own energy by various techniques. in this ppt, techniques such as building integrated wind turbines and glass panels with photovoltaic cells are introduced.
The document summarizes several skyscrapers and their innovative structural designs, including:
1) The Burj Khalifa's spiraling "Y" plan and buttressed core system that helps reduce wind forces on the tower.
2) The Strata tower in London which has 3 integrated wind turbines that provide 8% of the building's energy needs.
3) The Pearl River Tower in China which is nearing completion, designed to be one of the world's greenest skyscrapers using sustainable technologies and passive solar/wind designs.
Analyzed, optimized, and prototyped design patented by Dr. Gecheng Zha of a carbon fiber VAWT; unique in its usage of a concentric outer ring of fixed stator blades which direct and accelerate airflow. Achieved optimized turbine efficiency of 22.25% (a 57.15% increase over base-model efficiency).
Advisor: Dr. Gecheng Zha.
1) This project involves designing and manufacturing wind turbines that will be attached to a manufactured tree to convert wind energy to rotational motion and produce electricity.
2) The turbines are designed to produce up to 300 watts each and the tree can be installed in public parks, buildings, and areas with steady wind flow.
3) The objectives are to learn about wind energy conversion, the design process, and to generate power efficiently using smaller blades than traditional heavy wind turbines.
This document describes a new design for a telescopic offshore wind turbine that aims to reduce costs. It features a tower that can extend and retract, and a rotor that can tilt horizontally, allowing installation and maintenance to be done using smaller vessels. This innovative design lowers the turbine closer to the water's surface for easier access. The telescopic and tilting functions may enable using established offshore industry work procedures and equipment instead of specialized, expensive jackups or cranes. The design is currently in technology verification testing and seeking licensing partners.
Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind energy (or wind power) describes the process by which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.
This document summarizes the feasibility study of the WindFloat technology, a three-legged floating foundation designed to support offshore wind turbines in water depths from 30-50 meters. Key advantages of the floating foundation include flexibility in site location, access to stronger wind resources further offshore, and simpler offshore installation procedures compared to fixed foundations. The design draws on offshore oil and gas platform technologies while accounting for the different requirements of wind turbines. Hydrodynamic analysis and testing were performed to understand platform motions under wave and wind loads. Coupling of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic models allows for a more accurate analysis of interactions between the turbine and floating platform.
The document discusses repowering, which is replacing older, smaller wind turbines with newer, larger turbines. Countries that started with wind energy early like Germany and Denmark have occupied the best wind locations with older turbines that have lower outputs than modern turbines. Repowering programs replace first-generation turbines with multi-megawatt turbines, increasing wind power generation from the same land area and reducing the number of turbines needed. Repowering has benefits like higher efficiency, lower costs, better grid integration, and utilizing already known wind conditions at sites. Germany is expected to be a major market for repowering, with a potential of replacing up to 15,000 MW of turbines by 2020.
- The Bahrain World Trade Centre is a pioneering project designed by South African architect Shaun Killa that stands at 787 feet tall in Manama, Bahrain.
- Killa designed the building with a sail shape to funnel winds into a central division housing a wind turbine to generate clean electricity. This had never been attempted before at such a large scale.
- The design team faced significant challenges, such as finding engineers willing to take on the risky design and sourcing turbine blades the appropriate size. Through persistence and innovative solutions, they were able to solve these problems.
THE PERFORMANCE OF SHROUDED WIND TURBINE USING CYCLE DYNAMOIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the performance of a shrouded wind turbine that uses a bicycle dynamo. The researchers constructed a shrouded wind turbine with 5-blade and 3-blade rotors and tested its output at different wind speeds and with different configurations (nozzle only, diffuser only, and nozzle with diffuser).
Test results showed that the shrouded configuration with both a nozzle and diffuser produced the highest voltage and RPM outputs compared to configurations with only a nozzle or diffuser or no additional components. At a wind speed of 6.3 m/s, the shrouded configuration increased voltage from 4V to 9.7V for the 3-blade rotor and from 5.5
This document provides an overview of the Archimedean screw as a low head hydropower generator. It discusses the basic design and operation of Archimedean screws, including their rotating helical shape supported by bearings. Archimedean screws can operate at heads as low as 1 meter and flows up to 15 cubic meters per second. They typically have an efficiency around 80% and can tolerate debris well due to their large dimensions. The document also notes some advantages of Archimedean screws for hydropower such as their fish friendliness and simpler civil works compared to other turbine types.
The Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China is designed to be the most energy efficient supertall skyscraper in the world. Some key energy efficient design features include wind turbines and solar panels integrated into the building, a double and triple glazed facade, radiant cooling systems in the ceilings, and a building shape that channels wind to the turbines. Early results indicate the tower will use an AC system 80% smaller than conventional skyscrapers and the turbines may generate up to 4% of the building's power needs through wind energy harnessing.
The document describes a design for a wind turbine system called the Tunnel Turbine that can harness energy from the wind generated by moving vehicles in subway tunnels. Vertical axis turbines housed in metal casings would be installed in pairs on subway tunnel ceilings. The turbines would generate electricity that is fed back into the existing power system, making the transit system more self-sufficient. After evaluating different design options, the company settled on a design using a vertical axis turbine with a funnel to direct wind into the system. The document provides details on the design of the funnel, casing, blades, alternator, and electrical components of the system. It also includes a basic business plan and cost-benefit analysis for implementing the Tunnel Turbine design
This summary outlines the design of the OWTISTM ship, which was developed to reduce costs and improve safety for offshore wind turbine installation. The ship has a 1500t crane, large clear deck space, and can operate in deep water and harsh environments. It was designed with a focus on safety, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Analysis showed this purpose-built floating vessel providing high safety and capacity at low cost per installed unit would better meet the needs of the growing offshore wind industry compared to converted existing vessels.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Highway Wind Power Generation using Vertical Ax...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a vertical axis wind turbine to harness wind energy from vehicles on highways. The turbine would be installed on highway medians to capture wind from both sides of passing vehicles. A computational model was developed to simulate and optimize the turbine design before physical fabrication. Various blade designs were analyzed, including straight, curved, airfoil, and twisted styles. The goals of the project were to generate electricity efficiently from the consistent highway winds and contribute to renewable energy production.
The document discusses the low carbon design of Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world located in Dubai, UAE. It describes the building's Y-shaped structure, modular design that tapers as it rises, and environmental features like solar panels that heat water and optimize energy usage. The building uses renewable energy sources, efficient glass, and automation systems to reduce energy consumption and its carbon footprint despite operating in a hot climate with intensive cooling needs. Overall, the document examines the architecture, sustainability measures, and environmental considerations that were incorporated into the design and construction of Burj Khalifa.
This document summarizes a report on a horizontal axis wind mill project. It defines wind energy and discusses the two main types of wind turbines: horizontal axis and vertical axis. The horizontal axis wind turbine is described as being widely used for higher volume electricity production due to its high efficiency, though it requires more space and investment. The key components of the horizontal axis wind turbine are outlined, including the tower, blades, nacelle, hub, drive shaft, generator, and gearbox. The advantages of tall towers and perpendicular blade movement are mentioned. The disadvantages include difficult transportation and installation due to size. Applications include generating electricity from wind energy by controlling blade angle for maximum power.
Value Engineering: An Intersection of Economics, Engineering Design, and Arch...Armani Ferdaous
This presentation illustrates the various aspects of decision-making in engineering design in the stages prior to the construction bidding process for the renovation of DEP’s South Brooklyn headquarters on Remsen Avenue. It reveals components of the value engineering method through a comparative analysis of two different glass systems in consideration for the future renovation. The analysis initially demonstrates the cost estimation of both materials that will allow BWSO to construct a budget for the project, and it proceeds to reflect the performance of both systems through a comparison of wind loads to derive strength. Lastly, the presentation factors in architectural theory to examine the aesthetic value and social impact of construction materials in visual culture.
Sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings through efficient and moderate use of materials, energy, and space. It takes a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in building design. The goal is to ensure current actions do not inhibit future opportunities. Key techniques include optimizing building orientation, insulation, passive solar design, and active solar devices to reduce energy needs and capture renewable sources. Proper siting and design of buildings and renewable systems like solar panels and wind turbines can maximize energy efficiency and production. However, standards for quantifying sustainability of building materials remain inconsistent and complex.
This presentation gives an overview of various wildlife conservation societies, their role and the government's initiative for wildlife conservation in India
This document provides information on vernacular architecture from different regions of India. It discusses the architecture of Kashmir valley, including the Dhajji house construction technique which uses timber and stone panels to withstand earthquakes. It also describes the architecture of Ladakh, including thick mud brick walls, flat roofs for insulation, and orientation of buildings. Finally, it summarizes the traditional architecture of Jaisalmer, featuring the local golden stone and structures like the Patwon Ki Haveli haveli complex.
This document defines and describes various types of windows. It discusses double-hung sash windows, single-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows, awning windows, clerestory windows, hopper windows, tilt and slide windows, bay windows, tilt and turn windows, transom windows, jalousie windows, roof windows, roof lanterns, stained glass windows, glazing and filling methods, window coverings, and smart glass alternatives. Modern windows are typically made with large panes of glass, low-e coatings, and insulating gas fills between panes to improve thermal performance.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, along with small amounts of other metals like nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. There are several types of steel classified based on their metal content and percentages. These include high carbon steel, mild steel, medium carbon steel, stainless steel, high speed steel, cobalt steel, nickel chromium steel, aluminum steel, and chromium steel. Each type has different properties making it suitable for different applications like tools, vehicle frames, cutlery, and armor.
The document discusses various aspects of sustainable water systems and sanitation. It defines a sustainable water system as one that provides adequate water quality and quantity now and in the future without compromising capacity. It discusses different water sources like surface water, groundwater, rainwater harvesting and reclaimed water. It also discusses sustainable practices for water supply, sanitation facilities, concepts of sustainability in sanitation, and components of storm water drainage systems like inlets, piping, and outlets. Sustainable urban drainage systems are recommended to reduce stormwater flows into sewers.
The Technosphere project proposes constructing a massive spherical building in Dubai that will serve as a benchmark for sustainable energy-efficient design. It aims to generate its own energy from solar power and utilize other green systems like sky gardens, water recycling, and passive solar shielding. At over 800000 square meters, it will be the world's largest sphere building and a symbolic landmark for the new Technopark city. Its futuristic design is intended to represent the planet Earth and humanity's ability to create advanced technology for the betterment of the world.
Sustainable transportation aims to meet present transportation needs in a way that does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It considers economic, environmental, and social factors. Sustainable transportation options include public transit, bicycling, and walking as these modes use less energy and resources and produce fewer emissions than personal vehicles. The document provides an overview of the evolution of sustainable development and defines sustainable transportation.
Sustainable housing aims to be healthy, durable, safe, affordable, and environmentally friendly. It uses efficient and renewable materials, connects to utilities efficiently, and minimizes pollution and energy usage. Sustainable design considers location, indoor quality, materials, energy usage, and innovation. Passive solar features like orientation, daylighting, and ventilation help harness the sun's energy. Using recycled materials, compact designs, and earth sheltering can boost efficiency and lessen environmental impact. While upfront costs may be higher, sustainable housing saves on utilities and maintenance over time.
This document discusses sustainable energy and power sources. It defines renewable energy as energy from natural resources that are replenished within a human lifetime without long-term environmental damage. The major renewable resources described are solar, thermal, wind, tidal, wave, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal energy. It then provides details on each type of energy source, including their advantages and disadvantages. Energy efficiency technologies are also discussed to improve energy usage.
This presentation gives an overall concept, design, plans and construction techniques used in the first 80 storeys tower of north India i.e. Supernova by Supertech construction
Steel is made through a process that begins with iron ore, coke, and limestone being fed into the top of a blast furnace. Hot air blown into the bottom of the blast furnace causes a series of reactions where carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore to molten iron, which is drained from the bottom. The limestone also reacts to form slag, which is separated from the molten iron. The molten iron can then be cast or further processed to produce steel, which has a variety of important uses including in construction, automobiles, packaging, and infrastructure. Steel production is crucial to modern society but manufacturers must consider the environmental impact of their processes.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, along with small amounts of other metals. There are many types of steel classified based on their composition. Some of the main types discussed include high carbon steel, mild steel, medium carbon steel, stainless steel, high speed steel, cobalt steel, nickel chromium steel, aluminum steel, and chromium steel. The document then discusses the properties and manufacturing processes of steel, including the Bessemer process, open hearth process, cementation process, crucible process, duplex process, L.P. process, and electrical process. Steel is widely used in contemporary architecture due to its strength, durability, and ability to be formed into various shapes.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
Prestressed concrete is a combination of steel and concrete that uses compressive stresses applied during construction to oppose tensile stresses that occur in use. There are three main types: pre-tensioned concrete uses steel tendons tensioned before concrete is placed; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses unstressed steel placed then tensioned after curing; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete provides freedom of movement between steel and concrete. Pre-tensioned concrete requires molds that can resist internal forces and calculations to account for losses over time. Prestressed concrete provides benefits like reduced cracking and corrosion, higher strength, and more economical construction for bridges compared to steel.
The document discusses different types of developmental plans in India including national development plans, regional development plans, city development plans, zonal development plans, local area development plans, and sectoral development plans. It provides details on the purpose, contents, and functions of each type of plan. National development plans in India include five-year plans which aim to promote growth, employment, equity and justice. Regional development plans organize population, resources and infrastructure over a regional area.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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The event will cover the following::
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Bahrain world trade centre
1. BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTRE
The Atkins designed Bahrain World Trade Center (BWTC) made history today as the turbines on this
pioneering project turned together for the first time. The three 29m-diameter turbine blades on Bahrain’s
iconic landmark are the first in the world to be integrated on such a scale into a commercial development and
are forecast to provide the equivalent of 11-15% of the power for the two towers when fully operational.
“Having all three turbines spinning simultaneously represents an historic achievement for this landmark
project and Atkins is excited to have been a major player in turning the original idea into reality” says Simha
LytheRao Senior Project Manager for Atkins in Bahrain.
The First Large Scale Integration of Wind Turbines in a Building
This paper describes the design evolution of the large scale wind turbines proposed for the Bahrain Trade
Center. It gives a detailed description of the wind turbines and how they are controlled demonstrating how
several innovative ideas came together were technically validated and produced the design for this unique
building.
1. Introduction
The Bahrain World Trade Center forms the focal point of a master plan to rejuvenate an existing hotel and
shopping mall on a prestigious site overlooking the Arabian Gulf in the downtown central business district of
2. Manama, Bahrain. The concept design of the Bahrain World Trade Center towers was inspired by the
traditional Arabian “Wind Towers” in that the very shape of the buildings harness the unobstructed prevailing
onshore breeze from the Gulf, providing a renewable source of energy for the project.
The two 50 storey sail shaped office towers taper to a height of 240m and support three 29m diameter
horizontal-axis wind turbines. The towers are harmoniously integrated on top of a three story sculpted podium
and basement which accommodate a new shopping center, restaurants, business centers and car parking.
Tapering towers with the three wind turbines
The elliptical plan forms and sail-like profiles act as aerofoils, funnelling the onshore breeze between them as
well as creating a negative pressure behind, thus accelerating the wind velocity between the two towers.
Vertically, the sculpting of the towers is also a function of airflow dynamics. As they taper upwards, their
aerofoil sections reduce. This effect when combined with the increasing velocity of the onshore breeze at
increasing heights creates a near equal regime of wind velocity on each of the three turbines. Understanding
and utilising this phenomenon has been one of the key factors that has allowed the practical integration of
wind turbine generators in a commercial building design. Wind tunnel testing (See section 3) has confirmed
how the shapes and spatial relationship of the towers sculpt the airflow, creating an “S’ flow whereby the
centre of the wind stream remains nearly perpendicular to the turbine within a 45° wind azimuth, either side of
the central axis. This increases the turbines’ potential to generate power whilst also reducing fatigue on the
blades to acceptable limits during wind skew across the blades.
3. The specific architectural forms of the Bahrain World Trade Center towers were borne from using the nautical
expression of a sail to harness the consistent onshore breeze, potentially to generate energy using wind
dynamics, as well as to create two elegant towers for Bahrain, which would transcend time and become one of
a kind in the world.
2. Background
Whilst the impetus for this innovative design solution came entirely from Atkins’ Chief Architect, Shaun
Killa, the client readily embraced the concept to portray to the world that Bahrain is committed to options that
reduce demand on fossil fuel energy reserves and will move urban and building design in desert climates in a
more sustainable direction. The complexity of integrating large scale wind turbines in a building structure is
not to be underestimated and the client expects a key benefit from this project to be the knowledge and
experience gleaned which can then be disseminated to design teams globally.
Like many architects around the world, the Atkins design team in the Middle East has considered design
solutions that incorporate sustainability and have investigated the concept of utilising integrated wind turbines
on several previous concept designs. The wind climate in the Arabian Gulf with its dominant sea breeze
characteristic is conducive to harnessing wind energy and allows designers to move away from the more
conventional omni-directional solutions and consider uni-directional wind turbine options that in many
respects, lend themselves to the large scale integration in buildings.
Research by Atkins has shown that the large scale integration of turbines into buildings mostly fails because of
the excessive cost (up to 30% of the project value) associated with the adaptation of the building design, and
also as a result of high research and development costs for special turbines. From the outset this project had as
its primary basis of design the utilization of conventional technologies and the development of a built form
that would be sympathetic to receiving wind turbines. The premium on this project for including the wind
4. turbines was less than 3% of project value. So with the benefit of a favourable wind climate and a design
philosophy that minimised turbine R&D / building costs, Atkins, with a team of world leading technologists
moved forward with the design and addressed the key issues of:
1 Producing technically viable solutions;
2 Balancing energy yield / benefit with investment
3. Environmentally Responsive Design
This building is not intended to be a low carbon emission solution by European and other world-wide
standards. However, aside from the wind turbines, it does include a number of other design features that are of
interest and reduce carbon emissions when compared to other buildings in the Middle East. These are
summarised below:
1. Buffer spaces between the external environment and air conditioned spaces to reduce sol air temperature
and reducing conductive solar gain;
1a. Deep gravel roofs in some locations that provide kinetic insulation;
2. Significant proportion of projectile shading to external glass facades;
3. Balconies to the sloping elevations with overhangs to provide shading;
5. 4. Where shading is not provided to glazing, a high quality solar glass is used with low shading co-efficient to
minimise solar gains;
5. Low leakage, windows;
6. Enhanced thermal insulation for opaque fabric elements;
7. Dense concrete core and floor slabs presented to the internal environment in a manner that will level loads
and reduce peak demand with associated reductions in air and chilled water transport systems;
8. Variable volume chilled water pumping that will operate with significantly less pump power at part loads
than conventional constant volume pumping;
9. Low pressure loss distribution for primary air and water transport systems that reduces fan and pump power
requirements;
10. Total heat energy recovery heat wheels of fresh air intake and exhausts to recover ”coolth” from the
vitiated air and recover it to the fresh make up air;
11. Energy efficient, high efficacy, high frequency fluorescent lighting
12. Dual drainage systems that segregate foul and waste water and allow grey water recycling to be added at a
later date;
13. Connection to the district cooling system that will allow an order of magnitude improvement on carbon
emissions since in Bahrain efficient water cooled chillier are not allowed due to water shortage, whereas the
district cooling solution will involve sea water cooling / heat rejection and much improved levels of energy
conversion efficiency;
14. Reflection pools at building entrances to provide local evaporative cooling;
15. Extensive landscaping to reduce site albedo, generate C02 and provide shading to on grade car parks;
16. Solar powered road and amenity lighting.
4. Building Integrated Wind Turbines
4.1 Wind Analysis
Three wind turbines have been integrated into the building to generate electricity. Horizontal axis wind
turbines are normally pole mounted and turn to face the direction of the wind thus maximizing energy yield.
The practical application of such turbines to buildings in variable direction wind climates is therefore very
difficult. The majority of architectural studies deploying building-integrated, horizontal axis turbines deploy
the principle of a fixed turbine as in the case of the Bahrain World Trade Center. Development for vertical
axis wind turbines is encouraging and of course they benefit from the advantage of being truly omni-
directional. However, at the time of design development for this project, large scale proven vertical axis
6. turbines were not available for building applications.
The fixed horizontal turbine suffers the drawback of only being able to operate with wind from a limited
azimuth range, if problems with blade deflections and stressing through excessive skew flow are to be
avoided. From the outset of this project, the shape of the towers has been designed to capture the incoming
wind and funnel it between the towers.
Extensive wind tunnel modelling that was latterly validated by CFD modelling. have shown that the incoming
wind is in effect deflected by the towers in the form of an S-shaped streamline which passes through the space
between the towers at an angle within the wind skew tolerance of the wind turbine. Engineering predictions
show that the turbine will be able to operate for wind directions between 270° and 360°, however, caution has
been applied and turbine predictions and initial operating regimes are based a more limited range of between
285° and 345°. At all wind directions outside of this range the turbine will automatically adopt a ”standstill”
mode. It is no coincidence that the buildings are orientated to the extremely dominant prevailing wind.
The funnelling of the towers has the effect of amplifying the wind speed at the turbine location of up to 30%.
This amplification, in conjunction with the shape of the towers (larger effect at ground) and the velocity
profile of the wind (lowest at ground) has the effect of balancing the energy yield to the extent that the upper
and lower turbines will produce 109%and 93% when compared to 100% for the middle turbine.
4.2 Wind turbine system components and control
The fixed, horizontal axis wind turbines on this project comprise the following key components:
1 Nacelle: including enclosure with gearbox, generator, cooling system and associated control systems
2 Rotor
3 Bridge
4 Control, monitoring and safety systems
5 Electrical Building Interface
4.2.1 Nacelle and Rotor
The nacelle is the term used for the cowling containing the gearbox, brake, controls, etc. and in addition, there
is the rotor.
Wind turbine details
Nominal electrical power generated: 225Kw
Power regulation: stall
7. Rotor diameter: 29m
Rotor speed at full load: 38 rpm
Air brake: centrifugally activated feathering tips
High speed mechanical brake: fail safe type disc brake
Low speed mechanical brake: caliper type
Generator: closed, 4 pole asynchronous induction, 50Hz
Yaw system: fixed yaw
Cut in wind speed: 4m/s
Cut out wind speed: 20m/s (5 minute rolling average) – reduced from 25m/s for this application
Maximum wind speed for blades: 80m/s (any direction) Class IV hurricane = >69m/s
Nacelles have been designed to sit on top of the bridge, rather than within it, to portray the functionality of the
turbine. The turbine is a simple and robust “stall controlled” type. The stall control is a passive way of limiting
power from the turbine. The rotor blades are bolted onto the hub at a fixed angle and the profile has been
designed to ensure that the moment the wind speed becomes too high. It creates turbulence on the leeward side
of the rotor blade and prevents lift, stalling the blade so that the power output stabilizes at a maximum output.
The full power of about 225kW will be achieved at 15 to 20m/s depending on air density. In the event of
extremely high wind speeds under operating or standstill modes, the tip of the blade extends by centrifugal
force and rotates to act as a self regulating governor brake, through the exertion of a drag force.
For this project, nacelles are a conventional design with some enhancements to suit the desert application and
to increase the structural safety. The guidelines in the Danish code of practice1)2) has been used for increasing
the structural safety to “High Safety class”. Conventionally, Eurocodes would be referenced, but they do not
address high safety classifications. Each nacelle operates independently and is not affected by the failure of
another nacelle.
4.2.2 Bridges
A key part of the design is the determination of loads on the rotor, through the nacelle and thence onto the
bridge and buildings, so that structures can be analyzed for strength and fatigue.
The load calculation approach for this project has been made by the bridge design consultant in conjunction
with the wind turbine manufacturer using a specially adapted version of the industry-best wind turbine
simulation tool, “Flex4” 3). The tool has been adapted to take account of the influences of the buildings and
the bridges. A total of a 199 different load cases has been modelled for each turbine and validating
calculations or operational processes prepared to theoretically demonstrate that the turbine and bridge would
survive without excessive fatigue. During the early stages of operation, this theoretical analysis will be
8. validated and appropriate adjustments made to the operating regime that may increase or decrease energy
yield.
The bridges are ovoid in section for aerodynamic purposes and are relatively complex structures because they
incorporate maintenance free bearings where they connect to the buildings to allow the towers to move 0.5m
relative to each other. In addition, the bridges that span 31.7m and support a nacelle with a mass of 11 tonnes
have been designed to withstand and absorb wind induced vibration and vibrations induced by both an
operating and “standstill” turbine. Analysis by the bridge designer has been undertaken to estimate the natural
frequency of the bridge and to ensure it does not conflict with the frequency of exciting vibrations of itself or
the building. Further precautions are included in the design to allow the bridge to be damped, if in practice
vibrations are found to be problematic during commissioning. These precautions include the facility in the
design to add spoilers to the bridge and to adjust the tuned mass damper.
The bridge is a shallow V-shape in plan (173º) to take account of blade deflection during extreme operating
conditions and to afford adequate clearance and thus avoid blade strike. Under these conditions, blade
clearance to the bridge of 1.12m is achieved. The worst scenario is with blade tips extended giving a factor of
1.35 safety margin, and under this condition adequate clearance is still achieved. Additionally a laser blade
position monitoring system is incorporated that will set the turbine to standstill if deflections become
excessive.
4.2.3 Control, monitoring and safety
Turbine control, monitoring and safety is delivered through three systems:
1 Wind turbine control system (WTCS) that directly controls and monitors the turbines;
2 Extended wind turbine monitoring system (EWTMS) that is a separate monitoring system developed for this
project;
3 Building monitoring system (BMS).
The WTCS is an industrial quality control system that has been specifically evolved to control and monitor
wind turbines. It is robust and reliable and as well its control and monitoring functions, it is able to shutdown
turbines safely in the event of adverse climatic conditions or due to other factors that will threaten life-safety
or turbine life. It is an on-line system that allows operators anywhere to gain access to the operating data and
grant those with appropriate authorisation control of the turbines. It has an in-built independent, emergency,
safety surveillance system that will monitor possible faults in the turbine and the immediate turbine operating
environment and bring it to a standstill, if required. This system overrides the electronic control system. The
WTCS obtains data relating to the turbine operating environment via the BMS. Finally the WTCS retains
significant data regarding turbine operation and provides tools for analysis.
Data obtained by WTCS
Wind direction (masts in front and on top of buildings); Building electrical consumption demand;
Building maintenance system operational; Manual start, stop and emergency stop.
Bridge access opening;
For this specific application where safety is crucial the WTCS fully integrates the special control and
9. monitoring functions.
Special Data obtained by WTCS
Wind speed at bridges; Accelerometers at front wind turbine bearing and in bridges – threshold function;
Free wind direction near ground level and at top of the building – redundant function; Blade distance from
bridge – threshold function.
The EWTMS is a project bespoke system that works in conjunction with WTCS to provide monitoring and
calibration of the control system operational limits required for this specific application. In total the EWTMS
has 43 additional sensors.
EWTMS monitoring and calibration functions
Wind speed at bridges & ground level;
Free wind direction near ground level and at top of the building;
Ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure;
Blade strain;
Transmission torque strains; High speed gear shaft speed;
Accelerometers at front wind turbine bearing;
Accelerometers in bridges;
Distance between blades and bridge;
Rotor rotational position.
In the event of a control system failure the turbine is brought to standstill by the tip brake working in
conjunction with the hydraulic brake through a power fail – failsafe mechanism.
The BMS is the building monitoring system and this will be used as a means of providing connectivity from
remote sensors to WTCS and EWTMS.
4.2.4 Electrical building interface
Each nacelle has a 225kW nominally rated, 400V, closed, 4 pole induction, 50Hz, asynchronous generator that
is connected to a generator control panel inside each tower. From each generator control panel, separate low
voltage feeders connect to the interfaces on the main low voltage switchboard at three substations. These
substations supply electricity to the landlord areas of the World Trade Center development.
Generators are designed to start and run in an asynchronous mode and in parallel with the electricity
10. authority’s grid, but at this stage it is not possible to export electricity to the electricity supply authority in the
event of a surplus being available.
In the event of an outage or reduction in voltage/frequency from the board’s power supply the turbines will be
shut down.
The length of the LV feeders from the generator control panels to the building electrical system interface
points, required careful study in order to avoid excessive voltage drop and to ensure there were no problems
with harmonics and voltage disturbances. Extensive dynamic simulation studies were carried out by the
turbine manufacturers’ electrical specialist partner company to ensure compliance with relevant IEC
standards.
5. Design Validation through Safety, Availability, Reliability and Maintainability (SARM)
The design has been validated using a SARM analysis by Ramboll with Atkins-Science and Technology in a
review role.
Issues addressed by validation team:
Remote sensor viability
Power outage impact
Electricity board acceptance
Cooling system availability
Maintenance viability
Rain water thrown off blades
Exciting vibrations
Bridge resonant frequency
Construction tolerance –v- bridge resonant frequency
Bridge vortex shedding
Source / sink coincidence
BMS reliability
Lightening strike
11. Blade loss
Tip break off
Blade penetration
Blade / bridge strike
Blade fall
Climate Sand ingress
Bird strike
Turbine operation outside of azimuth range
Availability
Reliability and maintainability
Operability and durability
Previous performance of proposed turbine
Project specific operating and control strategy
Unusual flow and fatigue life
Dirt build up on blades
Galloping vibration at standstill
Maximum twisting moment for a blade
Noise emitted from blades / generator
Shadow flicker
Reflection of blades through windows
Electromagnetic interference.
Electrical flicker
12. Electrical harmonics
6. Energy Yield
The projected energy yield from the turbines taking into account wind and availability data is summarised
below. This amounts to between 1,100 and 1,300 MWh per year and will amount to approximately 11% to
15% of the office tower’s electrical energy consumption. In carbon emission terms this equates to an average
of 55,000 kgC (UK electricity basis). These figures are conservative. Since this is a world first and because
wind turbines have not been placed 160m above ground level and between buildings, the yield may even be
higher.
Energy Yield
Turbine # 1 340 to 400 MWh/year
Turbine # 2 360 to 430 MWh/year
Turbine # 3 400 to 470 MWh/year
7. Final Lesson
It should be appreciated that this was a fast track design and construction programme and that the integration
of large scale wind turbines into a building has involved extensive research and development by probably
some of the most capable specialists available. It is recognized that the initial phases of operation of this
project will be the final part of the learning curve. During this stage significant monitoring and fine tuning are
required in order that full potential of this innovative application may be properly realized and understood.